Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Initial reflections on assessing paranoia in autism via the GPTS
No full textBackground: There are increasing concerns about poor mental health in autistic individuals, and social vigilance and threat perceptions (“paranoia”) may be one aspect of this.
Methods: Autistic adults (N = 39) were recruited online. As a first step towards assessing paranoia in autism, we report item-level frequency data on one measure of paranoia (i.e. the Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale; GPTS).
Results: Item-level data highlight items of particular relevance to this group, (e.g. “I have been upset by friends and colleagues judging me critically” and “I believed that certain people were not what they seemed”). These results suggest that the development of a questionnaire which can assess paranoia severity could be a useful asset.
Conclusions: Further work is needed in order to provide validated assessment and effective treatments of paranoia in autism. Future studies should consider the nature and meaning of paranoia in this group, and its incorporation into mental health assessments
Norm Shifts Under the Strategy Method
No full textThe strategy method is a powerful method for eliciting conditional cooperation in strategic interactions. Theoretically, players' cooperation conditional on a specifi?c level of others' cooperation using the strategy method should be equal to their unconditional cooperation given an equivalent belief about others' cooperation. However, using the Prisoner's Dilemma, we show that decisions using the strategy method are more selfi?sh than decisions under a simultaneous decision protocol predicted from players' beliefs. This is driven entirely by lower cooperation among conditional cooperators with low expectations about others' cooperation. We further show that relative to simultaneous choice, the strategy method shifts salient norms from an egalitarian fairness norm (`give half') to a reciprocity norm (`match others' behaviour'). This undermines cooperation among players with low beliefs about others' cooperation. These results thus show that the strategy method does not merely hold beliefs constant, but also shifts which salient norms influence choice behaviour. This has important implications for the use of the strategy method in eliciting social preferences
The Serbian validation of the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 and the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory
No full textThe widely used Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) assesses Rational and Experiential thinking styles. Recently, the authors have distinguished three aspects of the Experiential style: Intuition, Emotionality and Imagination and developed the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory (REIm).
In this study, we examined the internal consistency, structural/factorial, discriminant and known-groups validity of both REI-40 and REIm, in two samples of Serbian students. Participants in Study 1 (N = 819, mean age M = 19.81, 31% males) completed REI-40 and HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI-R), while participants in Study 2 (N = 304, mean age M = 19.47, 29% males) completed REIm, HEXACO-PI-R and Disintegration inventory DELTA.
The internal consistency of both REI version subscales was acceptable to good. The results of CFA analyses indicated an acceptable fit for REI-40, while the structural validity of REIm was poor. Both REI-40 subscales (Rationality and Experientiality), as well as REIm Intuition demonstrated only a small content overlap with basic personality traits, while REIm Experientiality, Emotionality and Imagination correlated highly with Openness and Emotionality. We also observed some gender differences in the expected direction
Keeping one’s distance: Mask wearing is implicitly associated with psychological distance
No full textMask wearing plays a vital role in the fight against the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite its ubiquity in everyday social life, it is still unknown how masked faces are mentally represented. Drawing on construal level theory, we test the hypothesis that masked faces and unmasked faces are implicitly associated with psychological distance and proximity in memory, respectively. Four fully preregistered, high-powered experiments (N = 354 adults) using the Implicit Association Test lend convergent support to this hypothesis across all four dimensions of psychological distance: Social distance, spatial distance, temporal distance, and hypothetical distance. A mini meta-analysis validates the reliability of the findings (Hedge’s g = 0.46). The present work provides novel and valuable evidence on the psychological effects of mask wearing, which will be crucial for ongoing political debates and public-health efforts regarding this public health measure
Psychopathology and Episodic Future Thinking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Specificity and Episodic Detail
