Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Explaining individual differences in advantageous inequity aversion by social-affective trait dimensions and family environment
No full textHumans are averse to both having less (i.e., disadvantageous inequity aversion) and having more than others (i.e., advantageous inequity aversion). However, the social-affective traits that drive individual differences in inequity aversion (IA) are not well understood. Here, by combining a modified Dictator Game and a computational model, we found in a sample of incarcerated adolescents (N = 67) that callous-unemotional traits were specifically associated with low advantageous but not disadvantageous IA. We replicated and extended the finding in a large- scale university student sample (N = 2,250) by adopting a dimensional approach to social- affective trait measures. We showed that advantageous IA was strongly and negatively associated with a trait dimension characterized by callousness and lack of social emotions (e.g., guilt and compassion). A supportive family environment negatively correlated with this trait dimension and positively with advantageous IA. These results identify a core set of social- affective dimensions specifically associated with advantageous IA
Prediction of Glasgow Outcome Scale after Barbiturate Coma Therapy in patients suffering from Refractory Intracranial Hypertension after Brain Tumour Surgery: Incorporating Ensemble approach into automated Machine Learning
No full textEnsemble approach is incorporated into Automated machine learning to predict Glasgow outcome scale and In-hospital mortality in patients receiving Barbiturate coma therapy for refractory intracranial hypertension post Brain tumour surgery
Evidence for bidirectional causation between trait and mental state inferences
No full textTo navigate the social world, people must understand each other’s momentary thoughts and feelings (mental states) and enduring personalities (traits). How do people make trait and mental state inferences in the real world? Prior research has artificially separated these two processes, primarily studying each topic on its own. However, in real life, these two processes constantly co-occur and rely on partially overlapping information. It is likely that people inform one type of inferences with the other. Here we investigate this possibility using naturalistic paradigms, statistical learning, and stimulus optimization techniques. We first demonstrated the correlation between trait and mental state inferences of targets in naturalistic videos (Study 1) and familiar others in real life (Study 2). Targets perceived to have similar traits were judged to experience various mental states with similar frequencies. We showed that this association was causal in two experiments. Learning that two people experienced similar mental states across a range of situations caused participants to attribute similar traits to them (Study 3). Conversely, observing two people had similar traits caused participants to attribute similar mental states to them across a range of situations (Study 4). Together, these four preregistered studies (total N = 762) reveal that trait and mental state inferences continually run in parallel and that people rely on others’ enduring traits to predict their momentary states, and vice versa. These findings highlight that biases in trait impressions may distort understanding of others’ situation-specific states, and others’ uncharacteristic states may influence judgments of their enduring traits
Combating Effort Avoidance in Computer Adaptive Practicing: Does a Problem Skipping Restriction Promote Learning?
No full textEffort is key in learning, as evidenced by its omnipresence in both empirical findings and educational theory. At the same time, students are consistently found to avoid effort. In this study, we investigate whether limiting effort avoidance improves learning outcomes. We also examine differences in learning outcomes for a substantive typology of students: toilers (practice many problems), skippers (skip many problems), and rushers (provide fast responses). In a large-scale computer adaptive practice system for primary education, over 150000 participants were distributed across four conditions in which a problem-skipping option was delayed by 0, 3, 6, or 9 seconds. The results show that after a 14-week period, there are no average treatment effects on learning outcomes across conditions. Also, no consistent conditional average treatment effects are found across the typology. However, different types of students have different learning outcomes, showing that the typology used is meaningful. We conclude that the scale of the experiment suggests a precise null finding, but caution that this should not be interpreted as evidence of no effect. Problem-skipping restrictions may require a longer-lasting implementation to accumulate the desired effect
Dutch Translation of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire | Nederlandstalige vertaling van de Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire
No full textThis Dutch translation of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) was translated from the original English version. An initial translation from English to Dutch was conducted and refined by the authorship team. These Dutch items were then back-translated into English by a NAATI approved translator. Minor refinements to some of the Dutch items were made by the authorship team on the basis of this back-translation, resulting in the final Dutch version of the PAQ presented in this document. Our team is currently conducting a psychometric study on this Dutch PAQ to examine its validity and reliability. Deze Nederlandstalige vertaling van de Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) is vertaald vanuit de oorspronkelijke Engelse versie. Een eerste vertaling van het Engels naar het Nederlands werd uitgevoerd en verfijnd door het auteursteam. Deze Nederlandstalige items werden vervolgens terugvertaald naar het Engels door een door NAATI erkende vertaler. Op basis van deze hervertaling zijn door het auteursteam kleine verfijningen aangebracht in enkele Nederlandstalige items, wat heeft geleid tot de definitieve Nederlandstalige versie van de PAQ die in dit document wordt gepresenteerd. Ons team voert momenteel een psychometrische studie uit op deze Nederlandstalige PAQ om de validiteit en betrouwbaarheid te onderzoeken
