Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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To Be Attentive, Do Not React: Linking Dispositional Mindfulness to Attentional Networks and Vigilance Performance
No full textObjectives: Research addressing the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and objective attention performance remains inconclusive, partly because previous studies used sample sizes possibly leading to underpowered designs. Here, we examined this relationship in a large sample using the ANTI-Vea: a novel cognitive-behavioral task that simultaneously assesses the classical attentional networks—phasic alertness, orienting, executive control—and both the executive and arousal components of vigilance.
Methods: Two hundred nineteen meditation-naïve participants completed the study. Correlational analyses using Kendall’s Tau were performed between FFMQ scores and ANTI-Vea outcomes. Additional subsidiary correlations were performed between the FFMQ and two self-report measures assessing subjective attentional control and mind-wandering. Benjamini-Hochberg was applied to control the Type I error rate. The hypotheses and plan of analyses were preregistered at the Open Science Framework.
Results: Higher non-reactivity predicted overall faster reaction times and higher accuracy in attentional networks trials. Higher non-reactivity, as well as higher FFMQ total score, predicted faster reaction time and fewer lapses in arousal vigilance trials, the latter also being negatively associated with describe scores. The magnitude of the correlations ranged from τb = .103 to τb = .119. We found no association between FFMQ scores and executive control or executive vigilance.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that dispositional mindfulness is linked to improved global attentional and arousal vigilance performance, being non-reactivity to internal experience the key facet driving the association. The absence of association to executive processes is discussed based on the high cognitive demands of the ANTI-Vea task
Structure and Relationships of University Instructors’ Achievement Goals
No full textThe present study examines the achievement goals of university instructors, particularly the structure of such goals, and their relationship to biographic characteristics, other aspects of instructors’ motivation, and teaching quality. Two hundred and fifty-one university instructors (184 without Ph.D., 97 with Ph.D., thereof 51 full professors; 146 males, 92 females) answered a questionnaire measuring achievement goals, self-efficacy, and enthusiasm in altogether 392 courses. Teaching quality was assessed using reports from 9,241 students who were attending these courses. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed mastery, performance approach, performance avoidance, work avoidance, and relational goals as being distinguishable from each other. Distinct relationships were found between different instructors’ achievement goals, and gender, age, and career status as well as self-efficacy and enthusiasm. Hierarchical linear models suggested positive associations of instructors’ mastery goals with teaching quality, while negative associations were indicated for performance avoidance goals and work avoidance goals in relation to teaching quality. Exploratory analyses conducted due to a quite large correlation between performance approach and performance avoidance goals indicated that for university instructors, differentiating performance goals into appearance and normative components might also be adequate. All in all, the study highlights the auspiciousness of the theoretical concept of university instructors’ achievement goals and contributes to making it comprehensively accessible
Systematic Review of Conference papers in Social Psychology (stage 1 protocol revision 1)
No full textThis project will conduct a systematic review of conference papers that had been presented at the Japanese Psychological Association and the Japanese Society of Social Psychology. This is a protocol for the stage 1 data collection of the review
It Was the Plants that Told Us: An Ethnographic Analysis into Amazonian Knowledge Transmission
No full textCurrent literature on the transmission of knowledge focuses on transmission between human to human agents. Yet, various indigenous groups hold ontologies which attribute agency and personhood onto the natural world. Non-human agents, including supernatural agents, are perceived to play important roles in the transmission of knowledge pertaining to the acquisition of ethnobotanical knowledge. The present study focuses on the role of non-human agents in the transmission of knowledge and agency attributed to the natural world. Over the course of 3 months, I conducted fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazonian areas of San Martin and Pucallpa. I used participant observation, semi-structured interviews with local plant medicine practitioners and deep hanging out to explore the role of non-human agents in the acquisition of knowledge pertaining to plants and healing modalities. The results suggest that agency and personhood are attributed to plants in these Amazonian communities, and that the plants themselves are believed to play a vital role in the transmission of knowledge