No full textEpisodic future thinking (EFT) refers to the mental simulation of possible future events; a crucial mental process in adaptation. Psychiatric disorders are associated with deficits in recalling episodic memory, however, no study has reviewed the empirical literature to assess for similar deficits in EFT. A systematic review comparing psychiatric groups with control groups on the specificity and episodic detail of EFT returned 19 eligible studies. An overall effect of g = -0.84 (95%CI = -1.06, - 0.62, p < .001) indicated individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis have significantly less specific and detailed EFT. Publication bias was not detected, but heterogeneity was. No methodological characteristics were significant moderators. Subgroup analyses showed significant effects for depression (g = -0.79, p < .001, k = 7), bipolar disorder (g = -1.00, p < .001, k = 2), and schizophrenia (g = -1.06, p < .001, k = 6), but not posttraumatic stress disorder (g = -1.04, p = .260, k = 2) or complicated grief (g = -0.41, p = .08, k = 2). Deficits in EFT are apparent in some psychiatric disorders. However, many clinical groups are understudied, and the causal mechanisms and remediation of these deficits require further research attention
Social workers’ perceptions on clients’ service needs and social work practices during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textEver since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the specialized health-care resources have been the main focus of political attention in any country. However, the pandemic and subsequent lockdowns have also had a major impact on social services. The pandemic increased service needs among those who were already adult social work clients before the pandemic; it also created needs among new groups of clients, while the operating environment for service provision changed dramatically.
In our study, we examine social workers’ perceptions on: 1) how well social services were able to respond to clients’ needs during the pandemic; and 2) examine practices in adult social work that were used and developed during the outbreak of the pandemic. For the analysis, we use national survey data obtained from social workers in the Social Barometer survey collected in May 2020 (n=496) and in January 2021 (n=412). The findings show that according to social workers, during the first year of the pandemic social work in Finland succeeded in responding to clients’ rather clear and concrete problems, such as difficulties in applying for social benefits and a lack of housing, while more complicated problems, such as unmanageable debts, loneliness and mental health problems, were not adequately responded to. At the same time, social workers assessed that people suffering from these problems were the most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic
Medllecta. Hematological preventive method (HPM)
No full textQualitatively new mechanisms for the analysis of blood cells and blood plasma proteins may open up the possibility of constructing a hematological data model (HDM) for early detection of a pathological process during the latent period of the disease. As such mechanisms, we use the algorithms of Sense Theory, new mathematics for artificial intelligence.
In this article, we use the results of a clinical blood test as a practical example
The lack of evidence in Schiller et al. (2010) verified: Reply to Schiller, LeDoux, and Phelps (2020)
No full textSchiller, LeDoux, and Phelps recently posted a preprint (Schiller et al., 2020) in which they comment on a Verification Report we published (Chalkia et al., 2020a) regarding their initial demonstration of the retrieval-extinction effect in humans (Schiller et al., 2010). Here, we respond to their criticisms and show that their arguments are either misguided or incorrect. Further, we detail the evidence we have that demonstrates the post-hoc nature of their participant exclusions which undeniably influenced the pattern of results. In sum, we maintain that the results reported by Schiller et al. (2010) are critically flawed
Tryptophan depletion as a potential “treatment” for psychopaths
No full textOpinion article. A relevant article on how to achieve tryptophan depletion can be found here https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-020-00880-9?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+tp%2Frss%2Fcurrent+%28Translational+Psychiatry%2
Supernatural punishment beliefs as cognitively compelling tools of social control
No full textWhy do humans develop beliefs in supernatural entities that punish uncooperative behaviors? Leading hypotheses maintain that these beliefs are widespread because they facilitate cooperation, allowing their groups to outcompete others in inter-group competition. Focusing on within-group interactions, we present a model in which people strategically endorse supernatural punishment beliefs to manipulate others into cooperating. Others accept these beliefs, meanwhile, because they are made compelling by various cognitive biases: They appear to provide information about why misfortune occurs; they appeal to intuitions about immanent justice; they contain threatening information; and they allow believers to signal their trustworthiness. Explaining supernatural beliefs requires considering both motivations to invest in their endorsement and the reasons others adopt them