Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Assessing local fit by approximating probabilities
No full textValidity evidence for factor structures underlying a set of items can come from how well a proposed model reconstructs, or fits, the observed relationships. Global model fit is limited in that some components of the proposed model fit better than other components. This limitation has lead to the recommendation of examining fit locally within model components. We describe a new probabilistic approach to assessing local fit using a Bayesian approximation and illustrate use with a simulated dataset. We show how the posterior approximation closely approximated the sampling distribution of the true parameter. We discuss potential limitations and possible generalizations
Social evaluation boosts cooperation by enhancing guilt aversion: an effect diminished in primary psychopathic traits
No full textThe association between primary psychopathic traits and non-cooperative behaviors is well-identified. There is a lack of studies on how to motivate cooperative behaviors in individuals with primary psychopathic traits. This study investigated the effects of mone- tary incentives and social incentives on promoting cooperation in healthy adults with vary- ing primary psychopathic traits. Participants played a one-shot public goods game (PGG) with other anonymous players in three different contexts: a social incentives context where participants’ decisions would be judged by others, a monetary incentives context where participants’ decisions would result in winning or losing money depending on their con- tributions, and a control condition where no additional incentives were implemented. We found that, compared to the control condition, both monetary and social incentives sig- nificantly improved participants’ contributions to the public project—an indicator of cooperative behavior. However, the association between higher primary psychopathic traits and less cooperation was only observed in the context of social incentives. Computa- tional modeling further revealed that this effect can be explained by the diminishing guilt aversion when participants deliberately violated their inferred expectations of themselves from others’ perspectives. This study found that social incentives can encourage coopera- tive behaviors in non-clinical psychopathy, and identified the mental processes navigating this effect
News Sharing on Social Media: Mapping the Ideology of News Media, Politicians, and the Mass Public
No full textThis article examines the information sharing behavior of US politicians and the mass public by mapping the ideological sharing space of political news on social media. As data, we use the near-universal currency of online information exchange: web links. We introduce a methodological approach and statistical software to unify the measurement of ideology on social media platforms by using sharing data to jointly estimate the ideology of news media organizations, politicians, and the mass public. Empirically, we investigate the electoral incentives that members of Congress have to share ideologically polarizing information online. We show that the more competitive an election is, the less likely politicians are to share ideologically polarizing information. This finding has important implications for our understanding of the role of election pressures as constraints on sharing behavior in our highly polarized information ecosystem
Training Child Learners On Non-Native Vowel Contrasts with Phonetic Training: The Role of Task and Variability
No full textSubstantial research suggests high variability (multi-talker) phonetic training helps second language adults improve differentiation of challenging non-native speech sounds. Is such training also useful for L2 children? Existing studies have mixed findings and important limitations. We investigate the potential benefits of computerised phonetic training for 50 Dutch 7-year-olds and 39 11-year-olds trained on English vowel contrasts in a two-week study, in a classroom setting. Half received multi-talker, half single-talker input (HV versus LV) with learning evaluated by a battery of tests. Both groups improved in training, however, 11-year-olds improved more. Moreover, 11-year-olds showed generalisation to novel talkers while 7-year-olds did not, with Bayes Factor analyses providing evidence for the null. Generalisation in 11-year-olds was no greater following HV than LV input, with evidence for the null on one of two tasks where generalisation was found. Results are discussed in terms of the interplay between age, task demands and talker variability
The Necessity of Construct and External Validity for Deductive Causal Inference
No full textThe Credibility Revolution advances internally-valid research designs intended to identify causal effects from quantitative data. The ensuing emphasis on internal validity however has enabled a neglect of construct and external validity. We show that ignoring construct and external validity within identification strategies undermines the Credibility Revolution's own goal of understanding causality deductively. Without assumptions regarding construct validity, one cannot accurately label the cause or outcome. Without assumptions regarding external validity, one cannot label the conditions enabling the cause to have an effect. If any of the assumptions regarding internal, construct and external validity are missing, the claim is not deductively supported. The critical role of theoretical and substantive knowledge in deductive causal inference is illuminated by making such assumptions explicit. This article critically reviews approaches to identification in causal inference while developing a framework called causal specification. Causal specification augments existing identification strategies to enable and justify deductive, generalized claims about causes and effects. In the process, we review a variety of developments in the philosophy of science and causality and interdisciplinary social science methodology
