Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Khi đứa trẻ chơi cờ vua: Cảm xúc của trí tuệ nhân tạo
No full textThis article is an opinion paper about Elizabeth A. Wilson's "Affect and Artificial Intelligence"
A Conceptual Review of Identity Integration Across Adulthood
No full textThough Erikson recognized identity development as a lifelong project, most research on identity has focused on adolescents and emerging adults. Less is known about how the identity formed in adolescence is maintained and adapted across the adult lifespan. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a conceptual review and elaboration of Erikson's (1968) theory focused on identity integration, a construct that is particularly relevant to adult identity development. Identity integration describes the process of bringing together various aspects of one's self into a coherent whole, and the sense of self-continuity and wholeness that emerges as a result of these processes. Informed by the identity and lifespan development literatures, we present a conceptual framework that describes how identity integration is maintained across the adult lifespan, and how it is re-established when changing life circumstances present threats to an individual's identity. These maintenance and re-establishment processes help to support adults' well-being and adaptation to major life transitions and stressful events. This conceptual framework is intended to facilitate research on identity integration in adulthood, a time of life that has been less often studied in the identity literature, but that can involve identity dynamics that are just as critical as those in adolescence
Self-reported energy use in UK homes during the first COVID-19 lockdown: A survey study
No full textTo contain the spread of COVID-19, governments across the world imposed partial or complete lockdowns. National energy demand decreased in periods of lockdowns; however, as people spent more time at home, residential energy use likely increased. This paper reports results of a survey study with N = 1016 participants in the UK about their energy use practices during the first lockdown in March 2020. Results indicated that self-reported heating behaviours did not substantially change during lockdown. Regarding appliance use, in particular the duration of usage for TVs and computing equipment has increased and has spread out more over the day. Being less able to manage financially was correlated with greater usage of the smart-meter in-home-display and greater attempt to save energy was positively correlated with greater usage of the in-home display though correlations were small. In summary, the results indicate that home energy use behaviours, in particular around heating, did not change as much as might have been expected, which might at least partly be explained by the comparatively warm weather during the first lockdown. Corroborating the survey findings with actual energy data is the next essential step to understand findings in more detail
The role of learned societies and grant-funding agencies in fostering a culture of open science
No full textAt first sight, it is a no-brainer to make publicly funded research findings freely available to everyone. Ever increasing pay walls are unsustainable and publishers have been pushing their luck in the last decades. On the other hand, free lunches do not exist either. It is unrealistic for researchers to expect that their manuscripts can be evaluated and published for eternity without someone paying something. Based on my experiences, I think that commercial companies competing against each other are still the best guarantee for good service and innovation (e.g., for manuscript submission and handling). However, these companies must be reined in by people who put the ideals of scientific progress and accessibility first. Otherwise, temptations for easy profit are too large. There is no good alternative to learned societies governed by the researchers themselves. Complementary to the role of learned societies, grant funding agencies have the unique power to nudge researchers toward open science practices and to make sure that the findings of the research they support are copied to secure systems immune to the siren call of profit making
Singers show enhanced performance and neural representation of vocal imitation.
No full textHumans have a remarkable capacity to finely control the muscles of the larynx, via distinct patterns of cortical topography and innervation that may underpin our sophisticated vocal capabilities compared with non-human primates. Here, we investigated the behavioural and neural correlates of laryngeal control, and their relationship to vocal expertise, using an imitation task that required adjustments of larynx musculature during speech. Highly-trained human singers and non-singer control participants modulated voice pitch and vocal tract length (VTL) to mimic auditory speech targets, while undergoing real-time anatomical scans of the vocal tract and functional scans of brain activity. Multivariate analyses of speech acoustics, larynx movements and brain activation data were used to quantify vocal modulation behaviour, and to search for neural representations of the two modulated vocal parameters during the preparation and execution of speech. We found that singers showed more accurate task-relevant modulations of speech pitch and VTL (i.e. larynx height, as measured with vocal tract MRI) during speech imitation; this was accompanied by stronger representation of VTL within a region of right dorsal somatosensory cortex. Our findings suggest a common neural basis for enhanced vocal control in speech and song
Spectral Shaping with Integrated Self-Coupled Sagnac Loop Reflectors
