Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
Not a member yet
24116 research outputs found
Sort by
Assessing societal attitudes’ and laws’ independent associations with sexual minority disclosure behaviors
No full textSexual minorities (i.e., lesbian women, gay men, and bi/pansexual people) are uniquely challenged with deciding when to disclose their socially stigmatized identity. The current investigation examines how a country’s structural support (i.e., laws and policies related to sexual minorities) and interpersonal tolerance (i.e., public opinion regarding sexual minorities) factor into sexual minorities’ decision to disclose. Study 1 examined a representative population sample (n = 114,098) and found that willingness to spontaneously disclose sexual minority status was predicted by interpersonal tolerance to a moderate degree and structural support to a small degree. Study 2 replicated these findings in a community sample of sexual minorities (n = 93,079), using a dimensional measure of disclosure across contexts. Furthermore, exploratory indirect effects analyses found that these contextual factors impacted disclosure via respondents’ perceptions of their environment. Taken together, the current investigation highlights how sexual minorities assess their environments and manage their public identities accordingly
Families of Austerity: Benefit Cuts and Family Stress in the UK
No full textBenefit cutbacks have been prominent after the Great Recession. The Family Economic Stress Model (FESM) theorises how financial losses such as those spurred by cutbacks might adversely affect parental and child well-being. Yet few links with policy have been established. We extend current knowledge by comprehensively assessing how benefits cutbacks may affect parents and their adolescent children.
We rely on the first ten waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009-2019) and an event-study approach to examine the aftermath of an exceptional raft of benefit cutbacks. We find that mothers with lower incomes and single mothers accumulated losses equal to 20-30% of their household benefit income. Mothers could not fully compensate for such benefit income losses via their extra earnings, despite increased workforce participation. Financial worries, some forms of material hardship, and mental health worsened among mothers with lower incomes and single mothers exposed to cutbacks. Adolescent socio-emotional difficulties also increased in the period. We find little evidence, though, that cutbacks disrupted parenting. Parents thus display more agency than that accorded by the FESM. Nonetheless, findings point to deepening socioeconomic divides in financial and mental well-being, questioning the rationale for cutbacks
U.S. Public Opinion about the Personal Development and Social Capital Benefits of Sport: An analysis of the Great Sport Myth
No full textAbstract
Beliefs that sport participation inherently leads to personal development and social capital benefits have been termed the Great Sport Myth (Coakley, 2015). The purpose of this study was to examine the extent that U.S. adults embrace the Great Sport Myth and the potential influence that their primary groups, social stratification indicators, and sport experiences have had on their beliefs in the personal development and social capital benefits of sport. Data was collected through a large national U.S. survey, the National Sports and Society Survey, and analyzed with multiple regression analyses. Findings suggest that most Americans endorse the Great Sport Myth. Furthermore, primary groups, stratification indicators, and positive sport experiences appear to consistently shape beliefs in the Great Sport Myth
What challenges do UK adults face when adhering to COVID-19-related instructions? Cross-sectional survey in a representative sample
No full textAims
Adherence to government COVID-19-related instructions is reported to be high, but the psychosocial impacts of measures such as self-isolation and physical distancing could undermine adherence in the longer term. The first step in designing interventions to mitigate the impacts of adhering to COVID-19 related instructions is to identify what are the most prevalent challenges and what characterises the people facing them.
Method
A cross-sectional survey was administered to a representative sample of the UK population (N=2,252), of whom n=2,139 (94.9%) reported adhering to the UK government's COVID-19-related instructions, and were included in the final analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression.
Results
Of the people who reported adhering to UK government's COVID-19-related instructions, 80.3% reported experiencing challenges. Adults aged 55 years or over (OR=1.939, 95%CI 1.331-2.825) and men (OR=0.489, 95%CI 0.393-0.608) were least likely to report challenges. Adjusting to changes in daily routine (reported by 48.7% of the sample), mental health (reported by 41.4% of the sample) and physical health (reported by 31.5% of the sample) were the most prevalent challenges.
