Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Does Sexuality Matter? A Comparison of Heterosexuals’ and Sexual Minorities’ Sociopolitical Attitudes
No full textFew researchers have examined the influence of sexuality on individuals’ sociopolitical attitudes. Using data from the 1991-2012 General Social Surveys (GSS) and 2008 American National Election Survey (ANES), I compare the social and political attitudes of heterosexuals and sexual minorities across a wide array of domains. Examining sixty measures of sociopolitical attitudes in the GSS, I find evidence that sexual minorities are significantly more liberal than their heterosexual counterparts across both sexual (e.g., sexual morality) and non-sexual (e.g., civil liberties, environmentalism) domains. In comparing the effect of sexuality on attitudes to the effects of gender, race, and education, I find that the influence of sexuality is comparable to these other well-documented sociodemographic predictors of attitudes. However, unlike these other sociodemographic characteristics, sexuality consistently predicts more liberal attitudes among sexual minorities compared to heterosexuals. Expanded analyses using 278 attitudinal items in the GSS and 64 in the ANES yield similar results. My findings provide evidence for the necessity to incorporate sexuality in future assessments of sociodemographic predictors of sociopolitical attitudes
New ideas in cosmology
No full textNew suggestions and ideas for cosmology based on the “Primordial Dynamic Space” model
COVID-19, Family Dynamics, and Perceived Mental Health Among Families in Singapore
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic presents a significant challenge to the lives and well-being of families with underaged children. Although previous studies have documented COVID-related deterioration in well-being and identified protective and risk factors, the mechanisms under which the pandemic leads to worsened well-being remain unclear. In addition, from a policymaker’s perspective, it is important to differentiate between the effects of government-issued infection control measures (such as lockdown) and families’ voluntary responses when facing the coronavirus (such as self-quarantine) on well-being. Using Singapore as an example, we collected retrospective self-reports on the everyday activities, stressors, and well-being of parents and other caregivers at three timepoints: before local transmission (Pre-pandemic), after local transmission but before the “circuit breaker” (Pandemic), and during the “circuit breaker” (Lockdown). We estimated the effects of the pandemic itself and families’ voluntary responses to it by contrasting Pandemic against Pre-pandemic, and we estimated the additional effects of imposed lockdown measures by contrasting Lockdown against Pandemic. Results showed significant changes in jobs and income, childcare arrangement, family dynamics, and parents’ emotional well-being throughout the three timepoints. Both mothers and fathers reported to worry most about the health and safety of family members and self. Mothers’ time spent on housework partially mediated the effect of lockdown on their emotional well-being, and parents’ conflict with other adults in the household partially mediated the effects of both pandemic and lockdown on their emotional well-being. The effects of pandemic and lockdown were also moderated by parents’ age, education level, and fathers’ authoritarian values
Pengaruh kepemimpinan Gembala sidang terhadap pertumbuhan gereja masa kini
No full textPada masa kini kepemimpinan merupan sesuatu yang sangat dibutuhkan didalam organisasi-oraganisasi, bahkan gereja juga membutuhkan kepemimpinan yang tepat agar gereja dapat bertumbuh. Gereja yang tidak bertumbuh merupakan gereja yang mati. Pertumbuhan gereja dapat dinilai dari pertambahan jumlah jemaat, kualitas atau mutu jemaat yang berkembang dan keadaan organisasi yang tersusun. Agar gereja dapat bertumbuh gereja memerlukan sosok pemimpin yang menyediakan kepemimpinan yang tepat sesuai dengan kebutuhan gereja masa kini. Untuk memenuhi krisis kepemimpinan masa kini maka gereja harus memiliki seorang pemimpin yang Transformatif. Selain kepemimpinan, gembala juga harus memiliki karakter yang unggul dan harus menghindari beberapa sifat yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan gerejanya
Happy Thoughts: The Role of Communion in Accepting and Sharing (Mis)Beliefs
No full textThe negativity bias favors the cultural diffusion of negative beliefs, yet many common (mis)beliefs—naturopathy works, there’s a heaven—are positive. Why? People might share ‘happy thoughts’—beliefs that might make others happy—to display their kindness. Five experiments conducted among Japanese and English-speaking participants (N = 2412) show that: (i) people higher on communion are more likely to believe and share happier beliefs, by contrast with people higher in competence and dominance; (ii) when they want to appear nice and kind, rather than competent and dominant, people avoid sharing sad beliefs, and instead prefer sharing happy beliefs; (iii) sharing happier beliefs instead of sad beliefs leads to being perceived as nicer and kinder; and (iv) sharing happy beliefs instead of sad beliefs leads to being perceived as less dominant. Happy beliefs could spread, despite a general negativity bias, because they allow their senders to signal kindness
A Tutorial for Exploratory Research: An Eight-Step Approach