Parochial altruism: What it is and why it varies
No full textParochial altruism (PA), or in-group favoritism paired with out-group hostility, is sometimes treated as a synonym for human intergroup relations. However, empirical data suggest that PA is highly variable—across individuals, across situations, and across groups. Here, we review theory and data on PA to explore the candidate sources for this variability. Along the way, we unpack assumptions (e.g., what constitutes a group?), identify precursors to PA behavior (e.g., context and internal states), and review evidence for the pairing of in-group favoritism with out-group hostility. We discuss phenomena with measurable impact on downstream behavior, including resource access and cultural institutions, but also flag how researcher expectations and methodological design impact reported variability in PA. We close by making recommendations for how researchers can reduce noise in the study of PA by checking assumptions and being deliberate in research design; this is key, as the PA literature is part of sensitive public discourse
Beyond Left and Right: A Scale to Measure Political Ideology in India
No full textMost work assessing political ideology and its underpinnings has used primarily western samples. Given India’s unique position as the world’s largest parliamentary democracy with a multiparty system, the present research aimed to develop a scale to measure political ideology in India. Pilot work indicated that the social and economic bifurcation of the conception of political ideology was inadequate in assessing Indians’ stance on political issues. Therefore, in Study 1, 48 items were written relevant to the complex context of political ideology in India. Three factors were extracted based on a sample of 541 Indians (Mage = 24.80, SD = 8.44): purity-based cultural norms, obedience to hierarchy, and economic ideology, highlighting the importance attributed to social concerns. In Study 2, 382 Indians responded to a revised scale (Mage = 26.15 years, SD = 9.00). Based on a confirmatory factor analysis, the three-factor structure was retained. Measurement invariance revealed expected differences between men and women in a few gendered issues such as dowry. Across both studies, economic ideology had poor fit, indicating unreliability of economic issues constituting a consistent ideology in India. Implications, especially with respect to temporal contexts and economic ideology, are discussed
Експериментальне дослідження енергоефективності кухонних електропобутових приладів для кип’ятіння води
Get PDFIntroduction. Steady growth in the number of powerful electrical appliances and devices in households leads to an increase in electricity consumption. It significantly affects the economic costs of consumers and the deterioration of the ecological situation in the environment. Problem. The cost of electricity tariffs for the population tends to be relatively steadily increasing, which makes the issue of energy efficiency particularly relevant for consumers. The use of energy-efficient technologies in everyday life allows reducing electricity costs and increasing the economic efficiency of households. Energy efficiency of household electrical appliances is a pressing issue for ensuring a stable energy supply in the context of growing electricity consumption. Goal. An analytical study of the operating features of kitchen electrical appliances for boiling water and an experimental study of their energy efficiency. Methodology. The energy efficiency of the most common kitchen electrical appliances for boiling water was analyzed through experimental studies. Results. In terms of energy efficiency, the flow-through thermopot turned out to be the best among the studied electrical appliances, followed by an electric kettle and a traditional thermopot. Practical value. The use of energy-efficient technologies in modern household appliances is an important task, especially in winter and in conditions of shortage of electric power during military aggression from Russia and large-scale destruction of critical infrastructure and power facilities in our country. Further research will help reduce energy consumption and increase the energy efficiency of household appliances.Вступ. Стале зростання кількості потужної електротехніки та пристроїв у домогосподарствах призводить до збільшення споживання електричної енергії. суттєво впливає на економічні витрати споживачів та погіршення екологічної ситуації у навколишньому середовищі. Проблема. Вартість тарифу електричної енергії для населення має тенденцію щодо неухильного зростання, що робить питання енергоефективності особливо актуальним для споживачів. Використання у побуті енергоефективних технологій дозволяє зменшити витрати на електроенергію та підвищити економічну ефективність домогосподарств. Енергоефективність електропобутових приладів є актуальною проблемою для забезпечення стабільного енергопостачання в умовах зростаючого споживання електрики. Мета. Аналітичне дослідження особливостей роботи кухонних електропобутових приладів для кип’ятіння води та експериментальне дослідження їх енергоефективності. Методика. За допомогою експериментальних досліджень проаналізована енергоефективність найбільш розповсюджених кухонних електропобутових приладів для кип’ятіння води. Результати. З точки зору енергоефективності серед досліджуваних електроприладів найкращим виявився проточний термопот, потім електричний чайник і традиційний термопот. Практична цінність. Застосування енергоефективних технологій у сучасних електропобутових приладах є важливою задачею, особливо в зимовий період та в умовах дефіциту електричної потужності під час військової агресії з боку рф й масштабних руйнувань критичної інфраструктури і об’єктів електроенергетики в нашій державі. Подальші дослідження сприятимуть зменшенню енергоспоживання і підвищенню енергоефективності електропобутових приладів
