Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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“I know it's just pouring it from the tap, but it's not easy”: Motivational processes that underlie water drinking
No full textWater drinking behaviour is under-researched despite the prevalence and adverse health consequences of underhydration. We conducted a qualitative exploration into the motivational processes that affect water drinking. We interviewed and analysed data from 60 participants using thematic analysis. Our findings suggest that participants form and maintain situated water drinking habits, so that within certain situations they report regularly drinking water. However, the way participants situated their water drinking had consequences on the amount and consistency of their water intake. Participants who situated their water intake in one key situation (e.g., drinking water during their work routine), had low and inconsistent intake when they left this situation. Some situations happened so infrequently during the day (e.g., drinking before bed) that participants’ daily water intake was low. Many participants reported drinking water in reaction to thirst cues, but these were easily suppressed or went unnoticed, so that water drinking was inconsistent. Participants who saw drinking water as part of their self-identity had consistent and high water intake across a variety of internal and external situations. Few participants perceived water as positive or understood the importance of hydration. Many participants also lacked insight into strategies to increase water intake, which lead to ineffective attempts at behavioural change. Participants’ mentions of cues of dehydration and their responses to a urine colour chart further suggested that many participants were possibly underhydrated. Our findings suggest that health interventions and practitioners attempting to increase water intake need to increase knowledge about the importance of hydration, and encourage individuals to develop effective situated water drinking habits
The “replication crisis” in the public eye: Germans’ awareness and perceptions of the (ir)reproducibility of scientific research
No full textSeveral meta-analytical attempts to reproduce results of empirical research have failed in recent years, prompting scholars and news media to diagnose a “replication crisis” and voice concerns about science losing public credibility. Others, in contrast, hoped replication efforts could improve public confidence in science. Yet nationally representative evidence backing these concerns or hopes is scarce. We provide such evidence, conducting a secondary analysis of the German “Science Barometer” (“Wissenschaftsbarometer”) survey. We find that most Germans are not aware of the “replication crisis.” In addition, most interpret replication efforts as indicative of scientific quality control and science’s self-correcting nature. However, supporters of the populist right-wing party AfD tend to believe that the “crisis” shows one cannot trust science, perhaps using it as an argument to discredit science. But for the majority of Germans, hopes about reputational benefits of the “replication crisis” for science seem more justified than concerns about detrimental effects
Rumicastrum Ulbrich (Montiaceae): a beautiful name for the Australian calandrinias
No full textFor more than 30 years, Montiaceae specialists have agreed that Australian species classified in Calandrinia Kunth pertain to a distinct and divergent lineage whose oldest validly published name is Rumicastrum Ulbrich. In 1998, more than half of accepted species were transferred erroneously to a new genus, Parakeelya Hershk. However, taxonomists and databases have continued to classify the species in Calandrinia, confounding the taxonomy of the latter. Here, 65 Australian species classified in Calandrinia are transferred to Rumicastrum. This consummates the phylogenetic revision of Montiaceae taxonomy initiated more 30 years ago
The Strategy Aggregation Effect in Group Judgment
No full textPredicting an outcome based on a few relevant pieces of information, or cues, is a paradigmatic task used to study individual and group judgment. I combine these two lines of research to understand performance differences between constrained and unconstrained strategies used individually or aggregated in groups. I show that constrained linear strategies (e.g., equal weighting of cues) are more accurate for individual judgments, but when these judgments are averaged, an unconstrained linear strategy (i.e., linear regression) is more accurate. This strategy aggregation effect can be understood by analyzing a decomposition of the mean squared error into bias, variance, and covariance. Because of their lower bias but higher variance, unconstrained linear strategies perform worse for individual judgments, but better for averaged judgments where aggregation minimizes variance. In simulations with artificial and real environments, I further show that this aggregation effect does not occur if there are correlations between individual judgments. Here, constrained linear strategies always outperform an unconstrained linear strategy, because the larger covariance component of the unconstrained linear strategy outweighs its lower bias. I end with real-world implications of the results for cognitive strategies and decision environments in group and organizational settings
The interactive support of Cognitive Reserve and Semantic Knowledge in Proper Name retrieval
No full textCognitive reserve (CR) refers to acquired experience that modulates resistance to physiological aging or brain damage. A relatively neglected issue is whether or not CR affects cognitive abilities equally. One relevant component of CR seems to be the richness of connections in semantic knowledge.
We examined, in N=66 healthy older adults, the potential influence of CR and semantic knowledge on the ability to retrieve proper names and common nouns. These two name categories have different semantic organizations, whereby proper names are characterized by a weaker semantic link to the information they refer to.
Controlling for age, CR and semantic knowledge were linearly and positively associated with common noun retrieval. On the other hand, CR assisted proper name retrieval in older adults with a weaker semantic profile, while semantic knowledge assisted proper name retrieval in older adults with lower CR.
