Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Validation of the Iowa Test of Consonant Perception
No full textSpeech perception, especially in background noise, is a critical problem for hearing impaired listeners, and an important issue for cognitive hearing science. Despite a plethora of standardized measures, there are few single-word, closed-set tasks that uniformly sample the phonetic space and which use response choices that balance all phonetic features. The Iowa Test of Consonant Perception (ITCP) was developed to solve this. It is a phonemically balanced word recognition task designed to assess perception of the initial consonant of monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words. The ITCP consists of 120 phonetically balanced CVC words. Words were recorded from four different talkers (two female), and uniformly sample from all four corners of the vowel space to control for coarticulation. Response choices on each trial are balanced to equate difficulty and sample a single phonetic feature. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of ITCP by examining reliability (test-retest) and validity in a sample of online normal hearing participants. Ninety-eight participants completed two sessions of the ITCP along with standardized tests of words and sentence in noise (CNC words and AzBio sentences). The ITCP showed good test-retest reliability and convergent validity with two popular speech-in-noise tasks. ITCP materials are freely available here: https://osf.io/hycdu/
Application Essays and the Performance of Merit in US Selective Admissions
No full textThis paper was published in Poetics: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304422X22000821. US colleges and universities are defined by their exclusivity, and the most prestigious schools reject most of those who apply. Yet these same schools also widely advertise their inclusiveness, encouraging students from all backgrounds to submit applications and highlighting evaluation protocols that identify many characteristics worthy of consideration for admission. We surface this paradox and use it as motivation to theorize a little studied component of college applications: personal essays. Drawing from cultural sociology, we posit that the commission and production of essays extolling applicant worth and worthiness is a ritual practice that instantiates an idea of merit that is broadly shared among those who submit applications to admissions-selective schools. We pursue this work empirically by observing essay prompt selections of 55,016 applicants to the University of California in 2016 and conducting human readings and statistical analyses of 3,519 unique essays. Results indicate that prompts and essays encompass a broad but bounded range of activities and experiences that selective schools and applicants consider meritorious. The entire process of application to selective US schools helps to reify a national cultural belief we call merit for all
The scale of direct human impact on invertebrates
No full textCurrently, estimates of the number of invertebrates used or killed by humans are very poor. Summing the rigorous estimates that exist, at least 7.2 trillion to 26 trillion invertebrates annually are killed directly by humans, and 18 trillion to 40 trillion are used but not killed annually. I also outline some of the largest invertebrate industries, and estimate the total number of invertebrates used or killed by humans. I don’t look at indirect deaths, such as invertebrates impacted by climate change. In total, not including nematodes, I believe between 100 trillion and 10 quadrillion invertebrates are directly killed or used annually by humans. The majority of this impact is caused by the application of agricultural pesticides
Investigating multidimensionality of language lateralisation in left and right handed adults: an update on Woodhead et al. 2019
No full textA previous study we reported in this journal suggested that left and right handers may differ in their patterns of lateralisation for different language tasks. However, it had too few left handers (N=7) to reach any conclusions. For this update paper, further participants were added to the sample to create separate groups of left (N=31) and right handers (N=43). Two hypotheses were tested: 1) that lateralisation would be weaker at the group level in left than right handers; and 2) that left handers would show weaker covariance in lateralisation between tasks, supporting a two factor model.
All participants performed the same protocol as in our previous paper: lateralisation was measured using functional transcranial Doppler sonography during six different language tasks, on two separate testing sessions. The results supported hypothesis 1, with significant differences in laterality between groups for four out of six tasks. For hypothesis 2, structural equation modelling showed that there was stronger evidence for a two factor model in left than right handers; furthermore, examination of the factor loadings suggested that the pattern of laterality across tasks may also differ between handedness groups. These results expand on what is known about the differences in laterality between left and right handers
A Mega-Analysis of Personality Prediction: Robustness and Boundary Conditions
No full textDecades of studies identify personality traits as an important predictor of life outcomes. However, previous investigations of personality-outcome associations have not taken a principled approach to covariate use or other sampling strategies to ensure the robustness of personality-outcome associations. The result is that it is unclear (1) whether personality predicts important outcomes after accounting for a range of background variables, (2) for whom and when personality predictions hold, and 3) which background variables are most important to account for. The present study examines the robustness and boundary conditions of personality prediction using the Big Five to predict 14 health, social, education/work, and societal outcomes across eight different person- and study-level moderators using individual participant data from 171,395 individuals across 10 longitudinal panel studies in a mega-analytic framework. Robustness and boundary conditions were systematically tested using two approaches: propensity score matching and specification curve analysis. Three findings emerged: First, personality traits remain a robust predictor of life outcomes. Second, the effects generalize, as there are few moderators of personality-outcome associations. Third, robustness was differential across covariate choice in nearly half of the tested models, with the inclusion or exclusion of some of these flipping the direction of association. In sum, personality is a powerful predictor of life outcomes with few moderated associations. However, researchers need to be careful in their choices of covariates. We discuss how these findings can inform personality prediction, as well as recommendations for covariate inclusion