Ultra-brief Ambulatory Assessment of Working Memory Capacity via Smart Phones
No full textThe development of mobile technology with substantial computing power (i.e. smart phones) has enabled the adaptation of performance-based cognitive assessments to remote administration and novel intensive longitudinal study designs (e.g. measurement burst designs). While an “ambulatory” cognitive assessment paradigm provides new opportunities to extend current psychological theories, the adaptation of conventional measures to a mobile format conducive to intensive repeated measurement involves balancing measurement precision, administration time, and procedural consistency. Across 3 studies, we developed mobile adaptations of computerized ‘complex span’ tasks to assess working memory capacity (WMC) and examined their validity, reliability, and sufficiency. Study 1 examined the convergent and criterion validity of a single administration of 3 ultra-brief complex span tasks on smart phones in a laboratory setting (ambulatory Operation Span, Symmetry Span, and Rotation Span tasks). Study 2 adapted the ultra-brief tasks to a 4-day measurement burst design where between- and within-person reliability was assessed over 16 repeated administrations (4 assessments/day). Study 3 involved the implementation of a single ultra-brief complex span task into a 7-day measurement burst design field study involving college students (5 assessments/day). Results of these 3 studies suggest that valid and highly reliable estimates of WMC can be obtained via smart phones, in the absence of intensive onboarding/training, in 3-6 minutes of total testing time (2 ultra-brief, mobile administrations). Considerations for future mobile cognitive assessment design and parameterization are discussed
Mental simulation across sensory modalities predicts attractiveness of food concepts
No full textConcepts are grounded in mental simulation of sensory information, but the exact role it plays in everyday cognition is unknown. Here we investigate its role in an important conceptual domain relevant for everyday behavior—food. We conducted two pre-registered studies to test whether multimodal mental simulation is linked to attractiveness of food concepts. In Study 1, using the Lancaster Sensorimotor norms for a variety of concepts, we found unhealthy food concepts are more strongly associated with gustation, olfaction, and interoception, than healthy food concepts. Importantly, these associations mediated the relationship between food healthiness and food attractiveness. In Study 2, we collected new sensory ratings with food words only, and found unhealthy food concepts were more strongly associated with all perceptual modalities than healthy food concepts. Again, these associations mediated the relationship between healthiness and attractiveness. The mediating role of sensory associations to food attractiveness was also affected by context. Specifically, when participants thought about food in an eating context cued by verbal instruction, mediation by perceptual strength was weaker. Overall, we find multimodal sensory experience underlies people’s belief that unhealthy food is more attractive than healthy food. This suggests mental simulation has an important role in goal-directed behavior
Phyloreferences: Tree-Native, Reproducible, and Machine-Interpretable Taxon Concepts
No full textEvolutionary and organismal biology have become inundated with data. At the same rate, we are experiencing a surge in broader evolutionary and ecological syntheses for which tree-thinking is the staple for a variety of post-tree analyses. To fully take advantage of this wealth of data to discover and understand large-scale evolutionary and ecological patterns, computational data integration, i.e. the use of machines to link data at large scale, is crucial. The most common shared entity by which evolutionary and ecological data need to be linked is the taxon to which they belong. We propose a set of requirements that a system for defining such taxa should meet for computational data science: taxon definitions should maintain conceptual consistency, be reproducible via a known algorithm, be computationally automatable, and be applicable across the tree of life. We argue that Linnaean names, the most prevalent means of linking data to taxa, fail to meet these requirements due to fundamental theoretical and practical shortfalls. We argue that for the purposes of data-integration we should instead use phylogenetic definitions transformed into formal logic expressions. We call such expressions phyloreferences, and argue that, unlike Linnaean names, they meet all requirements for effective data-integration