Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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The Effect of Pre-Event Instructions on Eyewitness Identification Stage 2 Registered Report Accepted Manuscript
No full textResearch on eyewitness identification often involves exposing participants to a simulated crime and later testing memory using a lineup. We conducted a systematic review showing that pre-event instructions, instructions given before event exposure, are rarely reported and those that are reported vary in the extent to which they warn participants about the nature of event or tasks. At odds with the experience of actual witnesses, some studies use pre-event instructions explicitly warning participants of the upcoming crime and lineup task. Both the basic and applied literature provide reason to believe that pre-event instructions may impact eyewitness identification performance. In Experiment 1, we will test the effect of pre-event instructions on lineup identification decisions and confidence. Participants will receive non-specific pre-event instructions (i.e., “watch this video”) or eyewitness pre-event instructions (i.e., “watch this crime video, you’ll complete a line-up later”) and complete a culprit absent or present lineup. In Experiment 2, we will manipulate exposure duration and pre-event instructions to determine if pre-event instructions differentially impact high or low quality eyewitness events. If pre-event instructions impact eyewitness identification accuracy, then the findings of existing studies need to be considered in the context of their pre-event instructions and future work will be needed to determine how instructions interact with existing systems and estimator variables
Transmission of societal stereotypes to individual-level prejudice through instrumental learning
No full textHow are societal stereotypes transmitted to individual-level group preferences? We propose that exposure to a stereotype, regardless of whether one agrees with it, can shape how one experiences and learns from interactions with members of the stereotyped group, such that it induces individual-level prejudice—a process involving the interplay of semantic knowledge and instrumental learning. In a series of experiments, participants interacted with players from two groups, described with either positive or negative stereotypes, in a reinforcement learning task presented as a money sharing game. Although players’ actual sharing rates were equated between groups, participants formed more positive reward associations with players from positively-stereotyped than negatively-stereotyped groups. This effect persisted even when stereotypes were described as unreliable and participants were instructed to ignore them. Computational modeling revealed that this preference was due to stereotype effects on priors regarding group members’ behavior as well as the learning rates through which reward associations were updated in response to player feedback. We then show that these stereotype-induced preferences, once formed, spread unwittingly to others who observe these interactions, illustrating a pathway through which stereotypes may be transmitted and propagated between society and individuals. By identifying a mechanism through which stereotype knowledge can bypass explicit beliefs to induce prejudice, via the interplay of semantic and instrumental learning processes, these findings illuminate the impact of stereotype messages on the formation and propagation of individual-level prejudice
When homes earn more than jobs: the rentierization of the Australian housing market
No full textThis article develops the concept of housing market ‘rentierization’ to describe the shift in the treatment of housing away from its use as a consumption good to an asset from which economic rent can be extracted, with Australia as a canonical example. Rentierization encompasses, but goes beyond, the financialisation of housing that has been the focus of attention in recent political economy literature as it involves policy changes and coordination across the land and housing market, fiscal-policy as well as financial policy spheres. In addition, we argue, rentierization offers a better explanation of rising house prices than the decline in real interest rates which has come to the fore in the recent economics literature. Our study of Australia examines the returns to land and housing over time and traces the roots of rentierization to developments that preceded the financial liberalisation of the 1980s, including the privatisation of public housing in the 1960s and 70s. We consider some of the reasons for the resilience of Australia’s rentier-oriented housing model, and policy alternatives which might help reduce the logic of rentierization and, in doing so, reduce housing-related inequalities
Emotional content reduces the cognitive effort invested in processing the credibility of social (mis)information
No full textEmotionality likely is a key factor affecting our susceptibility to misinformation. However, the mechanisms underlying this observation are not well understood. Specifically, when people derive social information from person-related news, they rely predominantly on the emotional contents, apparently unperturbed by the credibility of the source. To help explain this bias, we here contrast two hypotheses of information processing reflected in changes in pupil size during news-based judgments: Emotion and cognitive effort. Thirty participants were first exposed to websites of well-known trusted or distrusted news media sources exhibiting headlines about unfamiliar persons, followed by social judgments. As expected, emotional relative to neutral headline contents lead to faster and more strongly valenced judgments. In line with the cognitive effort hypothesis, credibility modulated pupil size with larger pupils for headlines from distrusted sources, however only in response to neutral headline contents. Source credibility did not modulate pupil size in response to emotional headline contents. Instead, pupil size was smaller for emotional compared to neutral headlines for both trusted and distrusted sources. This pattern of findings suggests that emotional contents yield fluent social judgments that are made with relatively little mental effort–even if based on untrustworthy news. Cognitive resources to evaluate the credibility of news may primarily be allocated when emotional contents providing (false) fluency are not available. This insight into the biases underlying the processing of potential misinformation may be used as a protection against biased opinions and judgments
Gender, motherhood, and the perception of just earnings: Results of a multifactorial (vignette) study
No full textGender pay gaps and wage penalties for mothers are well-established phenomena. Their persistence may be partially explained by the fact that the unequal distribution of rewards between genders is often perceived as just and legitimate. The goal of our study was to establish to what extent and under what conditions motherhood and fatherhood status affect perceptions of just inequalities. Using expectation states theories, we predicted that there would be greater acceptance of the unequal distribution of rewards between women and men with the same job experience in top-level occupations compared with bottom and mid level occupations. We also predicted that being a male or female parent would further accentuate the relationship between gender and occupational prestige, leading to acceptance of even greater income gaps between mothers and fathers. A vignette study conducted in 2017 on a representative sample of Polish respondents active in the labor force, which yielded approximately 38,000 observations, provides evidence partially conforming to our predictions. That is, willingness to tolerate differences in just earnings for men and women is higher in the high occupational status categories than in the medium and low occupational status categories. The effects of parenthood are less clear. Although the legitimized difference in earnings varies by age and parenthood status, we found rather moderate levels of motherhood penalties and much higher premiums for fatherhood, especially at the early stages of men’s careers. In addition, contrary to our predictions, mothers in high-prestige occupations were not penalized more than mothers in low and medium prestige occupations. Perceptions of legitimized inequalities between genders were independent of respondents’ characteristics
Just gender pay gap and motherhood penalty — results of two vignette experiments. A research note
No full textBased on previous research and status characteristics theories, we hypothesized that the status (in)consistency between gender, motherhood, and length of experience on the one hand, and job prestige on the other, will be a significant factor contributing to legitimized gender pay gaps. Two multifactorial (vignette) experiments conducted in Poland in 2017 and 2018 showed that job prestige, having more than one child, job experience, and gender have effects on justice evaluations (although the effects of parenthood and gender were very small and sometimes contrary to our predictions). In this note we present the methodology and results of both experiments
Do people manage climate risk through long-distance relationships?
