Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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The effectiveness of game-based meditation therapy for traumatized adolescents in residential care: a randomized controlled trial (PREPRINT)
No full textAim: Many adolescents in residential care have experienced traumatic events and suffer from posttraumatic stress. This study examined the effectiveness of Muse, a game-based meditation intervention, as an addition to treatment as usual (TAU) for traumatized adolescents in residential care.
Methods: Seventy-seven traumatized adolescents (10 – 18 years old) received either Muse and TAU (n = 37) or treatment as usual alone (n = 40). TAU consisted of evidence-based treatments that did not specifically target posttraumatic symptoms. Outcomes were measured at T1, T2, and two-months follow-up (FU). Primary outcomes were posttraumatic symptoms (self-report and mentor-report) and stress (self-report) at T2. Secondary outcomes included anxiety, depression, and aggression at T2, and all outcomes at follow-up.
Results: The Muse group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group at T2 regarding self-reported posttraumatic symptoms, stress, anxiety, depression, and aggression. Mentor reports showed marginally significant decreases in posttraumatic stress at T2. There were no differences between the groups at FU, except for a marginally significant difference in self-reported posttraumatic symptoms, where the Muse participants showed larger decreases.
Conclusions: Game-based meditation therapy is a promising intervention that is more effective than treatment as usual alone. Implications of these findings for the role of game-based meditation interventions for traumatized adolescents in residential care are discussed
The Laws of AI
No full textThe truly transparent and predictable work of the artificial intelligence being created can significantly improve the quality of human life, as well as its safety.
In our opinion, the self-awareness of artificial intelligence is achievable only if it is independent in making any decision.
We present three basic laws of artificial intelligence focused primarily on the possibility of their practical implementation
Researching race-ethnicity in race-mute Europe
No full textIn Germany and continental Europe more broadly, race and ethnicity are concepts that are not widely used and increasingly erased from legislation. Nevertheless, race and ethnicity are still used as social markers and often merely replaced with other terms (e.g., cultural background). The goal of this paper is threefold. First, we point to the danger of treating race and ethnicity as essentialist categories, which is still common in developmental science research. Second, we want to outline specific problems that occur when doing research on ethnicity and race with children and adolescents in the European race-mute context. Third, we suggest that future research ought to focus more on constructions of Whiteness and reproduction of power differences among ethnic majority populations. In doing so, we draw on examples from our own research on ethnic-racial identity and ethnic-racial socialization
Introduction
No full textDuong, B.H., Hoang, A.D., Bui, T.M.H. (2021). Introduction. In Duong, B.H., Hoang, A.D., Bui, T.M.H. (Eds.). General Education in Vietnam: Challenges, Innovation, and Change (1st ed., pp. 14-17). Hanoi: Dan Tri Publishing House
Cooperation and Trust Across Societies During the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textCross-societal differences in cooperation and trust among strangers in the provision of public
goods may be key to understanding how societies are managing the COVID-19 pandemic. We
report a survey conducted across 41 societies between March and May 2020 (N = 34,526), and
test pre-registered hypotheses about how cross-societal differences in cooperation and trust relate
to prosocial COVID-19 responses (e.g., social distancing), stringency of policies, and support for
behavioral regulations (e.g., mandatory quarantine). We further tested whether cross-societal
variation in institutions and ecologies theorized to impact cooperation were associated with
prosocial COVID-19 responses, including institutional quality, religiosity, and historical
prevalence of pathogens. We found substantial variation across societies in prosocial COVID-19
responses, stringency of policies, and support for behavioral regulation. However, we found no
consistent evidence to support the idea that cross-societal variation in cooperation and trust
among strangers is associated with these outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. These
results were replicated with another independent cross-cultural COVID-19 dataset (N =
112,136), and in both snowball and representative samples. We discuss implications of our
results, including challenging the assumption that managing the COVID-19 pandemic across
societies is best modelled as a public goods dilemma
Bayesian Penalization for Explanatory Cognitive Diagnostic Models: Covariate DINA Model and Covariate LCDM with the Lasso Prior
No full textDiagnostic assessment data obtained from online learning platforms for schools are typically accompanied by student background variables and item responses. To leverage such information for cognitive diagnosis, the present study examines the applicability of the lasso prior for variable selection in explanatory cognitive diagnostic models (ECDMs) with attribute-level explanatory variables. We proposed the covariate log-linear cognitive diagnostic model (LCDM) and covariate deterministic input, noisy, and gate (DINA) model and compared the models with and without the lasso prior using a real-world data analysis and a simulation study. In the real-world data analysis, which used a school-sized sample collected from an online learning platform, we found that the lasso prior selected only relatively large effects without substantially affecting the diagnostic classification and item parameter estimation. In the simulation study, we found that the lasso prior did not degrade the accuracy of the diagnostic classification or parameter estimation. Finally, we discuss the situations in which the lasso prior can be useful with the ECDMs
