Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Characterizing the role of impulsivity in costly, reactive aggression using a novel paradigm
No full textLack of self-control has long been theorized to predict an individual’s likelihood to engage in antisocial behaviors. However, existing definitions of self-control encompass multiple psychological constructs and lab-based measures of aggression have not allowed for the examination of aggression upon provocation where self-control is needed most. We introduce two versions of a novel paradigm, the Retaliate or Carry-on: Reactive AGgression Experiment (RC-RAGE) to fill this methodological gap. Using large online samples of US adults (N = 354 and N = 366), we test to what extent dispositional impulsivity, self-control, aggression, and state anger contribute to aggression upon provocation when there is a financial cost involved. Results showed that costly retaliation on this task was related to trait aggression and being in an angry emotional state, but not related to social desirability. Importantly, we show that the tendency to act impulsively is a better predictor of costly retaliation than other forms of self-control, such as the ability to delay gratification, resist temptation, or plan ahead. As a browser-based task, the RC-RAGE provides a tool for the future investigation of reactive aggression in a variety of experimental settings
人々がマスクを着用する理由とは ――国内研究の追試とリサーチクエスチョンの検証――
No full textWearing masks is an easy and effective way to prevent infection by COVID-19. In Japan, two studies investigated the reasons why people wear a mask; however, the results were inconsistent. Therefore, the present study reexamined the association between mask wearing and the reasons given for doing so, focusing on the differences in and problems of item wording. The results of both studies were found to be almost reproducible, and there were few problems regarding item wording. Furthermore, it was found that people wear a mask to prevent themselves and others from infection and to conform to other people wearing a mask. We suggest that inconsistencies in the results were due to differences in item wording, and discuss how future research should be conducted
Decomposing Attitude Distributions to Characterize Attitude Polarization in Europe
No full textIn recent years, political discourse and election results appear to be more polarized in western countries but is this associated with increasing attitude polarization of their general public?
To answer this question, many different polarization measures have been proposed in the literature but no systematic empirical comparison exists. In an exploratory analysis of 4,155 attitude distributions on 11-point scales from the European Social Survey, we find that most polarization measures for single attitude distributions correlate strongly with the average attitude discrepancy between randomly selected pairs. We propose this as a catch-all measure for polarization because it can be decomposed into components related to different groups.
By analyzing attitude distributions of the left-right political self-placements and several other topics we find that distributions are typically not unimodal or bimodal, but show more so a structure with up to five modes.
We exploit this structure by fitting a model with five latent groups of moderates, extremists, and centrists.
Finally, we use the decomposition of polarization with respect to these groups to analyze polarization and its different aspects across topics, countries, and time establishing an overview and new perspectives on single attitude polarization in Europe
Eliciting false insights with semantic priming
No full textThe insight experience (or ‘Aha moment’) generally evokes strong feelings of certainty and confidence. An ‘Aha’ experience for a false idea could underlie many false beliefs and delusions. However, for as long as insight experiences have been studied, false insights have remained difficult to elicit experimentally. That difficulty, in turn, highlights the fact that we know little about what causes people to experience a false insight. Across two experiments (total N=300), we developed and tested a new paradigm to elicit false insights. In Experiment 1 we used a combination of semantic priming and visual similarity to elicit feelings of insight for incorrect solutions to anagrams. These false insights were relatively common but were experienced as weaker than correct ones. In Experiment 2 we replicated the findings of Experiment 1 and found that semantic priming had a greater impact than visual similarity on false insights, although the combination of the two manipulations produced the strongest effect. These studies highlight the importance of misleading semantic processing in the generation of false insights
Coccolith size rules – what controls the size of coccoliths during coccolithogenesis?
No full textCoccoliths are calcite platelets produced inside coccolithophore cells and extruded to form a covering on the cell surface called a coccosphere. The size of coccoliths is an important parameter often used to identify species, and observations on extant species have shown an influence of abiotic parameters (e.g., CO2, light, nutrient concentration) on coccolith size. However, the sometimes large range of coccolith sizes occurring within a single coccosphere questions the mechanisms controlling coccolith size. A link was previously shown between cell/coccosphere size and coccolith size called the “coccolithophore size rule”. In this study, we query the mechanisms controlling the size of a coccolith during coccolithogenesis. Two working hypotheses are formulated: (1) coccolith size is smaller than cell diameter, and (2) coccolithogenesis mainly occurs during a specific growth phase (G1 interphase). We propose two numerical models (each with two variants) to test the constraining effect of these hypotheses on coccolith size distribution within a population. Neither model can accurately reproduce the size distribution of an empirical coccolith population, indicating that additional factors likely influence coccolith size. According to both hypotheses, the comparison of coccolith size and cell size is only pertinent at the time of formation of a coccolith. In light of these results, we suggest that application of the coccolithophore size rules model should be limited to multipopulational studies, and we confirm the basis of the link between coccolith number and cell cycle. The coccolith size rule model proposed here requires verification with further observations of coccolithophore and coccolith growth data
TOPSIS and Modified TOPSIS: A Comparative Analysis
No full textSelection of an appropriate Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method for providing a solution to a given MADM problem is always challenging endeavour. The challenge is even greater for situations where for a specific MADM problem there exist multiple MADM methods with similar degree of suitability. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and its dominant variant the Modified TOPSIS methods are two very similar methods applicable to the same type of MADM problems. This study provides extensive simulation-based comparisons and mathematical analysis of these two popular methods in order to clarify the confusion regarding their selection for solving MADM problems
Can positive and self-transcendent emotions promote pro-environmental behavior?
