Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Emerging Privacy Issues in Times of Open Science
No full textThe open science movement has taken up the important challenge to increase transparency of statistical analyses, to facilitate reproducibility of studies, and to enhance reusability of data sets. To counter the replication crisis in the psychological and related sciences, the movement also urges researchers to publish their primary data sets alongside their articles. While such data publications represent a desirable improvement in terms of transparency and are also helpful for future research (e.g., subsequent meta-analyses or replication studies), we argue that such a procedure can worsen existing privacy issues that are insufficiently considered so far in this context. Recent advances in de-anonymization and re-identification techniques render privacy protection increasingly difficult, as prevalent anonymization mechanisms for handling participants' data might no longer be adequate. When exploiting publicly shared primary data sets, data from multiple studies can be linked with contextual data and eventually, participants can be de-anonymized. Such attacks can either re-identify specific individuals of interest, or they can be used to de-anonymize entire participant cohorts. The threat of de-anonymization attacks can endanger the perceived confidentiality of responses by participants, and ultimately, lower the overall trust of potential participants into the research process due to privacy concerns
Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates
No full textSocial life demands complex strategies for coordinating and competing with others. In humans, these strategies are supported by rich cognitive mechanisms, such as theory of mind. Theory of mind (i.e., mental state attribution, mentalizing, or mindreading) is the ability to track the unobservable mental states, like desires and beliefs, that guide others’ actions. Deeply social animals, like most nonhuman primates, would surely benefit from the adept capacity to interpret and predict others’ behavior that theory of mind affords. Yet, after forty years of investigation, the extent to which nonhuman primates represent the minds of others remains a topic of contentious debate. In the present chapter, we review evidence consistent with the possibility that monkeys and apes are capable of inferring others’ goals, perceptions, and beliefs. We then evaluate the quality of that evidence and point to the most prominent alternative explanations to be addressed by future research. Finally, we take a more broadly phylogenetic perspective, to identify evolutionary modifications to social cognition that have emerged throughout primate evolutionary history and to consider the selective pressures that may have driven those modifications. Taken together, this approach sheds light on the complex mechanisms that define the social minds of humans and other primates
A Tutorial on Bayesian Inference for the A/B Test with R and JASP
No full textPopular in business, psychology, and the analysis of clinical trial data, the A/B test refers to a comparison between two proportions. Here we discuss two Bayesian A/B tests that allow users to monitor the uncertainty about a difference in two proportions as data accumulate over time. We emphasize the advantage of assigning a dependent prior distribution to the proportions (i.e., assigning a prior to the log odds ratio). This dependent-prior approach has been implemented in the open-source statistical software programs R and JASP. Several examples demonstrate how JASP can be used to apply this Bayesian test and interpret the results
The Virus is Coming! The Ways the Canadian-Born and Foreign-Born Changed Weekly Activities During the Pandemic
No full textDuring epidemics, individuals change their weekly activities to increase their sense of personal security, health, efficacy and comfort. This study looks at changes in weekly activities reported by Canadians and foreign-born citizens during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. The data for the study is drawn from a combined survey of two cycles of the CPSS (Canadian Perspective Series) surveys 2 and 4 which were conducted between May 4 and July 26, 2020. The combined survey consisted of 8,818 adult respondents (7,280 Canadian-born and 1,538 Foreign-born respondents). Weekly activities were measured by 25 survey questions which collected information on habits such as washing hands, avoiding crowds, watching more T.V., internet use and exercising. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used as the main tool for the statistical analysis of the data. Statistical testing of mean differences revealed that Canadian and foreign-born groups differed from each other in 15 out of the 25 activity items tested. PCA identified six major domains of weekly activities. Immigrants displayed similar activity patterns compared to the Canadian-born concerning the Sanitary, Leisure, Planning and Hoarding domain of activities but were found somewhat dissimilar in terms of the Sheltering and Substance use activity domains. During the pandemic lockdown, immigrants "hunkered down" and were more proactive in adopting sheltering types of activities such as cancelling travel plans, exercising more indoors than outdoors, practicing meditation and making better food choices. In doing so, they also avoided substance use as pandemic coping activities such as higher consumption of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis compared to the Canadian-born