Conclusions
For the first time, the present study quantifies the extent to which people experienced challenges in relation to adhering to government COVID-19-related instructions. Few people reported experiencing no challenges when adhering to COVID-19-related instructions. Interventions to address the effects of changes in daily routine, mental health challenges, and physical health challenges should be prioritised, with a focus on women and adults aged younger than 55 years
Political bullshit receptivity and its correlates: a cross-country validation of the concept
No full textFrankfurt defined persuasive communication that has no regard for truth, knowledge, or evidence as bullshit. Although there has been a lot of psychological research on pseudo-profound bullshit, no study examined this type of communication in politics. In the present research, we operationalize political bullshit receptivity as endorsing vague political statements, slogans, and political bullshit programs. We investigated the relationship of these three measures with pseudo-profound bullshit, ideology (political ideology, support for neoliberalism), populism, and voting behavior. Three pre-registered studies in different cultural settings (the United States, Serbia, The Netherlands; total N = 534) yielded medium to high intercorrelations between political bullshit measures and pseudo-profound bullshit, and good construct validity (hypothesized one-factor solution). A Bayesian meta-analysis showed that all political bullshit measures positively correlated with support for the free market, while only some positively correlated with social (political statements and programs) and economic conservatism (programs), and populism (programs). In the U.S., higher receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability that one voted for Trump (vs Clinton) in the past and higher intentions to vote for Trump (vs Biden and Sanders). In the Netherlands, higher receptivity to political bullshit predicted the intention to vote for the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. Exploratory analyses on merged datasets showed that higher receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability to vote for right-wing candidates/parties and lower probability for the left-wing ones. Overall, political bullshit endorsement showed good validity, opening avenues for research in political communication, especially when this communication is broad and meaningless
Tablet Assessment of Word Comprehension Reveals Coarse Word Representations in 18-20-month-old Toddlers
No full textThe present study explores the viability of using tablets in assessing early word comprehension by means of a two-alternative forced-choice task. Forty-nine 18-20-month-old Norwegian toddlers performed a touch-based word recognition task, in which they were prompted to identify the labelled target out of two displayed items on a touchscreen tablet. In each trial, the distractor item was either semantically related (e.g., dog-cat) or unrelated (e.g., dog-airplane) to the target. Our results show that toddlers as young as 18 months can engage meaningfully with a tablet-based assessment, with minimal verbal instruction and child–administrator interaction. Toddlers performed better in the semantically unrelated condition than in the related condition, suggesting that their word representations are still semantically coarse at this age. Furthermore, parental reports of comprehension, using the Norwegian version of the MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories, predicted toddlers’ performance, with parent-child agreement stronger in the semantically unrelated condition, suggesting that parents declare a word to be known by their child if it is understood at a coarse representational level. This study provides among the earliest evidence that remote data collection in infants before their second birthday is viable, as comparable results were observed from both in-lab and online administration of the touch-screen recognition task
Need Satisfaction and Achievement Goals for Teaching of Universi-ty Faculty: An International Study of Their Interplay and Relevance for Positive Affect, Teaching Quality, and Professional Learning
No full textPrevious research has successfully used basic psychological need and achievement goal ap-proaches for describing the motivations of university faculty for teaching and for explaining differences in faculty experiences, success, and learning. However, the interplay between these motivational constructs has been largely ignored, with only faculty from specific educational contexts being studied—neglecting those from other higher education systems and institution types that potentially differ in the configurations, levels, and effects of their motivations. As combining both approaches and examining multiple educational contexts is essential for a comprehensive theoretical understanding of faculty motivation and generalizable results, we conducted an international study including 1,410 university faculty members from German, In-dian, and US-American teaching and research universities. Aside from need satisfaction and achievement goals, we measured their positive affect, teaching quality, and professional learn-ing. Results attested measurement invariance of basic need and achievement goal scales regard-ing language, higher education context, and institution type. We found small differences in mo-tivations between the three higher education contexts and negligible differences between institu-tion types. Task, learning, and relational goals were positively, and work avoidance goals were negatively linked to the outcome variables. Need satisfaction sensibly explained differences in pursuit of these goals, and—directly and indirectly through the goals—also the outcome varia-bles. Taken together, these results provide international evidence for the importance of faculty motivation for teaching and illuminate how need satisfaction is relevant for goal pursuit, while both motivation approaches uniquely matter for faculty experiences, success, and learning
Emotions as overlapping causal networks of emotion components: Implications and methodological approaches
No full textA widespread perspective describes emotions as distinct categories bridged by fuzzy boundaries, indicating that emotions are distinct and dimensional at the same time. Theoretical and methodological approaches to this perspective still need further development. We conceptualize emotions as overlapping networks of causal relationships between emotion components—networks representing distinct emotions share components with and relate to each other. To investigate this conceptualization, we introduce network analysis to emotion research and apply it to the reanalysis of a data set on multiple positive emotions. Specifically, we describe the estimation of networks from data and the detection of overlapping communities of nodes in these networks. The network perspective has implications for the understanding of distinct emotions, their co-occurrence, and they measurement
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Aesthetic Preferences for Neatly Organized Compositions: Native Chinese- vs. Native Dutch-Speaking Samples
No full textDo aesthetic preferences for images of neatly organized compositions (e.g., images collected on blogs like Things Organized Neatly©) generalize across cultures? In an earlier study (Van Geert & Wagemans, 2021), focusing on stimulus and personal properties related to order and complexity, Western participants (N = 421) indicated their preference for one of two simultaneously presented images (100 pairs). In the current study, we compared the data of the native Dutch-speaking participants from this earlier sample (N = 356) to newly collected data from a native Chinese-speaking sample (N = 220). Overall, aesthetic preferences were quite similar across cultures. When relating preferences for each sample to ratings of order, complexity, soothingness, and fascination collected from a Western, mainly Dutch-speaking sample, the results hint at a cross-culturally consistent preference for images that Western participants rate as more ordered, but a cross-culturally diverse relation between preferences and complexity
Victimization of individuals with serious mental illness living in sheltered housing.
No full textBackground – Sheltered housing is associated with positive quality of life improvements for individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). However, there are equivocal findings around safety outcomes related to this type of accommodation, as other reports emphasize severe security concerns described by the tenants. This study aims to examine victimization in sheltered housing by comparing crime victimization rates of SMI patients living in sheltered housing to patients living alone or with family.
Methods – A large community-based cross-sectional survey of 956 SMI patients completed the Dutch Crime and Victimization survey to investigate a) raw differences in prevalence and incidence between living conditions and b) to identify groups at high risk for victimization using demographic and clinical factors. We do so by reporting estimated victimization incidents for each risk group.
Results - Victimization prevalence was highest among residents in sheltered housing (50.8%) compared to persons living alone (43%) or with family (37.8%). We found that sheltered housing was associated with increased victimization incidence (IRR = 2.80 compared to living with family, 1.87 compared to living alone), especially for some victimization high risk groups like males, patients with comorbid PTSD or those with high levels of education. However, women reported less victimization in sheltered housing than living alone or with family if they also reported drug or alcohol use.
Conclusion – The high prevalence and incidence of victimization among residents in sheltered housing provides evidence in support of awareness and surveillance of victimization among residents to facilitate a recovery-enabling environment for these SMI patients