Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Collective Anxieties of Canadians During The COVID-19 Pandemic: The Angst-Free and Anxious Population Segments
No full textThe COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada represents a very troubling period as individuals confront a powerful "invisible" enemy killer in the form of the COVID-19 virus. This historical juncture is important to analyze because it constitutes a moment where collective anxieties become widespread and collective resources are mobilized to address them. Using market segmentation analysis, the purpose of the study is to produce a portrait of collective anxieties, paying special attention to the typical population segments in the Canadian population differentiated by their particular concerns about health and social conditions in the country and the world. The study used as its data source a survey sample of 4,600 adult Canadians aged 15 years old and over during the confinement period of March 29 2020 to April 3 2020 and collected by Statistics Canada. Attitudinal domain items (12 in total) included concerns about personal and household health, the health system, the ability to cooperate and support during and after the crisis, family stress and others. A market segmentation analysis using Principal Components and k-means cluster analysis of these domain items revealed the presence of six major population segments: Health Conditions Anxious (13%), Health System Overload Anxious (26%), Angst-Free (23%), Inner-Bubble Conditions Anxious (12%), Outer-Bubble Conditions Anxious (25%) and World Conditions Anxious (1%). The segment mottos were as follows: "Glad I Have A Health Card!", "How Many Beds Do We Have?", "I'm Not Worried!, "My Bubble May Be In Trouble!", "Other Bubbles May Be In Trouble! and "It’s the End of the World As We Know It!”. Inner-Bubble Conditions Anxious members displayed the higher average scores of collective anxiety and Angst-Free members, the lowest. Market segmentation is a useful tool for decision makers to categorize population members by their typical attitudinal traits and, by doing so, facilitate better public campaigns, help design messages, and implement changes that can promote more efficient ways to deal with the various psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 confinement
Moralization and Extremism Robustly Amplify Myside Sharing
No full textWe explored whether moralization and attitude extremity may amplify a preference to share politically congruent (“myside”) partisan news, and what types of targeted interventions may reduce this tendency. Across 12 online experiments (N = 6989), we examined decisions to share news touching on the divisive issues of gun control, abortion, gender and racial equality, and immigration. Myside sharing was systematically observed and was consistently amplified when participants moralized and were attitudinally extreme on an issue. The amplification of myside sharing by moralization also frequently occurred above and beyond that of attitude extremity. These effects generalized to both true and fake partisan news. We examined a number of interventions meant to curb myside sharing by manipulating (i) the audience to which people imagined sharing partisan news (political friends vs. foes), (ii) the anonymity of the account used (anonymous vs. personal), (iii) a message warning against the myside bias, and (iv) a message warning against the reputational costs of sharing “mysided” fake news coupled with an interactive rating task. While some of those manipulations slightly decreased partisan sharing in general and/or the size of myside sharing, the amplification of myside sharing by moral attitudes was robust to these interventions. Our findings regarding the exaggeration of selective communication by morality (and on the robustness of this phenomenon) have important implications for debates around the roots of belief polarization and the spread of partisan and false information online
The impact of cognitive biases on professional decision-making: A review of four occupational areas
No full textThe author reviewed the research on the impact of cognitive biases on professional decision-making in four occupational areas (management, finance, law, and medicine). Two main findings emerged. First, the literature reviewed shows that professionals in these four areas are prone to cognitive biases. Framing, overconfidence, and anchoring are the most recurrent biases over the areas covered. Second, the level of evidence supporting the claim that cognitive biases impact professional decision-making differs across the areas covered. Research in finance relied primarily upon secondary data while research in medicine and law relied mainly upon primary data from vignette studies (both levels of evidence are found in management). Two research gaps are highlighted. The first one is a potential lack of ecological validity of the findings from vignette studies, which are numerous. The second is the neglect of individual differences in cognitive biases, which might lead to the false idea that all professionals are susceptible to biases, to the same extent. To address that issue, we suggest that reliable, specific measures of cognitive biases (which items are adapted to the context in which a particular decision is made) need to be improved or developed
Dictatorship, Higher Education, and Social Mobility
No full textWe study the effect of political regime change on higher education and its distributional and political consequences. We focus on the 1973 coup that brought Augusto Pinochet to power in Chile. The Pinochet dictatorship’s aims of political control and fiscal conservatism led to a large reduction in the number of openings for new students across all universities. Individuals that reached college age shortly after the coup experienced a sharp decline in college enrollment, had worse labor market outcomes throughout the life cycle and struggled to climb up the socioeconomic ladder. This contraction of higher education disproportionately affected applicants from less affluent backgrounds and plausibly contributed to the increase in inequality observed under Pinochet. We further show that individuals exposed to reduced access to college registered to vote at higher rates for the 1988 plebiscite that triggered Chile’s democratic transition and we provide suggestive evidence that they increasingly voted against Pinochet
The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Psychosocial Conditions of Students with and without Special Educational Needs
No full textGiven the pandemic-induced school lockdown in Germany in the spring of 2020, COVID-19 evi-dently had a negative impact on child and adolescent mental health and wellbeing. However, there is no evidence regarding the specific problems of students with special educational needs in emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) during or after the school lockdown. Thus, this study bridges the gap. A sample of 173 students across Germany was included in the analysis. The students were rated by their teachers in an online survey via a standardized teacher-report form for emotional and behavioral problems and competencies, as well as perceptions of inclu-sion. Several student- and teacher-level predictors were applied in a stepwise regression analy-sis. The results showed that the school lockdown marginally impacted E/BD, with small differ-ences between student groups. The strongest predicting variable was students’ psychosocial sit-uation. Hence, the psychosocial situation of students should be monitored by teachers and school psychologists to provide sufficient support during lockdown