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PSYCHOSOMATIC APPROACH TO MUS/ME/CFS
No full textThe psychosomatic approach to medically unexplained symptoms, myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome (MUS/MECFS) is critically reviewed using scientific criteria. Based on the ‘Biopsychosocial Model’, the psychosomatic theory proposes that patients’ dysfunctional beliefs, deconditioning and attentional biases cause illness, disrupt therapies, and lead to preventable deaths. The evidence reviewed here suggests that none of the psychosomatic hypotheses is empirically supported. The lack of robust supportive evidence, fallacious causal assumptions, inappropriate and harmful therapies, broken scientific principles, repeated methodological flaws and unwillingness to share data all give the appearance of cargo cult science. The psychosomatic approach needs to be retired and replaced by a scientific, biologically grounded approach to MUS/MECFS
Дослідження впливу кількості полюсів на зовнішню характеристику безколекторної машини постійного струму в генераторному режимі
Get PDFThe article presents the results of a study on the generator mode of operation of a brushless DC machine (BLDC) when operating under active load. For analysis, two models were created with the number of permanent magnets on the rotor differing by a factor of two. The relevance of the research is due to the wide range of applications of BLDC in various fields. One of the key advantages of BLDC is the absence of a brush-commutator unit, which is replaced by a controller with semiconductor elements. This increases the reliability of BLDC and expands the range of operating modes. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of the number of permanent magnets on the external characteristic of BLDC in generator mode. To achieve this goal, computer modeling was performed using ANSYS Maxwell software. This software is designed to study and calculate the magnetic field pattern using the finite element method in electromechanical devices, providing accurate results for analysis. For each BLDC model, the degree of saturation of the magnetic system elements was determined, and graphs of voltage, current, and braking torque at the generator shaft over time were obtained. Analysis of the calculation results for BLDC models with 46 and 92 permanent magnets demonstrated an impact on the voltage and current waveforms, leading to some slight distortion of their shape. The obtained calculation results allowed determining the efficiency and constructing the external characteristic for both BLDC models. Higher efficiency was obtained for the BLDC model with 92 permanent magnets on the rotor. The external characteristic for the generator mode of BLDC operation demonstrated a change in voltage when transitioning from idle to nominal current operation within the range of 15% and 21%, indicating the stiffness of the characteristic. The conclusions of the study indicate the potential for improving the efficiency of BLDC through optimization of the magnetic system design and cooling conditions, and can be useful for engineers and developers of electromechanical systems aiming to improve the performance of their products.У статті наведено результати дослідження генераторного режиму роботи безколекторної машини постійного струму (БМПС) при роботі на активне навантаження. Для аналізу створено дві моделі з кількістю постійних магнітів на роторі, що відрізняється вдвічі. Актуальність дослідження обумовлена широким спектром застосування БМПС в різних галузях. Однією з ключових переваг БМПС є відсутність щітково-колекторного вузла, який замінений контролером з напівпровідниковими елементами. Це дозволяє підвищити надійність роботи БМПС та розширити можливості режимів роботи. Основною метою цього дослідження є визначення впливу кількості постійних магнітів на зовнішню характеристику БМПС в генераторному режимі. Для досягнення цієї мети було проведено комп'ютерне моделювання з використанням програмного забезпечення ANSYS Maxwell. Це програмне забезпечення спрямоване для дослідження та розрахунку картини магнітного поля методом скінчених елементів в електромеханічних пристроях, що дозволяє отримати точні результати для аналізу. Для