Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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A Tutorial towards Theory Formalization in (Social) Embodiment
No full textEmbodied – or grounded - cognition frameworks assume that human thought is affected by inputs from the bodily modalities and the environment and emerged in response to amodal approaches. But the embodied cognition literature, generally speaking, lacks the formal theorizing that allows for specific predictions about relations between body and mind. This problem is amplified by the fact that psychological research has encountered replication problems, challenges to validity of measures and manipulations, and overgeneralization of obtained findings to populations and measures that were not tested. This chapter provides a tutorial on how the field can move towards formalized theories of embodied social cognition. We rely on research on social thermoregulation – the idea that social behaviors protect the body’s core temperature – as a template for this. The chapter addresses the important questions of how to separate noise from signal in embodiment research, how to create reliable and valid measures, and how to appropriately draw conclusions about the generalizability of obtained findings. We hope that following these recommendations will help theories in embodiment to become more formal, allowing for precise predictions about interactions between the body and human (social) cognition
Susceptibility to misinformation: a study of climate change, Covid-19, and artificial intelligence
No full textThis study explores whether susceptibility to misinformation is context dependent. We conduct a survey experiment in which subjects had to rate the reliability of several statements in the fields of climate change, Covid-19, and artificial intelligence. There is some evidence for a monological belief system, i.e., being susceptible to one statement containing misinformation is correlated with falling to other false news stories, in all three contexts. The main findings to explain the susceptibility to misinformation can be summarized as follows: trust in social networks is positively associated with falling for misinformation in all contexts. There are also several context-related differences: Individuals are less likely to be susceptible to misinformation in the contexts of climate change and Covid-19 if they have a higher risk perception, tend to take a second look at a problem (i.e., willingness to think deliberately), update their prior beliefs to new evidence (actively open-minded thinking), and trust in science and mass media. Within the context of artificial intelligence, being less prone to conspiracy theories in general and lower subjective knowledge helps not to be susceptible to misinformation
Violence is the end of a Trump presidency’s full of lies: Thoughts on the post- January 6th discourse
No full textIn this essay, I reflect on the gravitas of this event by drawing from the post-9/11 discourse
Global weakness of the paper: “Mass-energy equivalence Extension onto a Superfluid Quantum Vacuum” i.e. why the so-called “model” introduced is in this form not viable
No full textWith these comments, I wish to focus on the problems encountered in the paper: Šorli, A.S. Mass - Energy Equivalence Extension onto a Superfluid Quantum Vacuum. Sci Rep 9, 11737 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48018-2. The
paper denotes problems of conceptual, technical and aesthetic nature, and brings as support of a possible “introduced model”, as indicated there, extremely poor mathematical concepts, confused ideas and concepts in general, inadequate qualitative figures, everything presented in a questionable English. It follows an analysis of the critical found points
The predetermined destiny, and its mathematical models within the Turing machine
No full textPhysical interactions among any number of elementary particles (EPs) are governed by physical laws (e.g., the Schrodinger equation). Let’s call the predetermined state machine which is formed by the predetermined world lines of all EPs the destiny. To a human neural network, the reality is a snapshot of the destiny. What a neural network perceives/predicts, is not the destiny itself (but a mathematical model (MM) of the destiny), but it is incorrectly treated by this neural network as the destiny, when this neural network deals with everyday challenges. The subjective experience is actually the use of a MM by a neural network within its low-level calculation. For example, when a neural network uses its geometric model of the destiny (GMD), it feels like the subjective experience of being immersed within a topological structure. The GMD, which is a component of the mind, is a real-time representation of all the EPs within the universe; the GMD only includes the physical objects perceived in the mind. A naïve cognitive researcher might incorrectly treat her GMD as the real world. A neural network can use its GMD. Using the semantics of human language, the use of GMD is described as subjectively experiencing the GMD. It’s possible that a neural network can’t subjectively experience its GMD. Otherwise, its subjective experience shouldn’t be able to impact the predetermined world line of any EP within this universe
National Inequality, Social Capital, and Public Goods Decision Making
No full textInequality affects how people make social decisions. Laboratory research has shown that when income inequality is simulated using cooperative economic games, groups with higher inequality often generate less wealth overall, with poorer group members receiving the worst outcomes. This study links these experimental findings to real world inequality and applies a decision model to explain the effects in terms of social decision-making dynamics. Using a pre-existing dataset from 255 groups playing a public goods game in thirteen economically diverse societies, we show that in nations with higher inequality, groups contribute less (Research question (RQ) 1). Further, we find that higher inequality is associated with lower optimism regarding others’ contributions at the outset of the game and increased sensitivity to others’ contributions, which accelerates the decay of cooperation (RQ2). These effects might be explained by national differences in social capital as expressed by trust and adherence to civic norms (RQ3). Using the European Values Survey, we replicate the negative association between inequality and contributions to a public good by examining national volunteering rates (RQ4)
Limitations on flexible allocation of visual short-term memory resources with multiple levels of attentional prioritization.
