Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Підвищення ефективності асинхронних двигунів
Full text linkIn this work was analyzed induction motor, its advantages and disadvantages, and methods of modify it in way increasing its reliability and power coefficient. Power coefficient is the parameter which shows how much energy is used for yield and which just converting into heat. For analysis used calculation of induction motor which commonly used for developing serial asynchronous motor. Based on that calculation has modulated physical process which conducting in active parts of motor. For calculation of induction in armature and magnetic flux passes in it was used numerical mathematical model. This type of electric motors is common used so increase its efficiency and power characteristics is the one of way to reduce energy consuming. The developed way of modernization of induction motors, and analyzed reliability of it.В даній роботі розглядається метод поліпшення коефіцієнту корисної дії і коефіцієнту потужності в асинхронному двигуні. Коефіцієнт потужності – це відношення активної потужності до повної потужності яку споживає електрична машина. Цей коефіцієнт показує яка частина енергії іде на виконання роботи, а яка просто розсіюється в машині в вигляді тепла. Для аналізу в роботі використовується стандартний розрахунок асинхронного двигуна, такі розрахунок використовують для проектування електричних двигунів масового використання, на базі яких проведено модулювання фізичних процесів в середині активної частини машини, за допомогою чисельних математичних моделей, для розрахунку індукцій в магнітопроводі, а також шляхів проходження ліній магнітної індукції
Guidelines for Adapting Mindfulness-Based School Interventions with Youth Who Are Racially and Ethnically Marginalized
No full textYouth who are racially and ethnically marginalized in the United States are placed at risk for mental health disparities and inequities. We propose that promoting social-emotional competencies through universal school-based service delivery is one potential solution for improving the accessibility and quality of support for these youth. We further propose that mindfulness-based school interventions may be especially useful as universal supports for promoting social-emotional competencies, as they are broadly effective, low-cost, scalable, and flexible. This work unpacks the empirical and logical proposition driving this proposal, and then provides guidelines to help school-based consultants (e.g., school psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other mental health professionals in schools) translate this proposition into practice. Our guidelines have two emphases: first, we offer recommendations for consultants to support implementers in tailoring mindfulness-based school interventions to engage the student population; second, we discuss strategies for consultants to support implementers themselves as they engage with the process of implementing mindfulness-based interventions in schools
Guidelines for Adapting Mindfulness-Based School Interventions with Youth Who Are Racially and Ethnically Marginalized
No full textYouth who are racially and ethnically marginalized in the United States are placed at risk for mental health disparities and inequities. We propose that promoting social-emotional competencies through universal school-based service delivery is one potential solution for improving the accessibility and quality of support for these youth. We further propose that mindfulness-based school interventions may be especially useful as universal supports for promoting social-emotional competencies, as they are broadly effective, low-cost, scalable, and flexible. This work unpacks the empirical and logical proposition driving this proposal, and then provides guidelines to help school-based consultants (e.g., school psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other mental health professionals in schools) translate this proposition into practice. Our guidelines have two emphases: first, we offer recommendations for consultants to support implementers in tailoring mindfulness-based school interventions to engage the student population; second, we discuss strategies for consultants to support implementers themselves as they engage with the process of implementing mindfulness-based interventions in schools
How Pills Undermine Skills: Moralization of Cognitive Enhancement and Causal Selection
No full textDespite the promise to boost human potential and wellbeing, enhancement drugs face recurring ethical scrutiny. The present studies examined attitudes toward cognitive enhancement in order to learn more about these ethical concerns, who has them, and the circumstances in which they arise. Fairness-based concerns underlay opposition to competitive use—even though enhancement drugs were described as legal, accessible and affordable. Moral values also influenced how subsequent rewards were causally explained: Opposition to competitive use reduced the causal contribution of the enhanced winner’s skill, particularly among fairness-minded individuals. In a follow-up study, we asked: Would the normalization of cognitive enhancement alleviate concerns about its unfairness? Indeed, proliferation of competitive cognitive enhancement eradicated fairness-based concerns, and boosted the causal role of the winner’s skill. In contrast, purity-based concerns emerged in both recreational and competitive contexts, and were not assuaged by normalization
Children’s trichotillomania for parents: self-blame and trichotillomania knowledge are linked to expressed emotion
No full textNegative parental expressed emotion (EE) has shown to hinder positive mental health
outcomes in children and seems directly related to parental self-blame for children’s mental
disorders. Some research has investigated the link between self-blame, EE, and mental health
knowledge for other conditions. However, no study has yet examined how those factors relate
in parents of children with trichotillomania (TTM). Therefore, this study investigated whether
parents’ self-blame, their subjective TTM knowledge, and perceived TTM severity affect their
EE towards their child. A positive relationship between self-blame and EE was hypothesised,
based on comparable research of other mental disorders. In total, 43 mothers completed all
online measures in a within-subjects design. Linear regression analyses showed that self-blame
significantly and moderately predicted overall EE, emotional over-involvement, and - to a lesser
extent - critical EE. Correlational analysis further showed a significant negative relationship
between perceived TTM knowledge and self-blame. This study provides support for parent
psychoeducation to reduce parental self-blame. Likewise, findings allow for better intervention
design by addressing parental self-blame to reduce negative EE towards children with TTM
Bayes factor vs. Posterior-Predictive Model Assessment: Insights from Ordinal Constraints
No full textA central element of statistical inference is good model specification where researchers specify models that capture differing theoretical position. We argue that methods of inference forcing researchers to use models that may not be appropriate for their research question are not as desirable as methods with no such constraints. We ask how posterior-predictive model assessment methods such as WAIC and LOO-CV perform when theoretical positions correspond to different space restrictions on a common parameter space. One of the main theoretical relations is nesting — where the parameter space of one model is a subset of that for another. A good example is a general model that admits any set of preferences; a nested model is one that admits only preferences that obey transitivity. We find that posterior-predictive methods fail in these cases: More constrained models are not favored even when data are compatible with the constraint. Researchers who use posterior predictive methods are forced to partition the parameter space into non-overlapping subspaces, even if these subspaces have no theoretical interpretation. Fortunately, Bayes factor model comparison accommodates overlapping models without such difficulties. We argue given that posterior predictive approaches force certain specifications that may not be ideal for scientific questions, they are less desirable in many contexts
The role of mu-opioids for reward and threat processing in humans: Bridging the gap from preclinical to clinical opioid drug studies
No full textPurpose of review. Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the human brain. A number of features commonly associated with drug use disorder, such as difficulties in emotional learning, emotion regulation & anhedonia, have been linked to endogenous opioid signaling. Whereas chronic substance use and misuse are thought to alter the function of the mu-opioid system, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We argue that understanding exogenous and endogenous opioid effects in the healthy human brain is an essential foundation for bridging preclinical and clinical findings related to opioid misuse. Here, we will examine psychopharmacological evidence to outline the role of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) system in the processing of threat and reward, and discuss how disruption of these processes by chronic opioid use might alter emotional learning and reward responsiveness.