Associations between use of self-regulatory strategies and daily eating patterns: an experience sampling study in college-aged females
No full textPrevious theorizing suggests there are multiple means by which people regulate their emotions and impulses, but that these strategies vary in the degree to which they support goal attainment. Some have proposed that proactive strategies (e.g., situation selection, distraction) may be particularly effective, while interventive strategies (e.g., suppression) are less effective. Despite these diverging predictions, researchers have yet to examine spontaneous use of these strategies and their respective and combined efficacy when applied to momentary food desires experienced in daily life. In the present study, we assessed eating patterns for one week via ecological momentary assessment in college-aged women (N=103). Results from pre-registered analyses indicated that using a variety of strategies, including preventative strategies such as situation selection and distraction, was associated with greater self-control success, as indexed by weaker desires, higher resistance, lower likelihood of enacting desires, and less food consumed. A similar pattern was observed when participants implemented additional strategies during desire episodes. All associations were observed while controlling for momentary hunger levels, dieting status, age, and body mass index. These findings are consistent with a growing body of work assessing people’s spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies in everyday contexts, suggesting potential meta-motivational tendencies marked by flexible and adaptive use of self-regulatory strategies
Systematic Review of Conference papers in Social Psychology
No full textThis project will conduct a systematic review of conference papers that had been presented at the Japanese Psychological Association and Japanese Society of Social Psychology. This is a protocol for stage 2 data collection
Corrections to Phytologia,vol. 102 (3) – Rumicastrum dielsii (Poelln.) Carolin is an “alien,” R. cylindricum (Poelln.) Carolin is Elatinaceae, R. monogynum (Poelln.) Carolin is incertae sedis, and the combination in Rumicastrum for Talinum nanum Nees was neglected
No full textIn Phytologia 102 (4): 116–123, Hershkovitz recombined into Rumicastrum Ulbrich 65 Australian Montiaceae species originally classified in Calandrinia Kunth. Three of these species, all described by Karl von Poellnitz, do not pertain to Rumicastrum. The type specimen of Rumicastrum dielsii (Poelln.) Carolin is Calandrinia menziesii (Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray, a western North American species naturalized in Australia. The type specimen of Rumicastrum cylindricum (Poelln.) Carolin appears to be Bergia L. (Elatinaceae), but the species is not determined here. The type specimen of Rumicastrum monogynum (Poelln.) Carolin has not been located and may have been destroyed. The protolog is incomplete, but the specified characteristics suggest that it does not pertain to Montiaceae. Its identity is not determined here. In addition to the above, Hershkovitz listed Calandrinia pusilla Lindl., nom illegit., as a nomenclatural rather than taxonomic synonym of Rumicastrum eremaeum (Ewart) Carolin. Although homotypic, it is a taxonomic synonym. The status of other possible taxonomic synonyms combined into Rumicastrum also is discussed. Finally, Hershkovitz ascribed authorship of several Rumicastrum combinations to Roger Carolin. The question as to whether authorship should be ascribed as “Carolin ex Hershk.” is here addressed
Reliability and feasibility of Linear Mixed Models in fully crossed experimental designs
No full textThe use of Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) is increasing in Psychology and Neuroscience research. A key aspect of LMMs is choosing a random effects structure according to the experimental needs. To date, opposite suggestions are present in the literature, spanning from keeping all random effects, which produces several singularity and convergence issues and often requires high computational resources, to removing random effects until the best fit is found, with the risk of inflating type I error. However, defining the random structure to fit a non-singular and convergent model is not straightforward. Moreover, the lack of a standard approach may lead the researcher to make decisions that potentially inflate type I errors and generate distortions in the estimates. To date, how to deal with singular and non-converging models is an ongoing debate.
We introduce a new way to control for type I error inflation during model reduction using complex random intercepts (CRIs). These are multiple random intercepts that represent the residual variance of categorical fixed effects within a given grouping factor. We validated CRIs and the proposed procedure by extensive simulations and a real-case application. We demonstrate that CRIs can produce reliable results and require less RAM memory and computational time. Moreover, we outline a few criteria and clear recommendations on how and when scholars should reduce singular and non-converging models. Overall, the proposed procedure provides clear solutions to avoid overinflated results using LMMs in Psychology and Neuroscience
Social touch deprivation during COVID-19: effects on psychological wellbeing, tolerating isolation and craving interpersonal touch
No full textSocial touch has positive effects on social affiliation and stress alleviation. However, its ubiquitous presence in human life does not allow the study of social touch deprivation ‘in the wild’. Nevertheless, COVID-19-related restrictions such as social distancing allowed the systematic study of the degree to which social distancing affects tactile experiences and mental health. In this study, 1746 participants completed an online-survey to examine intimate, friendly and professional touch experiences during COVID-19-related restrictions, their impact on mental health and the extent to which touch deprivation results in craving touch. We found that intimate touch deprivation during COVID-19-related restrictions is associated with worse psychological wellbeing, even though this type of touch is still the most experienced during the pandemic. Moreover, intimate touch is reported as the type of touch most craved during this period, thus being more prominent as the days practicing social distancing increase. However, our results also show that the degree to which individuals crave touch during this period depends on individual differences in attachment style: the more anxiously-attached, the more touch is craved; with the reverse pattern for avoidantly-attached. These findings point to the important role of interpersonal and particularly intimate touch in times of distress and uncertainty