No full textStudies suggest that visual short-term memory (VSTM) is a continuous resource that can be flexibly allocated using probabilistic cues that indicate test likelihood (i.e., attentional priority to those items). Previous studies using simultaneous cues have not examined this flexible allocation beyond two distinct levels of priority. Moreover, previous studies have not examined whether there are individual differences in the ability to flexibly allocate VSTM resources, as well as whether this ability benefits from practice. The current study used a continuous report procedure to examine whether participants can use up to three levels of attentional priority to allocate VSTM resources via simultaneous probabilistic spatial cues. Three experiments were performed with differing priority levels, cues, and cue presentation times. Group level analysis demonstrated flexible allocation of VSTM resources, however, there was limited evidence that participants could use three priority levels. A temporal analysis suggested that task fatigue, rather than practice effects, may interact with item priority. A Bayesian individual-differences analysis revealed that a minority of participants were using three levels of attentional priority, demonstrating that, while possible, it is not the predominant pattern of behavior. Thus, we provided evidence that flexible allocation to three attentional-levels is possible under simultaneous cuing conditions for a minority of participants. Flexible allocation to three categories may be interpreted as a skill of high performing participants akin to high memory capacity
Hide a Dagger Behind a Smile: A Review of How Collectivistic Cultures Compete More Than Individualistic Cultures
No full textWhy is there so much competition in seemingly harmonious societies? In this chapter, we connect different veins of research on cultural differences in competition. We first review cultural variation in people's attitudes about competition. Next, we discuss why and how people from different cultures compete. We argue that, in cultures that demand social harmony, people use tacit strategies to compete against others. This social vigilance is a consequence of collectivism, rather than the exception. Next, we explore how people from different cultures enter competitions and how it affects them afterwards. We end with a discussion of whether there can be versions of collectivistic societies without competition or whether this is a utopian dream
The effect of change in routine on student mental wellbeing during a nationwide lockdown
No full textObjective: There is limited existing research on the structure of routine and mental wellbeing. During March 2020, the UK entered a national lockdown, causing a sudden change in undergraduate students’ routines. This study uses this event to investigate the impact routine change had on students’ mental wellbeing; in particular looking at depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and eating behaviours.
Method: Participants reported their daily routine timings (waking, breakfast, lunch, evening meal and bedtime) and activities (e.g. exercise amount, time with friends, time studying, etc) on a typical Monday, Wednesday and Saturday during term time and lockdown. Additionally they completed the PROMIS measures of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance, and the Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory.
Results: Lockdown saw small but significant shifts in routine timing (on average 1.5 hours) However, there was no clear overall pattern of relationships between mental wellbeing and routine structure or magnitude of routine change. There was some evidence of changes in amount of exercise relating to reported anxiety.
Discussion: These findings are consistent with the current literature reporting lockdown effects on behaviour. Routine timings shifted but this change was small and there was minimal impact of routine change on mental wellbeing reported by undergraduate students. The change in amount of exercise posed by lockdown did appear to be an important factor in wellbeing, and more research should focus on the wellbeing implications of closing places for exercise
Keep Degrowth or Go Rebirth? Regulatory Focus Theory and the Support for a Sustainable Downscaling of Production and Consumption
No full textConsidering that the growth model that dominates across the world is unsustainable, an increasing trend of publications indicates that transformative social change toward a “degrowth” economy is necessary to tackle climate change. Defined as an alternative sustainable social-economic model aiming for a downscaling of production and consumption, degrowth has been widely analyzed and documented in social and environmental sciences. However, despite this increasing academic interest, degrowth maintains a rather negative public perception, and remains under-researched in psychology. In a series of four online studies (N=2,408), collected in the US and UK, one of which was pre-registered and tested on a representative sample, our research investigated whether support for this alternative sustainable social-economic model could be influenced by its name labelling (Rebirth vs. Degrowth) and its definition framing (Promotion vs. Prevention), using the Regulatory Focus Theory. The main findings indicate that support for social change toward a degrowth economy increased when its definition was framed in terms of achieving positive consequences (Promotion) rather than avoiding negative consequences (Prevention), regardless of its name labelling. Overall, this article introduces the concept of degrowth to environmental psychology and in doing so hopes to inspire more psychological scientists to research this transformative social-economic model