No full textConsiderable effort in psychological science is currently directed towards confirmatory practices. Much less attention has been devoted to how to do exploratory research. In this article, the authors support researchers in expanding their methodological toolbox by adding one more technique of exploratory research. Most of this article is a hands-on tutorial that explains how exploration can be done using supervised machine learning techniques and how to choose them, ultimately leading to a demonstration of the best performing technique, conditional random forests. The practical part of this tutorial explores one of the authors’ own datasets, the Human Penguin Project (IJzerman, Lindenberg et al., 2018). The reader can follow the tutorial by recreating the authors’ analyses in her own RStudio, apply annotated code to her own data or other secondary data, and repeat the steps. The authors show how to get familiar with datasets the researcher wants to use for machine learning, inspect it in useful ways, and make predictions using machine learning algorithms. We close with describing the limitations related to causal inference and clarifying that finding robust patterns does not equate generating a comprehensive theory. This tutorial requires basic knowledge of statistics and programming language R (R Core Team, 2016), but the authors provide resources for absolute beginners in the Supplemental Materials
Humans perceive warmth and competence in artificial intelligence
No full textArtificial intelligence increasingly suffuses everyday life. However, people are frequently reluctant to interact with A.I. systems. This challenges both the deployment of beneficial A.I. technology and the development of deep learning systems that depend on humans for oversight, direction, and regulation. Nine behavioral studies (N = 3,300) demonstrate that social-cognitive processes guide human interactions across a diverse range of real-world A.I. systems. Across studies, perceived warmth and competence emerge prominently in participants’ impressions of A.I. systems. Judgments of warmth and competence systematically depend on human-A.I. interdependence and autonomy. In particular, participants perceive systems that optimize interests aligned with human interests as warmer and systems that operate independently from human direction as more competent. Finally, a prisoner’s dilemma game shows that warmth and competence judgments predict participants’ willingness to cooperate with a deep-learning system. These results underscore the generality of intent detection to interactions with a broad array of algorithmic actors. Researchers and policymakers should carefully consider the degree and alignment of interdependence between humans and new artificial intelligence systems
The intrinsic-extrinsic distinction: A one-sided coin
No full textAn attempt to argue that the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is conceptually incoherent
A distributional approach to measuring lifespan stratification
No full textThe study of the mortality differences between groups has traditionally focused on metrics that describe average levels of mortality such as life expectancy and standardized mortality rates. Additional insights can be gained by examining differences in lifespan distributions between groups using statistical distance metrics. Here, we use a distance metric, the non-overlap index, to capture the sociological concept of stratification, which emphasizes the emergence of unique, hierarchically layered social strata. We show an application using Finnish registration data covering the entire population over the period from 1996 to 2017. The results indicate that lifespan stratification and life-expectancy differences between income groups both increased substantially from 1996 to 2008; subsequently, life-expectancy differences declined, whereas stratification stagnated for men and increased for women. We conclude that the non-overlap index uncovers a unique domain of inequalities in mortality, and helps to capture important between-group differences that conventional approaches miss
Super-Recognizers: More Consistent or Qualitatively Different Psychophysical Profiles?
No full textFacial identity matching ability varies widely, ranging from severely deficient prosopagnosics (who exhibit profound impairments in face cognition) to so-called Super-Recognizers (SRs), possessing exceptional capacities for processing facial identity. Yet, despite the often consequential nature of face matching decisions—such as identity verification in security critical settings—ability assessments rely on simple performance metrics on a handful of heterogeneously related subprocesses, or in some cases only a single measured subprocess. Unfortunately, methodologies of this ilk leave contributions of stimulus information to observed variations in ability largely unspecified. Moreover, they are inadequate for addressing the qualitative or quantitative nature of differences between SRs’ abilities and those of the general population. Here, therefore, we sought to investigate individual differences—among SRs identified using a novel conservative diagnostic framework, and neurotypical controls—by systematically varying retinal availability, bandwidth, and orientation of faces’ spatial frequency content over two face matching experiments. Psychophysical evaluations of these parameters’ contributions to ability reveal that SRs more consistently exploit the same spatial frequency information, rather than suggesting qualitatively different profiles between normal observers and SRs. These findings stress the importance of optimizing procedures for SR diagnosis to include measures of individuals’ consistency