Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Transparency in Measurement Reporting: A Systematic Literature Review of CHI PLAY
No full textMeasuring theoretical concepts, so-called constructs, is a central challenge of Player Experience research. Building on recent work in HCI and psychology, we conducted a systematic literature review to study the transparency of measurement reporting. We accessed the ACM Digital Library to analyze all 48 full papers published at CHI PLAY 2020, of those, 24 papers used self-report measurements and were included in the full review. We assessed specifically, whether researchers reported What, How and Why they measured. We found that researchers matched their measures to the construct under study and that administrative details, such as number of points on a Likert-type scale, were frequently reported. However, definitions of the constructs to be measured and justifications for selecting a particular scale were sparse. Lack of transparency in these areas threaten the validity of singular studies, but further compromise the building of theories and accumulation of research knowledge in meta-analytic work. This work is limited to only assessing the current transparency of measurement reporting at CHI PLAY 2020, however we argue this constitutes a fair foundation to asses potential pitfalls. To address these pitfalls, we propose a prescriptive model of a measurement selection process, which aids researchers to systematically define their constructs, specify operationalizations, and justify why these measures were chosen. Future research employing this model should contribute to more transparency in measurement reporting. The research was funded through internal resources. All materials are available on https://osf.io/4xz2v/
How to Distinguish Motivated Reasoning from Bayesian Updating
No full textCan we use the way that people respond to information as evidence that partisan bias or directional motives influence political beliefs? It depends. Using one natural formalization of motivated reasoning as wanting to believe certain things are true (``once-motivated reasoning''), this is not possible. Any subject influenced by this kind of motivated reasoning has a ``Fully Bayesian Equivalent'' with a different prior, who has identical posterior beliefs upon observing any signal. This result clarifies what we can and cannot learn from several prominent research designs, and identifies a set of results inconsistent with both Bayesian updating and once-motivated reasoning. An extended version of the model where subjects also may completely reject signals which lead to less pleasant beliefs (``twice-motivated reasoning'') explains these anomalies. These formalizations clarify which empirical tests can detect different kinds of motivated beliefs, and can easily be incorporated into decision- and game-theoretic models
Affective Regulation Through Touch: Homeostatic and Allostatic Mechanisms
No full textWe focus on social touch as a paradigmatic case of a unifying perspective on the embodied, cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in social, affective regulation. Social touch appears to have three interrelated but distinct functions in affective regulation. First, it regulates affects by fulfilling embodied expectations about social proximity and attachment, mostly likely by convergent hedonic, dopaminergic and analgesic, opioidergic pathways. Second, caregiving touch such as feeding or warming an infant regulates affect by socially enacting homeostatic control and co-regulation of physiological states, most likely by corresponding ‘calming’ autonomic and endocrine pathways. Third, affective touch such as gentle stroking, kissing or tickling regulates affect by allostatic regulation of the salience and epistemic gain of particular experiences in given contexts and timescales, possibly regulated by oxytocin release and related ‘salience’ neuromodulators and circuits
The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Effort Allocation: Modeling and Estimation
No full textMental fatigue is usually accompanied by drops in task performance and reduced willingness for further exertion. A value-based theoretical account may help to explain such negative effects. In this view, mental fatigue influences perceived costs and rewards of exerting effort. However, no formal mathematical framework has yet been proposed to model and quantitatively estimate the effects of mental fatigue on subjective evaluations of effort expenditure, subject to possibly imperfect self-perceptions of internal fatigue states. We proposed a mathematical framework to model human cognitive effort allocations, assuming mental fatigue states are partially observable with semi-Markov dynamics. We modeled effort allocation decisions as consistent with the goal of maximizing cumulative subjective values over a given time horizon. We analyzed the proposed model structure and developed an estimation method to identify subjective values and hidden fatigue dynamics, which can be based on self-reports, psychophysiological indices, and behavioral effects associated with fatigue. The modeling and estimation method was tested using a simulated n-back task under a free choice paradigm, with model parameters fine-tuned from past studies. The proposed approach was able to recapitulate task performance and engagement patterns observed under mental fatigue. This work advances a reward/cost trade-off account for explaining the principles of effort exertion and suggests new avenues for both theoretically and empirically relevant understandings of how cognitive operations are affected by mental fatigue
Desirable difficulties in statistical learning? How talker variability impacts artificial grammar learning
