Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Political and Non-Political Belief Change Elicits Behavioral Change
No full textBeliefs have long been theorized to predict behaviors and thus have been the target of many interventions aimed at changing false beliefs in the population. But does changing beliefs translate into predictable changes in behaviors? Here, we investigated the impact of belief change on behavioral change across three experiments (N=659). Participants rated the accuracy of a set of health-related statements and chose corresponding campaigns to which they could donate funds in an incentivized-choice task. They were then provided with relevant evidence in favor of the correct statements and against the incorrect statements. Finally, they rated the accuracy of the initial set of statements again and were given a chance to change their donation choices. We found that evidence changed beliefs and this, in turn, led to behavioral change. In two pre-registered follow- up experiments, we replicated these findings with politically charged topics, and found a partisan asymmetry in the effect, such that belief change triggered behavioral change only for Democrats on Democratic topics, but not for Democrats on Republican topics or for Republicans on either topic. We discuss the implications of this work in the context of interventions aimed at stimulating climate action or preventative health behaviors
Systematic investigation into generalization of COVID-19 CT deep learning models with Gabor ensemble for lung involvement scoring
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has inspired unprecedented data collection and computer vision modelling efforts worldwide, focusing on diagnosis and stratification of COVID-19 from medical images. Despite this large-scale research effort, these models have found limited practical application due in part to unproven generalization of these models beyond their source study. This study investigates the generalizability of key published models using the publicly available COVID-19 Computed Tomography data through cross dataset validation. We then assess the predictive ability of these models for COVID-19 severity using an independent new dataset that is stratified for COVID-19 lung involvement. Each inter-dataset study is performed using histogram equalization, and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization with and without a learning Gabor filter. The study shows high variability in the generalization of models trained on these datasets due to varied sample image provenances and acquisition processes amongst other factors. We show that under certain conditions, an internally consistent dataset can generalize well to an external dataset despite structural differences between these datasets with f1 scores up to 86%. Our best performing model shows high predictive accuracy for lung involvement score for an independent dataset for which expertly labelled lung involvement stratification is available. Creating an ensemble of our best model for disease positive prediction with our best model for disease negative prediction using a min-max function resulted in a superior model for lung involvement prediction with average predictive accuracy of 75% for zero lung involvement and 96% for 75-100% lung involvement with almost linear relationship between these stratifications
Artificial Aggrecan prodrugs in the treatment of Arthrosis
No full textArthrosis (OA) is a debilitating disease which increasingly affects the geriatric population. Recent studies have shown that proteoglycan forming cartilage in human tissue is citrullinated in osteoarthritic patients and this could be the cause for the enhanced fragility in the knee joints, leading to fractures and falls. The flexibility of citrulline could be reduced compared to that of arginine as citrulline presents incorporations of rigid nitric elements as well as “condensed” proline atoms, making it resemble a metabolic byproduct of collagen and arginine. In truth, citrulline derives from the activity of multiple enzymes, both aggrecanase and arginase-1. The commentary describes causal involvement of citrullination in OA and also indicates potential therapeutic approaches to how displacing the pathological citrullinated arginine, could help patients with OA
Characteristics of quantifiers moderate the framing effect
No full textThe attribute framing effect, where people judge a quantity of an item more positively with a positively-described attribute (e.g., ‘75% lean’) than its negative, albeit normatively equivalent description (e.g., ‘25% fat’), is a robust phenomenon, which may be moderated under certain conditions. In this paper, we investigated the moderating effect of the characteristics of the quantifier term: its format (verbal, e.g., ‘high’, or numerical, e.g., ‘75%’) and magnitude (i.e., if it is a small or large quantity) using positive or negative synonyms of attributes (e.g., energy vs. calories). Over five pre-registered studies using a 2 (synonym, between-subjects: positive or negative) 2 (quantifier format, between-subjects: verbal or numerical) 2 (quantifier magnitude, within-subjects: small or large) mixed design, we manipulated quantifier format and magnitude orthogonally for synonyms with differing valence. We also tested two mechanisms for the framing effect: whether the effect was mediated by the affect associated with the frame, and whether participants inferred the speaker to be positive about the target. We found a framing effect with synonyms that was reversed in direction for the small (vs. large) quantifiers, but not significantly moderated by quantifier format. Both the affect associated with the frame and the inferred level of speaker positivity partially mediated the framing effect, and the level of mediation varied with quantifier magnitude. These results suggest that the magnitude of the quantifier modifies one’s evaluation of the frame, and the mechanism for people’s evaluations in a framing situation may differ for small and large quantifiers
Man versus Machine: Comparing manual with LIWC coding of perceptual and contextual details for verbal lie detection
No full textPurpose: Truthful statements are theorized to be richer in perceptual and contextual detail than deceptive statements. The level of detail can be coded by humans or computers, with human coding argued to be superior. Direct comparisons of human and automated coding, however, are rare.
Methods: We applied automatic identification of details with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software on truthful and deceptive statements from four datasets that had been manually coded for details.
Results: We noted that the common way of scoring manual and LIWC coding hampers a direct comparison because they rely on different metrics – count and proportion scores, respectively. Lie-truth differences varied substantially across metric and dataset (LIWC: -0.09 ≤ Cohen’s d ≤ .89; Manual: 0.03 ≤ Cohen’s d ≤ .80). When set to the same metric, neither method seemed to outperform the other. Using count scores, both LIWC and manual coding indicated that truthful statements about past events contain more perceptual and contextual details than deceptive statements. Across the four datasets, we also observed considerable variation in manual coding.