Pathways to Wellbeing are Developmentally and Culturally Specific: Adaptive Processes in the Context of COVID-19
No full textDisruptions caused by the pandemic have disproportionately impacted people in different age groups as well as people residing in different parts of the world. The present research identifies how psychological factors within various bioecological systems (i.e., self, micro, macro) makeup pathways to wellbeing across developmental and diverse cultural contexts. Through Structural Equation Modeling and Machine Learning analysis on data from 426 adults (284 young adults, 142 older adults) in the United States, we found differences in how people’s own capacities and vulnerabilities (self) and their closeness to their immediate (micro) and extended environments (macro) led to differences in state-level wellbeing and resiliency and in-turn to better overall adaptation and quality of life across young and old adults. These differences were also evident across three countries (N =158 Chinese, N = 244 Iranians, N = 426 Americans), as a function of the country’s culture, geographic location, and phase of crisis
Ultrahigh bandwidth data transmission at 44Tb/s over single fibre with a soliton crystal microcomb
No full textMicro-combs [1-4] - optical frequency combs generated by integrated micro-cavity resonators – offer the full potential of their bulk counterparts [5,6], but in an integrated footprint. The discovery of temporal soliton states (DKS – dissipative Kerr solitons) [4,7-11] as a means of mode-locking micro-combs has enabled breakthroughs in many fields including spectroscopy [12,13], microwave photonics [14], frequency synthesis [15], optical ranging [16,17], quantum sources [18,19], metrology [20,21] and more. One of their most promising applications has been optical fibre communications where they have enabled massively parallel ultrahigh capacity multiplexed data transmission [22,23]. Here, by using a new and powerful class of micro-comb called “soliton crystals” [11], we achieve unprecedented data transmission over standard optical fibre using a single integrated chip source. We demonstrate a line rate of 44.2 Terabits per second (Tb/s) using the telecommunications C-band at 1550nm with a spectral efficiency – a critically important performance metric - of 10.4 bits/s/Hz. Soliton crystals exhibit robust and stable generation and operation as well as a high intrinsic efficiency that, together with a low soliton micro-comb spacing of 48.9 GHz enable the use of a very high coherent data modulation format of 64 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulated). We demonstrate error free transmission over 75 km of standard optical fibre in the laboratory as well as in a field trial over an installed metropolitan optical fibre network. These experiments were greatly aided by the ability of the soliton crystals to operate without stabilization or feedback control. This work demonstrates the capability of optical soliton crystal micro-combs to perform in demanding and practical optical communications networks
Integrating social and cognitive aspects of belief dynamics: Towards a unifying framework
No full textBelief change and spread have been studied in many disciplines-- from psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy, to computer science and statistical physics-- but we still do not have a firm grasp on why some beliefs change and spread easier than others. To fully capture the complex social-cognitive system that give rise to belief dynamics, we need to integrate the findings of these disciplines into a single framework. Communication between disciplines is limited, and there is a lack of theoretical comparisons and empirical tests of the many different models of belief dynamics. Here we first review insights about structural components and processes of belief dynamics studied in different disciplines, focusing particularly on previously neglected but important areas such as cognitive representations and strategies used to integrate information. We then outline a unifying framework that enables theoretical and empirical comparisons of different belief dynamic models. The framework is quantified using a statistical physics formalism, grounded in cognitive and social theory as well as empirical observations. We show how the framework can be used to integrate numerous previous models and develop a more comprehensive science of belief dynamics
Reusable FAIR Implementation Profiles as Accelerators of FAIR Convergence
No full textPowerful incentives are driving the adoption of FAIR practices among a broad cross-section of stakeholders. This adoption process must factor in numerous considerations regarding the use of both domain-specific and infrastructural resources. These considerations must be made for each of the FAIR Guiding Principles and include supra-domain objectives such as the maximum reuse of existing resources (i.e., minimised reinvention of the wheel) or maximum interoperation with existing FAIR data and services. Despite the complexity of this task, it is likely that the majority of the decisions will be repeated across communities and that communities can expedite their own FAIR adoption process by judiciously reusing the implementation choices already made by others. To leverage these redundancies and accelerate convergence onto widespread reuse of FAIR implementations, we have developed the concept of FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) that captures the comprehensive set of implementation choices made at the discretion of individual communities of practice. The collection of community-specific FIPs compose an online resource called the FIP Convergence Matrix which can be used to track the evolving landscape of FAIR implementations and inform optimisation around reuse and interoperation. Ready-made and well-tested FIPs created by trusted communities will find widespread reuse among other communities and could vastly accelerate decision making on well-informed implementations of the FAIR Principles within and particularly between domains
ACOFT ANZCOP SPIE Melb 2019 RF frequency converter
No full textA broadband microwave mixer is demonstrated based on an integrated optical micro-comb source, with an operation
bandwidth up to over 60 GHz, a conversion efficiency of −6.8 dB and a spurious suppression ratio of over 43.5 dB, and
experimentally verify the RF performance up to 40 GHz. This approach to realizing microwave mixers offers reduced
complexity, size, and potential cost for a wide range of applications to microwave systems