Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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MouseView.js: Reliable and valid attention tracking in web-based experiments using a cursor-directed aperture
No full textPsychological research is increasingly moving online, where web-based studies allow for data collection at scale. Behavioural researchers are well-supported by existing tools for participant recruitment, and for building and running experiments with decent timing. However, not all techniques are portable to the internet: While eye tracking works in tightly controlled lab conditions, webcam-based eye-tracking suffers from high attrition and poorer quality due to basic limitations like webcam availability, poor image quality, and reflections on glasses and the cornea. Here we present MouseView.js, an alternative to eye tracking that can be employed in web-based research. Inspired by the visual system, MouseView.js blurs the display to mimic peripheral vision, but allows participants to move a sharp aperture that is roughly the size of the fovea. Like eye gaze, the aperture can be directed to fixate on stimuli of interest. We validated MouseView.js in an online replication (N=165) of an established free viewing task (N=83 existing eye-tracking datasets), and in an in-lab direct comparison with eye tracking in the same participants. Mouseview.js proved as reliable as gaze, and produced the same pattern of dwell time results. In addition, dwell time differences from MouseView.js and from eye tracking correlated highly, and related to self-report measures in similar ways. The tool is open-source, implemented in JavaScript, and usable as a standalone library, or within Gorilla, jsPsych, and PsychoJS. In sum, MouseView.js is a freely available instrument for attention-tracking that is both reliable and valid, and that can replace eye tracking in certain web-based psychological experiments
Duas linguagens em um universo dos naturais estendidos contendo matemática e física
No full textApresentamos, com objetivo pedagógico, duas linguagens e três estruturas matemáticas em um conjunto dos naturais estendidos
Sequential Collaboration: The Accuracy of Dependent, Incremental Judgments
No full textOnline collaborative projects in which users contribute to extensive knowledge bases such as Wikipedia or OpenStreetMap have become increasingly popular while yielding highly accurate information. Collaboration in such projects is organized sequentially with one contributor creating an entry and the following contributors deciding whether to adjust or to maintain the presented information. We refer to this process as sequential collaboration since individual judgments directly depend on the previous judgment. As sequential collaboration has not yet been examined systematically, we investigate whether dependent, sequential judgments become increasingly more accurate. Moreover, we test whether final sequential judgments are more accurate than the unweighted average of independent judgments from equally large groups. We conducted three studies with groups of four to six contributors who either answered general knowledge questions (Experiments 1 and 2) or located cities on maps (Experiment 3). As expected, individual judgments became more accurate across the course of sequential chains and final estimates were similarly accurate as unweighted averaging of independent judgments. These results show that sequential collaboration profits from dependent, incremental judgments, thereby shedding light on the contribution process underlying large-scale online collaborative projects
Development of directed global inhibition, competitive inhibition and behavioural inhibition during the transition between infancy and toddlerhood
No full textInhibitory control (IC) is a core executive function integral to self-regulation and cognitive control, yet is itself multi-componential. Directed global inhibition entails stopping an action on demand. Competitive inhibition is engaged when an alternative response must also be produced. Related, but not an executive function, is temperamentally-driven wariness of novelty, known as behavioural inhibition. Understanding early development of these components has been hampered by a shortage of suitable measures.
We combine established and novel measures to capture directed global inhibition (Toy Prohibition, Touchscreen Prohibition), competitive inhibition (A-not-B, Early Childhood Inhibitory Touchscreen Task; ECITT) and behavioural inhibition (Touchscreen Approach) in 113 10- and 16-month-olds (73 seen longitudinally).