No full textWe propose and theoretically investigate integrated photonic filters based on coupled Sagnac loop reflectors (SLRs) formed by a self-coupled wire waveguide. By tailoring coherent mode interference in the device, three different filter functions are achieved, including Fano-like resonances, wavelength interleaving, and varied resonance mode splitting. For each function, the impact of device structural parameters is analyzed to facilitate optimized performance. Our results theoretically verify the proposed device as a compact multi-functional integrated photonic filter for flexible spectral shaping
The Great Replacement Conspiracy: How the Perceived Ousting of Whites Can Evoke Violent Extremism and Islamophobia
No full textIncreased immigration and demographic changes have not only resulted in political pushback, but also in violent attacks against immigrants. Several recent terrorist attacks committed by White supremacists invoke rhetoric around a deliberate attempt to make Whites extinct and replace them with non-Western immigrants. Yet, while it is widely acknowledged among extremism researchers that this perception of orchestrated extinction or replacement has tremendous potential to lead to violent extremism, its consequences have not yet been directly examined. Using the Scandinavian context (e.g., Denmark and Norway), in two correlational studies and one experiment, we provide evidence that this perception is associated with the persecution of Muslims, violent intentions, and Islamophobia. Further, we demonstrate that these associations are mediated by symbolic threats. Conspiracy beliefs that one’s group is being replaced seems to drive hostile intergroup attitudes. We discuss the societal implications of this finding (i.e., generating fear, polarization and hostile public opinion towards immigrants)
Effects of fact-checking warning labels and social endorsement cues on climate change fake news credibility and engagement on social media
No full textOnline fake news can have noxious consequences. Social media platforms are experimenting with different interventions to curb fake news’ spread, often employing them simultaneously. However, research investigating the interaction of these interventions is limited. Here, we use the Heuristic-Systematic Model of Information Processing (HSM) as a theoretical framework to jointly test two interventions against fake news that are implemented at scale by social media platforms: (1) adding warning labels from fact checkers to initiate systematic processing and (2) removing social endorsement cues (e.g., engagement counts) to reduce the influence of this heuristic cue. Moreover, we accounted for dispositions previously found to affect a person’s response to fake news through motivated reasoning or cognitive style. An online experiment in Germany (N = 571) confirmed that warning labels reduced the perceived credibility of a fake news post exaggerating the consequences of climate change. Warning labels also lowered the (self-reported) likelihood to amplify fake news. Removing social endorsement cues did not have an effect. In line with research on motivated reasoning, left-leaning individuals perceived the climate fake news to be more credible and reported a higher likelihood to amplify it. Supporting research on cognitive style, participants with lower educational levels and a less analytic thinking style also reported a higher likelihood of amplification. Elaboration likelihood was associated only with age, involvement, and political leaning, but not affected by warning labels. Our findings contribute to the mounting evidence for the effectiveness of warning labels while questioning their relevance for systematic processing
Personality Pathology and Momentary Stress Processes
No full textThe expression of personality pathology differs between people and within a person in day-to-day life. Personality pathology may reflect, in part, dysregulation in basic behavioral processes. Thus, a useful approach for studying maladaptive trait expression comes from literature on stress and daily hassles, which provide dynamic accounts for the relations between individual differences and maladaptive dysregulation. This study sought to integrate maladaptive traits and dynamic stress processes to further dynamic models of personality pathology. In a combined clinical/community sample (N=297) oversampled for interpersonal problems, we used ecological momentary assessment (observation N=19,968) to investigate how maladaptive traits moderated the processes of stress generation, stress reactivity, and affective spillover/inertia. Tests of our preregistered hypotheses provided a mix of supportive and null findings for stress processes identified in past research, and mixed support for the moderating role of personality. The results provide insights into the relations between everyday stressors and personality pathology
Moral Paragons, but Crummy Friends: The Case of Snitching
No full textLoyalty to friends is an important moral value, but does that mean snitching on friends is immoral? Across four pre-registered studies, we examine how loyalty obligations impact people’s moral evaluations of snitching (i.e., turning in others who commit transgressions to relevant authorities). In vignette and incentivized partner choice studies, we find that witnesses who snitch (vs. do not snitch) are seen as more moral and as better leaders (Studies 1–4), regardless of whether they snitch on a friend or an acquaintance (Studies 1–2). Our experiments also demonstrate that snitches receive less moral credit when snitching on non-moral (vs. moral) transgressions (Study 2), and when snitching aligns with a self-interested motive (Study 3). We demonstrate that although snitching is often seen as morally right, turning in transgressors entails important reputational tradeoffs: Snitching makes one appear disloyal and a bad potential friend, but boosts perceptions of morality and leadership potential