The McNorm Library: Creating and Validating a New Library of Emotionally Expressive Dance Movement
No full textThe ability to exchange affective cues with others plays a key role in our ability to create and maintain meaningful social relationships. We express our emotions through a variety of socially salient cues, including facial expressions, the voice, and body movement. While significant advances have been made in our understanding of verbal and facial communication, to date, understanding of the role played by human body movement in our social interactions remains incomplete. To this end, here we describe the creation and validation of a new set of emotionally expressive whole-body dance movement stimuli, named the Motion Capture Norming (McNorm) Library, which was designed to reconcile a number of limitations associated with previous movement stimuli. This library comprises a series of point-light representations of a dancer’s movements, which were performed to communicate neutrality, happiness, sadness, anger, and fear to observers. Based on results from two validation experiments, participants could reliably discriminate the intended emotion to clips in this stimulus set, with accuracy rates up to 60% (chance = 20%). We further explored the impact of dance experience and trait empathy on emotion recognition and found that neither significantly impacted emotion discrimination. As all materials for presenting and analysing this movement library are openly available, we hope this resource will aid other researchers in further exploration of affective communication expressed by human bodily movement
Snap elections increase political trust: a quasi-experiment from the UK
No full textSnap elections, those triggered by incumbents in advance of their original date in the electoral calendar, are a common feature of parliamentary democracies. In this paper we ask: do snap elections influence citizens' trust in the government? Theoretically, we argue that providing citizens with an additional means of endorsing or rejecting the incumbent - giving voters a chance to ''have their say'' - can be interpreted by citizens as normatively desirable and demonstrative of the incumbents desire to legitimise their agenda by (re)-invigorating their political mandate. Leveraging the quasi-experimental setting provided by the coincidental timing of the UK Prime Minister, Theresa May's, shock announcement of early elections in April 2017 with the fieldwork for the Eurobarometer survey, we demonstrate that the announcement of snap elections has a sizeable and significant positive effect on political trust. These, on average, positive effects, however, mask asymmetric responses among citizens. Whilst eurosceptics and voters on the right of the ideological spectrum - those most inclined to support the incumbent May-led Conservative government - became more trusting, no such changes in trust were observed amongst left-wing or non-eurosceptic respondents. Our study advances the understanding of a relatively understudied yet not uncommon political phenomenon, providing causal evidence that snap elections have implications for political trust
Using synthetic data to improve the reproducibility of statistical results in psychological research
No full textIn recent years, psychological research has faced a credibility crisis, and open data are often regarded as an important step toward a more reproducible psychological science. However, privacy concerns are among the main reasons that prevent data sharing. Synthetic data procedures, which are based on the multiple imputation (MI) approach to missing data, can be used to replace sensitive data with simulated values, which can be analyzed in place of the original data. One crucial requirement of this approach is that the synthesis model is correctly specified. In this article, we investigated the statistical properties of synthetic data with a particular emphasis on the reproducibility of statistical results. To this end, we compared conventional approaches to synthetic data based on MI with a data-augmented approach (DA-MI) that attempts to combine the advantages of masking methods and synthetic data, thus making the procedure more robust to misspecification. In multiple simulation studies, we found that the good properties of the MI approach strongly depend on the correct specification of the synthesis model, whereas the DA-MI approach can provide useful results even under various types of misspecification. This suggests that the DA-MI approach to synthetic data can provide an important tool that can be used to facilitate data sharing and improve reproducibility in psychological research. In a worked example, we also demonstrate the implementation of these approaches in widely available software, and we provide recommendations for practice
Some thought on Shiller’s narrative economics
No full textThe Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert Shiller published an article in the American Economic Review in 20171 and a book in 20192 , both carrying the term “narrative economics.
ABC framework of fear of COVID-19 for psychotherapeutic intervention in Nepal: a review
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic is having an impact on physical and mental health. Most studies report the impact on mental health and mental distress during the pandemic. As a result of various stressors (such as lockdown, quarantines, and misinformation) there is heightened fear of a pandemic. The sufferer may experience a variety of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and even psychosis. In predisposed vulnerable individuals, fear of COVID-19 is perpetuating pain and dysfunction. This study discussed the ABC framework of fear and influencer to better understand the different levels of symptoms and interventions. There is an urgent need to integrate mental health into primary health-care centers. The attending physician should be aware of the stress disorders associated with the pandemic. This article introduces a handy and practical portrayal of the ABC framework that can be taught to individuals in distress during clinical visits to primary care centers providing awareness of the relationship between thinking, emotional and behavioral responses