Family sizes of women and their mothers were not always related: Historical evidence from the 19th century United States
No full textWomen tend to have more children when their mothers had more children. This
relationship has long been assumed to emerge during countries’ demographic transitions (i.e., when countries move from high to low fertility levels). However, given that many demographic transitions happened centuries ago, data limitations prohibited a systematic empirical test of this presumption. We here introduce (and extensively validate) a novel historical data set that links almost 400,000 women born between 1800 and 1900 to their mothers. Based on these unique data, we first demonstrate that intergenerational continuity in childbearing gradually emerged during the United States’ demographic transition in the 19th century. Second, we exploit variation in the introduction of anti-abortion laws across different U.S. states to show that this effect is driven by an increasing ability to control family size. Our findings demonstrate the significance of social factors for demographic change and illustrate the potential of big data to answer long-standing research questions. From a societal perspective, it is known that intergenerational continuity in childbearing exacerbates income, social, and health inequalities. Importantly, not all countries have undergone their demographic transition yet (particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa). These countries, however, are awaiting fertility decline in the future. According to our results, this fertility decline will likely be accompanied by rising levels of intergenerational continuity in childbearing and, thus, rising levels of inequality
Interoceptive Functioning in Schizophrenia and Schizotypy
No full textThough bodily self-disturbances are well documented in schizophrenia, interoceptive functioning (i.e., the perception of the internal state of the body) remains poorly understood in this population. In fact, only two studies to date have empirically measured interoceptive ability in schizophrenia. Both studies documented a deficit in interoceptive accuracy (i.e., objective performance on a heartbeat detection task), and one noted differences in interoceptive sensibility (i.e., subjective experience of interoception) in this population. To our knowledge, interoceptive awareness (i.e., metacognitive awareness of one’s interoceptive ability) has never been measured in schizophrenia and the link between interoceptive functioning and schizotypy remains unexplored.
The present study addresses this gap by investigating the three dimensions of interoception in individuals with schizophrenia and matched controls (Experiment 1, N=58) and in relation to schizotypal traits (Experiment 2, N=109).
Consistent with the literature, Experiment 1 documented a deficit in interoceptive accuracy and differences in interoceptive sensibility in individuals with schizophrenia. For the first time, our study revealed intact interoceptive awareness in individuals with schizophrenia. Against our expectations, we found no link between schizotypy and interoceptive functioning in Experiment 2.
Our novel findings bear important clinical implications as insight into one’s interoceptive limitations (i.e., intact interoceptive awareness) might promote treatment seeking behavior in schizophrenia. The lack of association between interoceptive ability and schizotypy in non-help-seeking youths suggests that changes in interoception may only arise with the onset of psychosis
Measuring Rape Myth Acceptance in Sweden: Psychometric Properties of a Swedish Translation of The Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale
No full textTraditional rape myth acceptance (RMA) scales can yield low means and skewed distributions, potentially due to containing outdated beliefs and blatant wording. The Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale (AMMSA) is an RMA measure which was developed to contain more subtle language and less severe forms of sexual aggression than traditional RMA scales. In this study, the English language AMMSA was translated into Swedish and the psychometric properties of the Swedish language AMMSA were assessed. The Swedish language AMMSA had desirable statistical properties and correlated positively with relevant measures (e.g., hostile sexism), which supported its validity. However, inconsistent with previous research, which has found the AMMSA to be unidimensional, the Swedish language AMMSA may consist of multiple factors
Regional brain abnormalities in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a meta-analysis
No full textINTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have reported brain alterations in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). However, they pointed to inconsistent findings.
METHODS: We used a meta-analytic approach to identify the convergent structural and functional brain abnormalities in bvFTD. Following the best-practice neuroimaging meta-analysis guidelines, we searched PubMed and Embase databases and performed reference tracking. Then, the coordinates of group comparisons between bvFTD and controls from 73 studies were extracted and tested for convergence using activation likelihood estimation.
RESULTS: We identified convergent abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortices, anterior insula, amygdala, paracingulate, striatum, and hippocampus. Task-based and resting-state functional connectivity pointed to the joint networks that are connected to the obtained consistent regions. Functional decoding analyses suggested associated dysfunction of emotional processing, interoception, reward processing, higher-order cognitive functions, olfactory and gustatory perceptions in bvFTD.
DISCUSSION: Our findings highlighted a key role of the salience network and subcortical regions in the pathophysiology of bvFTD