Recent findings. In healthy people, studies using opioid antagonist drugs indicate that the brain’s endogenous opioids downregulate fear reactivity and upregulate learning from safety. At the same time, endogenous opioids increase the liking of and motivation to engage with high reward value cues. Studies of acute opioid agonist effects indicate that with non-sedative doses, drugs such as morphine and buprenorphine can mimic endogenous opioid effects on liking and wanting. Disruption of endogenous opioid signalling due to prolonged opioid exposure is associated with some degree of anhedonia to non-drug rewards; however new results leave open the possibility that this is not directly opioid-mediated.
Summary. The available human psychopharmacological evidence indicates that the healthy mu-opioid system contributes to the regulation of reward and threat processing. Overall, endogenous opioids can subtly increase liking and wanting responses to a wide variety of re-wards, from sweet tastes to feelings of being connected to close others. For threat related processing, human evidence suggests that endogenous opioids inhibit fear conditioning and reduce the sensitivity to aversive stimuli, although inconsistencies remain. The size of effects reported in healthy humans are however modest, clearly indicating that MORs play out their role in close concert with other neurotransmitter systems. Relevant candidate systems for future re-search include dopamine, serotonin and endocannabinoid signalling. Nevertheless, it is possible that endogenous opioid fine-tuning of reward and threat processing, when unbalanced by e.g. opioid misuse, could over time develop into symptoms associated with opioid use disorder, such as anhedonia and depression/anxiety
The neural correlates of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
No full textInhibitory control, a core executive function, emerges in infancy and develops rapidly across childhood. Methodological limitations have meant that studies investigating the neural correlates underlying inhibitory control in infancy are rare. Employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy alongside a novel touchscreen task that measures response inhibition, this study aimed to uncover the neural underpinnings of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants (N = 135). We found that when inhibition is required, the right prefrontal and parietal cortices were more activated than when there is no inhibitory demand. Further, activation in right prefrontal areas was associated with individual differences in response inhibition performance. This demonstrates that inhibitory control in infants as young as 10 months of age is supported by similar brain areas as in older children and adults. With this study we have lowered the age-boundary for localising the neural substrates of response inhibition to the first year of life
Norms and Concealment
No full textSocial norms promote cooperation and prosocial behavior in groups, and one way in which norms support social order is by regulating concealment. However, systematic evidence on whether a norm of concealment affects the frequency of concealment and the content of what people conceal remains scarce. Using data from two surveys of U.S. adults, we find that the norm of concealment is a moral norm that correlates with counts of concealment, the proportion of behaviors concealed, and membership in unique subgroups of concealers. We also find that the norm of concealment is relatively weak in terms of its character: it is bipolar, conditional, and of moderate intensity, with respondents disagreeing about the nature of the norm. Our findings suggest that individuals who follow a moral norm against concealment withhold less information than others
Stress-related inflammation and social withdrawal in mothers after childhood cancer diagnosis
No full textObjective: Acute inflammation-induced sickness behavior involves changes in social behavior that are believed to promote recovery. Whether chronic inflammation can influence social behaviors in ways that promote recovery is unknown. In a sample of mothers of a child with cancer, this report explores the relationship between inflammation that accompanies the stress of diagnosis and changes in social network, cancer-related stress, and inflammation across one year. Three hypotheses were tested, that (1) initial stress would associate with initial inflammation, (2) initial inflammation would predict social changes over time, and (3) social changes over time would buffer stress and inflammation over time.
Methods: Cancer-related stress (Impact of Events Scale), social network (social roles and contacts from the Social Network Inventory), and systemic inflammation (circulating IL-6) were assessed in 120 mothers three times after their child’s cancer diagnosis: following diagnosis (T1), 6-month follow-up (T2), and 12-month follow-up (T3).
Results: Consistent with predictions, greater cancer-related stress following diagnosis (T1) was associated with higher IL-6 following diagnosis (T1; b=.014, p=.008). In turn, higher IL-6 following diagnosis (T1) was associated with a decrease in social roles over time (T1-->T3; B=-.030, p=.041), particularly peripheral social roles. Finally, dropping social roles over time (T1-->T3) was associated with decreases in cancer-related stress (B=21.83, p=.040) and slower increases in IL-6 (B=.940, p=.036) over time.
Conclusions: This study provides a first indication that chronic stress-related systemic inflammation may predict changes in social behavior that associate with stress recovery and slower increases in inflammation in the year following a major life stressor