No full textMany scholars have suggested that people could improve their well-being by developing closer connections with nature, and that this would also promote the sustainable behaviors needed to address climate change. Research generally corroborates this idea, but few studies have examined the more specific hypothesis that positive emotions (caused by nature or otherwise) can directly influence pro-environmental behaviors. In particular, self-transcendent emotions such as awe, compassion, and gratitude can be prompted by nature, and they seem to foster pro-social behaviors. Most pro-environmental behaviors are also pro-social; they require cooperation and they benefit others. Some recent studies suggest that self-transcendent emotions can cause pro-environmental behavior, though results are mixed overall. We identify strategies for future research to resolve these inconclusive suggestions
Effort beats effectiveness in emotion regulation choice: Differences between suppression and distancing in subjective and physiological measures
No full textEmotion regulation (ER) can be implemented by different strategies which differ in their capacity to alter emotional responding. What all strategies have in common is that cognitive control must be exercised in order to implement them. The aim of the present preregistered study was to investigate whether the two ER strategies expressive suppression and distancing require different amounts of cognitive effort and whether effort is associated with personality traits. Effort was assessed subjectively via ratings and objectively via pupillometry and heart period. In two studies, N = 110 and N = 52 healthy adults conducted an ER paradigm. Participants used suppression and distancing during inspection of positive and negative pictures. They also had the choice to reapply either of the strategies at the end of the paradigm. Although distancing was more effective in downregulation of subjective arousal (Study 1: p < .001, ηp² = .20; Study 2: p < .001, ηp² = .207), about two thirds reapplied suppression, because it was perceived as less effortful. Effort was rated significantly lower for suppression compared to distancing (Study 1: p = .042, ηp² = .04; Study 2: p = .002, ηp² = .13). However, differences in effort were not reflected in pupillary data or heart period. Broad and narrow personality traits were neither associated with the preferred strategy, nor with subjective or physiological effort measures. Findings suggest that people tend to use the ER strategy that is perceived as less effortful, even though it might not be the most effective strategy
Social Media and Social Networking Applications for Teaching and Learning during Pandemic Era
No full textThis presentation paper targets understanding the students' and lecturers' encounters in utilizing web-based media and informal communication applications for educating and learning. This examination is keen on appropriating the advantages of utilizing online media and systems administration applications like WhatsApp and Instagram for instructing and learning. To discover the practicality of the employments of WhatsApp and Instagram postings as enlightening and open instruments, this examination utilizes a contextual analysis of a subjective strategy with tertiary students who are considering English subjects from two classes and meetings with the speaker in an Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia. The consequences of the information showed understudies' inclination with utilizing WhatsApp to convey and Instagram to make companions, to coordinate with companions, and to have the option to get familiar with extra information at their own time and their favored spot. They like to message, send records and recordings through WhatsApp and Instagram postings with the data and information that stretch out past the limits of the reading material and the study hall. All in all, the utilization of online media and interpersonal interaction applications for educating and learning may become an elective arrangement when up close and personal correspondence is confined during the Pandemic Era
Technology Implementation: Its opportunities and Challenges Perceived by EFL Students
No full textThis examination targets breaking down the using of innovation in upgrading English language learning at the tertiary level. The examination utilized a subjective plan. An overview was utilized for information assortment in which 50 college understudies from three distinct classes in Palu city revealed having occupied with EFL getting the hang of utilizing YouTube, Kahoot (advanced games), and video recording. The information were gathered from the poll and meeting of each class. The outcomes show that the utilization of innovation in EFL learning gives advantages to improve understudies' insight and language learning results with regards to regular daily existence. Understudies show positive learning results and reactions to the utilization of innovation utilized in language learning