Conclusions: Human coding does not necessarily outperform LIWC coding of perceptual and contextual details in discriminating lies from truths. Our findings call for systematic comparison of human and automated verbal lie detection approaches on the same data, and we reiterate the need for better data sharing practices to help accomplish that aim
Objectively measured physical activity and symptoms of psychopathology in general population adolescents from the SIGMA cohort
No full textBackground: Less physical activity (PA) has been associated with the development of psychopathology in adolescence. Few studies, however, have focused on understanding the nature of the PA – psychopathology relationship and existing research relies mostly on self-report PA measures, which are less reliable. In this study, we investigated the nature and potential dose-response relationship between objectively measured light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and psychopathology symptoms in adolescents.
Methods: 1130 adolescents (67% female) aged 11-19 years from the SIGMA cohort wore the Fitbit Charge 2 measuring LPA and MVPA during at least three days. Participants completed the Brief Symptom Inventory-53, assessing general symptoms of psychopathology, depression, anxiety, and psychoticism. Model selection was conducted in a subset of the dataset (n = 566) to determine the best fit. The optimal model was then fitted to the remainder of the dataset (n= 564).
Results: Results indicated that, compared to non-linear alternatives, a linear relationship between LPA/MVPA and psychopathology fits best. None of these linear associations were significant, however.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that LPA and MVPA are not significantly related to symptoms of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, and psychoticism. Therefore, this study does not provide evidence that higher durations of LPA and MVPA alone relate to reduced symptoms of psychopathology in the general adolescent population. A more integrative approach considering the interdependency of multiple lifestyle factors, as well as the domain, context, and individual experience of PA may add value to the understanding of the PA- psychopathology relationship
Notes on a common beat
No full textThe following essay would like to elaborate on a possible “philosophy of efficiency” connected to the contribution “Implementation model of a universe based on information” (a technical paper from the same author proposing a framework for Quantum Gravity, available at doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/9a26r). The insights derived from the interpretation of spacetime considered focus on causality, free will and efficiency, promoting collaboration, empathy and trust. Even if some of the concepts presented are common to several cultures at different levels of abstraction, this paper does not pretend to have scientific value nor suppose any reference to religion. The scope is just to draft a high level parallel between the description of the Universe proposed in the scientific contribution and a more philosophical interpretation of life, inspired by efficiency and based on the memory of a common beat
Convergent Validation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with measures of Personality, Affective Control and Risk Propensity
No full textWe standardized the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) on 407 young adults. Norms (high, medium, and low anxiety scores) were derived based on T scores and percentile ranks. Convergent validation was performed using correlation and multiple regression analysis followed by moderation analysis to study the relationship between STAI and NEO-FFI 3, Affective Control Scale, and Risk Propensity Scale. Results suggest that higher openness to experience acts as a protective factor against both state and trait anxiety. State anxiety emerged as a significant predictor for both affective control and risk propensity. While trait anxiety moderated the relationship between personality and affective control as well as personality and risk propensity. Higher levels of trait anxiety seem to increase the disabling effect of neuroticism on affective control; risk propensity is least for low trait anxiety and high conscientiousness. These results highlight the differential effects of types of anxiety and also to investigate the structure of STAI with Trait and State Anxiety not simply as two sides of the same coin but themselves as different constructs. The current study adds to the evidence that STAI is a valuable measure for investigating the effect of anxiety in healthy adults across populations/cultures and that anxiety is correlated with cognitive-affective-predisposition factors
Values Congruence and Organizational Commitment in Churches: When Do Shared Values Matter?
No full textLeaders and attenders of many churches may feel a tension between contemporary values of Western culture and more conservative values that have traditionally been held by many churches. Discrepancies in values may cause some people to leave their churches. This paper examines the relationship between values congruence (between church attenders and their churches) and organizational commitment, specifically, affective organizational commitment which measures one’s emotional attachment to an organization (i.e., their church). In this study, church attenders (N = 252) provided information about themselves (concerning their personal values, their affective organizational commitment to their church, and demographics) and information about their churches (concerning the church’s values and size). The values measured included both behavioral (tolerance of homosexuality) and cognitive (agreement with evangelical doctrine) aspects. The results indicate that affective organizational commitment to one’s church is positively correlated with values congruence; no evidence was found that affective organizational commitment was correlated to the other variables measured. Further exploratory analyses indicated that this relationship between values congruence and affective organizational commitment varied with both the values of the church and the size of the church. In more conservative churches and in smaller churches, values congruence was more strongly related to affective organizational commitment than in more liberal church-es and larger churches
Methods to Estimate Causal Effects - An Overview on IV, DiD and RDD and a Guide on How to Apply them in Practice
No full textThe identification of causal effects has gained increasing attention in social sciences over the last years and this trend also has found its way into sociology, albeit on a relatively small scale. This article provides an overview of three methods to identify causal effects that are rarely used in sociology: instrumental variable (IV) regression, difference-in-differences (DiD), and regression discontinuity design (RDD). I provide intuitive introductions to these methods, discuss identifying assumptions, limitations of the methods, promising extension, and present an exemplary study for each estimation method that can serve as a benchmark when applying these estimation techniques. Furthermore, the online appendix to this article contains Stata syntax that simulates data and shows how to apply these techniques in practice