ECITT performance shows good 1-week test-retest reliability at 10-months (r=.30-.60) but little stability to 16-months. Directed global inhibition performance shows developmental progression but little stability of individual differences from 10-16 months. Performance on measures targeting similar IC components shows greater coherence at 16-months (r=.23-.59) compared with 10-months (r=.09-.35). Probing of ECITT condition effects indicates toddlers are more able, compared with infants, to override immediate prepotencies; indicative of increasingly flexible control over behaviour. However, exerting IC over cumulative prepotencies appears just as challenging for toddlers as infants. Exploratory analyses show little evidence for cross-sectional or longitudinal associations between behavioural, directed global and competitive inhibition.
In combination, these findings indicate that IC is not yet a stable, unidimensional construct during the transition between infancy and toddlerhood, and highlight the need for careful selection of multiple measures for those interested in capturing early variation in IC
A longitudinal study of mental health in adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textObjective Although cross-sectional studies have shown that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively
affected the mental health of adolescents, the effect of the pandemic on adolescents with pre-pandemic
symptoms is unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that adolescents had increased emotional and
behavioral problems during the lockdowns imposed during the pandemic.
Method This study included three measurements in a prospective cohort of 1022 adolescents
who were oversampled based on their high risk of developing psychopathology. Before the pandemic, we
assessed depressive, anxiety, stress, oppositional defiant problems, psychotic experiences and suicidality,
using the Youth Self-Report; 445 and 333 of these 1022 adolescents subsequently completed the online
questionnaire in the first lockdown (in April 2020) and in the second lockdown (in January 2021),
respectively. Multilevel random intercept regression models were used to determine the change in
psychiatric symptoms, including an interaction term to assess whether these changes differed based on
the severity of symptoms prior to the pandemic.
Results Throughout the pandemic, the majority of adolescents reported having emotional and behavioral
symptoms that were within the normal range. Moreover, the mean symptom scores for all six outcomes
decreased significantly among adolescents with high clinical severity prior to the pandemic.
Conclusion In contrast to our original hypothesis, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may not
necessarily be detrimental, at least among a specific subgroup of adolescents with preexisting mental
health problems. Moreover, our finding that most adolescents did not report experiencing clinically
relevant symptoms during the pandemic reflects their resilience during the pandemic
Advanced Placement Course Credit and Undergraduate Student Success in Gateway Science Courses
No full textApproximately two million students take Advanced Placement (AP) examinations annually. However, departmental policies that allow students to replace introductory courses with AP credit greatly vary within and across universities, even across relatively similar universities. This study examines the impact of AP credit policies on subsequent course success in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics at six large public research universities (N = 48,230 students). Examining average treatment effects for students skipping college courses using inverse-probability weights with regression adjustment, we found that students who skipped actually performed similarly well or better in subsequent courses than students who did not skip, even in contexts where lower AP scores were accepted. We also discovered wide variation in percentage of students who chose to skip when meeting their local policies. Therefore, to reduce unnecessary coursework that is burdensome for both students and universities, we suggest that departments consider modifying AP credit policies and that advisors consider encouraging students to skip when they have eligible AP scores
Heavy Crisis, New Perspectives? Investigating the role of Consumption, Time Wealth and Meaning Construction during countrywide Covid-19 lockdown in Germany
No full textThe Covid-19 pandemic profoundly changed the way we live and consume. One open ques-tion is whether the crisis provides an opportunity to increase alternatives to materialistic con-sumption. We characterize these alternatives as sustainable leisure behaviour. In this context, Time Wealth and Meaning Construction in the form of Life Reflection might be important variables. In our study we aimed: (i) To investigate changes in behaviour frequency of con-sumption and sustainable leisure before and during lockdown. (ii) Analyse how potential changes in behaviours are appraised and if there are intentions to keep changed behaviour fre-quencies. (iii) Analyse whether Time Wealth and Life Reflection can be related to reduced consumption behaviours and increased sustainable leisure behaviours during lockdown.
We collected data from 947 participants in a Germany-wide online survey using questionnaires. Participants reported behaviour frequency of consumption and sustainable leisure before and during lockdown. In cases where behaviour frequencies changed participants evaluated this change and indicated future intentions.