кожної з моделей БМПС визначено ступінь насичення елементів магнітної системи та отримано графіки залежності напруги, струму та гальмівного моменту на валу генератора від часу. Аналіз результатів розрахунку моделей БМПС з кількістю постійних магнітів 46 шт. та 92 шт. продемонстрував вплив на форму графіків напруги і струму, що призводить до деякого невеликого спотворення їх форми. Отримані результати розрахунків дозволили визначити ККД та побудувати зовнішню характеристику для обох моделей БМПС. Більший ККД було отримано для моделі БМПС з 92 постійними магнітами на роторі. Зовнішня характеристика для генераторного режиму роботу БМПС продемонструвала зміну значення напруги при переході від неробочого ходу до режиму роботи з номінальним струмом в межах 15 % та 21 %, що свідчить про жорсткість характеристики. Висновки роботи вказують на можливості покращення ефективності БМПС за рахунок оптимізації конструкції магнітної системи та умов охолодження, а також можуть бути корисними для інженерів і розробників електромеханічних систем, які прагнуть покращити характеристики своїх продуктів
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
No full textChanging collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors that associated with people reported adopting public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics
Children prioritize humans over animals less than adults do
No full textIs the tendency to morally prioritize humans over animals weaker in children than adults? In two pre-registered studies (N = 622), 5- to 9-year-old children and adults were presented with moral dilemmas pitting varying numbers of humans against varying numbers of either dogs or pigs and were asked who should be saved. In both studies, children had a weaker tendency to prioritize humans over animals than adults. They often chose to save multiple dogs over one human, and many valued the life of a dog as much as the life of a human. While they valued pigs less, the majority still prioritized ten pigs over one human. By contrast, almost all adults chose to save one human over even one hundred dogs or pigs. Our findings suggest that the common view that humans are far more morally important than animals appears late in development and is likely socially acquired
Psychometric properties of a self-report version of the Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory for Women (SIDI-F-SR)
No full textBackground: The Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory Female (SIDI-F) is a clinician-administered scale that allows for a comprehensive assessment of symptoms related to Hypoactive Sexual Desire Dysfunction (HSDD). As self-report questionnaires may facilitate less socially desirable responding and as time and resources are scarce in many clinical and research settings, a self-report version was developed (SIDI-F-SR).
Aim: To investigate the agreement between the SIDI-F and a self-report version (SIDI-F-SR) and assess psychometric properties of the SIDI-F-SR.
Methods: A total of 170 women (Mage=36.61, SD=10.61, range=20-69) with HSDD provided data on the SIDI-F, administered by a clinical psychologist via telephone, and the SIDI-F-SR, delivered as an Internet-based questionnaire. A subset of 19 women answered the SIDI-F-SR twice over a period of 14 weeks.
Outcomes: Intraclass correlation as well as predictors of absolute agreement between SIDI-F and SIDI-F-SR, as well as internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion-related validity of the SIDI-F-SR were examined.
Results: There was high agreement between SIDI-F and SIDI-F-SR (ICC=.86). On average, women scored about one point higher in the self-report vs. the clinician-administered scale. Agreement was higher in young women and those with severe symptoms. Internal consistency of the SIDI-F-SR was acceptable (α=.76) and comparable to the SIDI-F (α=.74). When corrections for the restriction of range were applied, internal consistency of the SIDI-F-SR increased to .91. Test-retest-reliability was good (r=.74). Criterion-related validity was low but comparable between SIDI-F and SIDI-F-SR
Personality Differences in Hope and Optimism on Consideration of Future Consequences
No full textHope helps us maintain an optimistic outlook for the future and hold the belief that our goals will be met and can explain behavioral motivation related to physical and mental health. Having hope for the future may contribute to an individual being more deliberate in their actions, or consideration the consequences of their actions. Two-hundred and twenty-two participants completed the study. Results indicated greater hope was associated with greater consideration of future consequences, there is a mediational pathway of hope on consideration of future consequences and select personality traits appear to play a role in the relationship between hope, trait optimism, and consideration of future consequences