No full textOBJECTIVES. Long-distance social relationships have been a feature of human evolutionary history; evidence from the paleoanthropological, archaeological, and ethnographic records suggest that one function of these relationships is to manage the risk of resource shortfalls due to climate variability. We should expect long-distance relationships to be especially important when shortfalls are chronic or temporally positively autocorrelated, as these are more likely to exhaust local adaptations for managing risk. Further, individuals who experience shortfalls not as rare shocks, but as patterned events, should be more likely to pay the costs of maintaining long-distance relationships. We test these hypotheses in the context of two communities of Bolivian horticulturalists, where climate variability – especially precipitation variability – is relevant to production and access to long-distance connections is improving. METHODS. Data on individuals’ migration histories, social relationships, and other relevant variables were collected in 2017 (n=119). Precipitation data were obtained from the US National Center for Atmospheric Research, allowing us to estimate participants’ exposure to drought and excess precipitation. RESULTS. Exposure duration, proximity in time, and frequency did not predict having a greater number of long-distance relationships. Males, extraverted individuals, and those who had traveled more did have more long-distance relationships, however. CONCLUSION. Another function of long-distance relationships is to access resources that can never be obtained locally; ethnographic data suggest this is their primary function in rural Bolivia. We conclude by refining our predictions about the conditions under which long-distance relationships are likely to help individuals manage the risks posed by climate variability
Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam, Contoh Sukses dan Sekaligus Kegagalan Politik Substantif
No full textCatatan terkait dengan penyiapan naskah bibliografi beranotasi HMI. 75 tahun HMI
Pure for me or impure for us: Pollution in the Gene Regulation Knowledge Commons
No full textPollution has been a major threat to the sustainability of the commons. In the Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin explained that freedom to add to a commons can expose it to pollution (Hardin, 1968). Behaviours of individuals who add to the commons should thus be governed if it is to be protected from pollution. In the context of shared natural resources, we have plenty of evidence that this is true. Consequently, to protect them from pollution we now have some safeguards to govern what is added to the common pool and how it is added.
Yet, while significant attention has been given to pollution in natural resources, how it emerges in the case of shared knowledge has received little attention. As a shared resource, knowledge is valuable when it grows and is enriched. The sustainability of the knowledge commons rests on the community adding to the common pool. Yet, as some commons scholars have argued, an addition to the common pool doesn’t necessarily increase the value of the knowledge commons. Some could increase it, while others could decrease it (Coriat, 2011; Kranich, 2007; Lougee, 2007; Ostrom & Hess, 2007). In this article, I will focus on how behaviours of adding to the knowledge commons expose it to the threat of pollution. What is pollution in the knowledge commons and how does it occur? Why does it occur? How can a knowledge commons be protected from it? And what are the challenges that emerge in doing so
Battery Electric Vehicle adoption in regions without strong policies
No full textHighlights
o Revealed preferences from battery electric vehicle and conventional car holders
o Survey data combined with home location data such as charger density
o Mixed-effects model shows technology affinity is strongest predictor
o Similarly green party preferences and home ownership increase adoption probability
o No significant effects from home locations’ population or charging station density
Abstract
Individual motorized transport is a major source of emissions and needs to be reduced to meet international agreements. Although alternatives to internal combustion engine vehicles are already on the market, without extensive political support, adoption remains low. Understanding the drivers of adoption of alternative technologies is key to develop effective measures to accelerate their diffusion. This paper presents personal consumer characteristics and home-location based spatial characteristics of current battery electric vehicle (BEV) and internal combustion engine vehicle holders, in a region free from strong EV policies. Using a generalized linear mixed-effects logistic model on this revealed preference data, we find that BEV ownership is predicted by technology affinity, high income, green party preferences, and living in one’s own house. Altogether, the study offers insights on the characteristics of early adopters of BEVs that can be valuable to policymakers, energy grid and charging infrastructure operators, as well as the automotive industry