Main findings: (i) Pairwise t-tests revealed reduced consumption behaviour in Electronics and Clothes. All sustainable leisure behaviours increased during lockdown. (ii) The increase of sustainable behaviour was positively correlated with evaluation and future intentions and we found mixed results concerning consumption behaviour. (iii) In multiple regression analysis, Time Wealth was positively related to sustainable leisure behaviours as well as Life Reflection except for Outdoor Activities. Explorative analysis revealed small but significant positive correlations of sustainable leisure behaviours with Life Satisfaction and Presence of Meaning.
In section 4.3 we discuss how findings can inform future actions towards sustainability
Influences of Lifestyle Profiles and Problematic Internet Use on Mental Distress in University Students
No full textHong Kong university students suffer a high prevalence of mental distress, but their lifestyle behaviors are not well-understood. We aimed to examine the relationship between mental distress, lifestyle behaviors, and problematic Internet use of this student population during the summer holiday and term-time. A two-cohort contrast group survey study was conducted. Students were surveyed in July during the summer holiday and September during term-time. The General Health Questionnaire-12, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 were administered to measure mental distress, lifestyle behaviors, and problematic Internet use. 949 students (summer=467; term-time=482; Mage±SD, 20.11±1.54) participated in the study. Students reported statistically significant lower mental distress and higher spiritual growth during the summer holiday compared to term-time. The results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) found that spiritual growth was directly associated with reduced mental distress and problematic internet use, and indirectly associated with reduced mental distress through a negative correlation with problematic internet use. Problematic internet use was positively correlated with mental distress. Physical activity was more associated with better mental health during the summer holiday and for female students. In contrast, Health management was associated with better mental health during term-time and for male students. In conclusion, spiritual growth supports mental health improvement and counters problematic internet use in university students in general, factors such as physical activity and health management show differential influences based on gender and time of year. Results may help inform the development of student support workshops in higher education
Individuals with Adverse Childhood Experiences Explore Less and Underweight Reward Feedback
No full textAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are extreme stressors that lead to negative psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Non-human animals explore less after exposure to early stress. Therefore, in this pre-registered study we hypothesised that reduced exploration following ACEs would also be evident in human adults. Further, we predicted that adults with ACEs, in a foraging task, would adopt a decision-making policy that relies on the most recent reward feedback, a rational strategy for unstable environments. We analysed data from 145 adult participants, 47 with four or more ACEs and 98 with fewer than four ACEs. In the foraging task, participants evaluated the trade-off between exploiting a known patch with diminishing rewards and exploring a novel one with a fresh distribution of rewards. Using computational modelling, we quantified the degree to which participants’ decisions weighted recent feedback. As predicted, participants with ACEs explored less. However, contrary to our hypothesis, they underweighted recent feedback. These unexpected findings indicate that early adversity may dampen reward sensitivity. Our results may help to identify cognitive mechanisms that link childhood trauma to the onset of psychopathology
Personality-Informed Intervention Design: Examining How Trait Regulation Can Inform Efforts to Change Behavior
No full textResearch that helps people change their behavior has the potential to improve the quality of lives, but it is too often approached in a way that divorces behavior from the people who need to enact it. In this paper, we propose a personality-informed approach to classifying behavior-change problems and designing interventions to address them. In particular, we argue that interventions will be most effective when they target the appropriate psychological process given the disposition of the participant and the desired duration of change. Considering these dimensions can help to reveal the differences among common types of behavior-change problems, and it can guide decisions about what kinds of intervention solutions will most effectively solve them. We review key concepts and findings from the personality literature that can help us understand the dynamic nature of dispositions and to identify the psychological processes that best explain both short-term variance in behavior and long-term development of personality. Drawing on this literature, we argue that different types of behavior-change problems require different forms of ‘trait regulation,’ and we offer a series of propositions to be evaluated as potential guides for the design of intervention strategies to address them