This study contributes to define the cognitive underpinnings of CR
The Fears of Being Infected by the COVID–19 Virus in Canada: A Look At Germophobes, Crowd-Averse, Fearless and Other Population Segments
No full textThe fear of being infected by the COVID-19 virus is widespread in the Canadian population. This study examined the COVID-19 virus infection fears in a survey sample of 4,200 adult Canadians aged 15 years old and over during the confinement period of June 21-26, 2020 and collected by Statistics Canada. A marketing segmentation analysis was carried out using a roster of 13 perceived health risks items leading to the identification of typical fears and the profiling of five major segments present in the Canadian adult population: "Germophobes" (7%), "Crowd-Averse" (34%), "Fearless" (17%), "Outside "Bubble"-Averse" (18%), and ""Nursing Homes-Averse" (24%). Health risk items included a wide range of preoccupations such as visiting retirement homes, travelling by car or airplane, attending public events, shopping, eating out, seeing doctors and/or participating in sports or gyms. The five population segments were identified using a combination of principal component and k-means cluster statistical analysis. Marketing segmentation is a useful tool for decision makers to categorize population members and, by doing so, facilitate better public campaigns, help design messages, and implement changes that can promote more efficient ways to deal with the various societal consequences of the COVID-19 confinement
Moderasi Beragama Perspektif Muhammad Jusuf Kalla
No full textModerasi beragama sangat penting dalam rangka membangun hubungan yang harmonis di tengah masyarakat yang agamanya beragam, termasuk Indonesia. Menggaungkan moderasi beragama adalah tugas seluruh masyarakat beragama termasuk para tokoh bangsa yang menjadi panutan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini berusaha mengahadirkan pandangan Muhammad Jusuf Kalla terkait moderasi beragama. Melalui metode kepustakaan, penelitian ini menemukan konflik bernuansa agama terjadi, selain karena perbedaan ideologi, juga disebabkan oleh ketidakadilan ekonomi, sosial, hukum dan politik. Untuk mengantisipasi konflik yang bernuasa agama tersebut, Muhammad Jusuf Kalla sangat menekankan pentingnya moderasi beragama untuk dijalankan. Sebagai tokoh yang intens menyuarakan moderasi beragama, Muhammad Jusuf Kalla mengatakan moderasi beragama harus dimulai dengan rasa persaudaraan, baik persaudaraan antara umat beragama, persaudaraan dalam berbangsa dan bernegara, serta persaudaraan antar sesama manusi
Autistic and non-autistic adolescents do not differ in adaptation to gaze direction
No full textPredictive Processing accounts of autism posit that autistic individuals’ perception is less biased by expectations than non-autistic individuals’, perhaps through stronger precision-weighting of prediction errors. Since precision-weighting is fundamental to all information processing, any differences between autistic and non-autistic individuals should be domain-general and observable in both behaviour and brain responses. This study used EEG, behavioural responses and eye-tracking co-registration during gaze-direction adaptation, to investigate whether increased precision-weighting of prediction errors is evident through smaller adaptation after-effects in autistic adolescents compared to non-autistic peers. Multi-level modelling showed that autistic and non-autistic adolescents’ responses were consistent with behavioural adaptation, with Bayesian statistics providing extremely strong evidence for the absence of a group difference. Cluster-based permutation testing of ERP responses did not show the expected adaptation after-effect but did show habituation to repeated stimulus presentation, and no group difference was detected, a result not consistent with the theoretical account. Combined with the few other available studies, the current findings raise challenges for the theory, suggesting no fundamental difference in precision-weighting of prediction errors in autism
Higher Education Instructors’ Usage of and Learning from Student Evaluations of Teaching – Do Achievement Goals Matter?
No full textIdentifying what motivates higher education instructors in their self-regulated learning from stu-dent evaluations of teaching (SET) is important for improving future teaching. In a longitudinal online field study, we investigated how higher education instructors’ achievement goals predict the use of SET(s), processing its results and learning from it. We expected beneficial effects of learning (approach and avoidance) goals and performance approach goals, while performance avoidance goals and work avoidance goals should be detrimental for the learning process. In to-tal, 407 higher education instructors with teaching commitments reported their achievement goals. Out of these participants, 152 instructors voluntarily conducted SET(s) and subsequently reported their learning intentions regarding this student feedback. Using structural equation modelling, we found that learning avoidance goals were positively associated with conducting SET(s) and learning approach goals were positively associated with learning intentions. These findings highlight the importance of learning goals for instructors’ use of SET(s)
Where are Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Personality Research?
No full textIn recent years personality research has re-affirmed its status as what Revelle famously termed “the last refuge of the generalist.” Conceptualizing personality as consisting of traits, characteristic adaptations, and life stories, all of which must be understood in the context of biological and cultural foundations, provides a “big tent” to integrate nearly any aspect of psychology. And yet, this big tent has seemingly had little room for scholarship focused on race, ethnicity, and culture. This paper includes a brief discussion of five reasons why this has been the case: a) overstating the universality of traits, b) overstating the genetic basis of personality, c) hyper-focusing on dispositions, d) a compromising association with social psychology, and e) a weak approach to examining group differences. The paper concludes with some ideas for constructing a bigger, more inclusive tent