Faculty Subjective Well-being: An Achievement Goal Approach
No full textResearch indicates that faculty members struggle with compromised subjective well-being (SWB). Although motivation is considered central to SWB, little research has investigated this connection in faculty using comprehensive, multifaceted frameworks. To address this, the present study took an achievement goal approach to examining multifaceted SWB (positive and negative emotions, career and life satisfaction) in 1,335 faculty members from Germany, the USA, and India. Structural equation modelling revealed that, invariant across countries and institutions, achievement goals were meaningfully and differentially associated with SWB. Mastery (task) approach goals were particularly conducive to SWB, while work avoidance goals were detrimental. Moreover, mixed results emerged for performance and relational goals. These findings highlight the centrality of goals for understanding and supporting faculty development
Blusukan, Komunikasi Politik Indonesia di Era Jokowi: Kajian Literatur Awal
No full textKajian awal, terkait dengan Blusukan. Terma yang menjadi asosiasi dalam aktivitas politik era Jokowi
Time Consciousness: The Missing Link in Theories of Consciousness
No full textThere are plenty of issues to be solved in order for researchers to agree on a neural model of consciousness. Here we emphasize an often under-represented aspect in the debate: time consciousness. Consciousness and the present moment both extend in time. Experience flows through a succession of moments and progresses from future predictions, to present experiences, to past memories. However, a brief review finds that many dominant theories of consciousness only refer to brief, static, and discrete “functional moments” of time. Very few refer to more extended, dynamic, and continuous time, which is associated with conscious experience (cf. the “experienced moment”). This confusion between short and discrete versus long and continuous is, we argue, one of the core issues in theories of consciousness. Given the lack of work dedicated to time consciousness, its study could test novel predictions of rival theories of consciousness. It may be that different theories of consciousness are compatible/complementary if the different aspects of time are taken into account. Or, if it turns out that no existing theory can fully accommodate time consciousness, then perhaps it has something new to add. Regardless of outcome, the crucial step is to make subjective time a central object of study
Постановка задачі мультипольового моделювання процесів зносу целюлозної ізоляції силового трансформатора
Get PDFAn important area of theoretical research is the mathematical modelling of the state of cellulose insulation, which determines the life of a power transformer Predicting the state of cellulose insulation requires computer modelling. The known mathematical models for predicting the aging of cellulose insulation have drawbacks. Therefore, it is necessary to formalise the task of multipole modelling, select a multipole modelling tool and review the literature on models (concentrated, layered, etc.) and select a multipole modelling tool (FEMM, etc.). At the same time, there are issues that need to be addressed/clarified, such as such as the factor of the applied force to the cellulose insulation at the moment in time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new mathematical model and move to the use of field models.Важливим напрямком теоретичних досліджень є математичне моделювання стану целюлозної ізоляції, що визначає ресурс силового трансформатора Прогнозування стану целюлозної ізоляції потребує комп'ютерного моделювання. Відомі математичні моделі прогнозування старіння целюлозної ізоляції мають недоліки. Тому треба формалізувати завдання мультипольового моделювання, вибрати засіб для мультипольового моделювання та виконати огляд літератури щодо моделей (зосереджена, пошарова та ін.) і вибрати засіб мультипольового моделювання (FEMM та ін.). Водночас є питання, яке потребують вирішення/уточнення такий як фактор прикладеного зусилля до целюзної ізоляції в момент часу. Тому потрібно розробити нову математичну модель нову математичну модель та необхідно перейти до використання польових моделей
Legal Cynicism, Intrusive Policing, and the Dynamics of Police Legitimacy: Evidence from Brazil’s Largest City
No full textPublic experiences with the law in some neighborhoods are marked by an overwhelming police presence alongside deep-seated beliefs that legal agents are disinterested in ensuring public safety. This mutual experience of intrusive policing and legal cynicism has important implications for people’s recognition of the legitimacy of legal authority. In the context of a global city in the Global South, this study provides a quantitative assessment of the dynamics of perceived police intrusion and cynicism about police protection and the implications of those experiences for beliefs about the legitimacy of legal institutions. Drawing on a three-wave longitudinal survey representative of adult residents of eight neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil (N = 1,200), I demonstrate that perceived police intrusion and cynicism about police protection (a) are two sides of the same coin, being produced by similar social forces and dynamically reproducing each other and (b) operate to undermine police legitimacy. Integrating the legal cynicism and procedural justice theoretical frameworks, this study shows that intrusive as well as unheeding and neglectful policing practices can contribute to delegitimizing legal authority. I conclude with a discussion about the distribution of repression and protection and highlight the urgency of exploring public-authority relations in the Global South