No full textContending with talker variability has been found to lead to processing costs but also benefits by focusing learners on invariant properties of the signal. These discrepant findings may indicate that talker variability acts as a desirable difficulty. That is, talker variability may lead to initial costs followed by long term benefits for retention and generalization. Adult participants learned an artificial grammar affording learning of multiple components by 1-, 2- or 8- talkers, tested at 3 time points. The 8-talker condition did not impact learning. The 2-talker condition negatively impacted some aspects of learning, but only under more difficult learning conditions. Across both experiments, generalization of the grammatical dependency was difficult. Taken together, we discovered that high and limited talker variability differentially impact artificial grammar learning. However, talker variability does not act as a desirable difficulty in the current paradigm, as the few evidenced costs were not related to long-term benefits
Sociology, Knowledge and Engagement: A Case for a Muckraking Sociology of Health and Healthcare in the Time of COVID
No full textWe adopt the definition of muckraking advanced by Marx in his Muckraking Sociology. At its core is a commitment to social criticism via the exposure and challenging of those rhetorics that provide cover for dominant interests. Our focus is on the field of health and health care, with particular reference to the largely hidden agendas of successive Health Ministers post-2010. We present two substantial case studies. The first concerns the sustained attack on the National Health Service (NHS) with a view to replacing it with a more market-oriented system. This begins with the run-up to the Health and Social Care Act of 2012 and goes on to feature governmental action taken as a consequence of this Act, often under the public radar. The second hones in on the government’s response to the coronavirus pandemic. We argue that this reflects an ideological commitment to undermine and marketise the NHS and its public health arm. Following on from these case studies, we venture a re-appraisal of the sociological project in light of the growing need for evidence-based social criticism to examine, expose and if necessary counter a political tendency to fabricate policy-based evidence in line with the prevailing ideology
Interventions that Influence Animal-Product Consumption: A Meta-Review
No full textTransitioning toward plant-based diets can alleviate health and sustainability challenges. However, research on interventions that influence animal-product consumption remains fragmented and inaccessible to researchers and practitioners. We conducted an overview of systematic reviews, also known as a meta-review. We searched five databases for reviews that examined interventions that influence (increase or decrease) the consumption of animal products. We quantitatively summarised results using individual studies’ directions of effect because reviews rarely reported effect sizes of primary studies. Eighteen reviews met inclusion criteria, 12 of which examined interventions intended to decrease animal-product consumption and 6 of which examined interventions intended to increase animal-product consumption. In total, only two reviews conducted quantitative meta-analyses. Across all reviews, vote counting indicated that providing information on the environmental impact of meat consumption may reduce consumption, with 10 of 11 estimates suggesting reduced consumption (91%, 95% CI [62.3%, 98.4%]; p = .012). Providing information on the health consequences, emphasising social norms, and reducing meat portion sizes also appeared promising, albeit with more limited evidence. Reviews examining interventions that decreased consumption predominately focused on meat (10/12 reviews). Future reviews should conduct quantitative syntheses where appropriate and examine interventions that influence the consumption of animal products other than meat
До питання ефективності систем екранування в конструкціях електроустановок надвисокої напруги
Get PDFIn the article, the authors proposed a method for estimating the electric load parameters to calculate the distribution of the electric field strength of the solid insulating structure of gas-filled high-voltage devices with axial symmetry. This structure consists of a support and insulating busbar filled with SF6 gas as an internal insulating medium. This technique allows to evaluate the parameters of the electrical load (voltage and field strength) depen-ding on the design features of the device and the shielding system used to equalize the electric field. The proposed methodology allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the influence of design parameters of the protection system for gas-filled high-voltage equipment (instrument transformers, arresters, surge arresters, etc.) when designing and improving individual design solutions. The calculation results are in good agreement with the data of experimental studies and statistical information obtained as a result of monitoring the operation of insulating structures, taking into account actual operating conditions and the influence of external factors. The implementation of this technique allows us to take into account the influence of external factors and operational characteristics inherent in instrument transformers and surge suppressors. In the proposed methodology, as an example, we consider a supporting insulating coating that is in operation under the most unfavorable conditions, such as external pollution, moisture and their combination, overvoltage of various origins, etc. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the results of calculations using the example of the support-insulating cover of the surge suppressor of the OПН-500 series. A more accurate determination of the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for predicting the field strength distribution parameters under the influence of a shielding system can be achieved by conducting an additional series of calculations and experimental tests of specific insulating structures. Thus, it was concluded that the obtained results can be used to evaluate the external insulation characteristics of both surge suppressors and gas-filled instrument transformers, as well as similar high-voltage equipment of switchgears and transformer substations in conditions of ultra- and transformer substations ultra-high voltagesВ роботі авторами запропонована методика оцінки параметрів електричного навантаження для розрахунку розподілу напруженості електричного поля вздовж опорної ізоляційної конструкції високовольтних електричних апаратів та опорних ізоляційних конструкцій, що мають осьову симетрію. Таки конструкції можуть бути у вигляді опорної ізолюючу покришку, заповнену елегазом в якості внутрішнього ізолюючого середовища або стрижневу ізоляційну колону. Запропонована методика дозволяє оцінити параметри електричного навантаження (напругу та напруженість поля) з урахуванням конструктивних особливостей апарату та застосованої системи екранування для вирівнювання електричного поля. Запропонована методика дозволяє здійснити оцінку ефективності впливу конструктивних чинників системи екранування високовольтного обладнання (вимірювальні трансформатори, обмежувачі перенапруги, опорні ізоляційні колони та ін.) на величину електричного навантаження ізоляції. Реалізація цієї методики дозволяє оцінити вплив конструктивних особливостей системи екранування з урахуванням зовнішніх та експлуатаційних факторів. У запропонованій методиці в якості прикладу розглядається опорна ізоляційна покришка, що знаходиться під час експлуатації в найбільш несприятливих умовах, таких як зовнішнє забруднення, зволоження та їх комбінації, перенапруги різного походження та ін. Теоретичні висновки підтверджуються результатами розрахунків на прикладі опорно-ізоляційної покришки обмежувача перенапруги серії ОПН-500. Більш точне визначення ефективності запропонованої методики прогнозування параметрів розподілу напруженості поля під впливом системи екранування можна досягти за рахунок проведення додаткової серії розрахунків та експериментальних випробувань конкретних ізоляційних конструкцій. Таким чином, був зроблений висновок про можливість використання отриманих результатів для оцінки параметрів зовнішньої ізоляції як обмежувачів перенапруги, так і газонаповнених вимірювальних трансформаторів, а також і аналогічного високовольтного обладнання розподільних пристроїв та трансформаторних підстанцій в умовах зверх- та ультрависоких напруг
Exploring the Types of Stories Hearing Parents Tell About Rearing their Children who use Cochlear Implants
No full textObjectives. The majority of children born in the United States with hearing loss are born to parents with hearing. Many of these parents ultimately choose cochlear implantation for their children. There are now decades of research showing that these children’s speech, language, listening, and education, seem to benefit from cochlear implantation. To date, however, we know little about the experiences of the parents who guided these children throughout their journeys. We propose that elucidating the types of stories these parents tell is a first step toward understanding their varied experiences and has the potential to ultimately improve healthcare outcomes for both children and their families. Thus, to better understand parents’ experience, we asked the following research question: what types of stories do parents with hearing tell about rearing their children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants?
Design. In this prospective qualitative study, we employed a narrative approach. Specifically, we conducted narrative interviews with 20 hearing parents who are rearing young children (mean age = 5.4 years) born with hearing loss who use cochlear implants. We then used thematic narrative analysis to identify recurring themes throughout the narratives that coalesced into the types of stories parents told about their experiences.
Results. Thematic narrative analysis revealed five story types: (1) stories of personal growth, (2) proactive stories, (3) stories of strain and inundation, (4) detached stories, and (5) stories of persistence.
Conclusions. In the present study, different types of stories emerged from parents’ experiences that share common events—a family’s baby is identified at birth with unexpected permanent hearing loss, the family chooses to pursue cochlear implantation for their child, and then the family raises said pediatric cochlear implant user into adulthood. Despite these similarities, the stories also varied in their sensemaking. Some parents told stories in which a positive life narrative turned bad whereas others told stories in which a narrative of surviving turned into one of thriving. These findings specifically contribute to the field of hearing healthcare by providing professionals with insight into parents’ sensemaking via the types of stories they shared centered on their perceptions and experiences following their child’s diagnosis of hearing loss and their decision to pursue cochlear implantation
Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis
No full textIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been mandated to keep enlarged distances from others. We interviewed 136 German subjects over five weeks from the end of March to the end of April 2020 during the first wave of infections about their preferred interpersonal distance (IPD) before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, subjects adapted to distance requirements and preferred a larger IPD. This enlarged IPD was judged to persist after the crisis partially. People anticipated keeping more IPD to others even if there was no longer any risk of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also sampled two follow-up measurements, one in August, after the first wave had been flattened, and one in October 2020, at the beginning of the second wave. We discuss our findings in light of proxemic theory and an indicator for socio-cultural adaptation beyond the course of the pandemic