Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Culture at Work: Self-Entrepreneurialism and Earnings Inequality in the United States
No full textSeveral social theorists describe a culture of self-entrepreneurialism: a subjectivity in which individuals see themselves as determining their objective economic outcomes or earnings. This culture, it is thought, is institutionalized in contemporary employment practices such that, as in human capital theory, self-entrepreneurialism is widespread among employees, and the more self-entrepreneurial earn more. I contribute a quantitative and comprehensive response to these largely untested claims using survey data from the mid-1990s through mid-2010s, representative of working-age Americans. I find individuals’ self-mastery, self-directedness, focus on self-growth and self-foresight of their future forms one general latent reflective self-concept. As a subjectivity, this self-entrepreneurialism is not associated with self-sufficiency or self-flexibility but is high among Americans regardless of social group. In terms of objective earnings, I find self-entrepreneurialism to be associated with an average earnings premium of up to ten percent of average earnings within occupations. However, self-entrepreneurialism does almost nothing to account for enduring earnings inequality between occupations. Further, over individuals’ working life, there is no association between increasing self-entrepreneurialism and increased earnings. Thus, in line with the theory of cultural capital, but not of human capital, self-entrepreneurialism works materially at work
Subgenual cingulate-amygdala functional disconnection and vulnerability to melancholic depression
No full textThe syndromic heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) hinders understanding of the etiology of predisposing vulnerability traits and underscores the importance of identifying neurobiologically valid phenotypes. Distinctive fMRI biomarkers of vulnerability to MDD subtypes are currently lacking. This study investigated whether remitted melancholic MDD patients, who are at an elevated lifetime risk for depressive episodes, demonstrate distinctive patterns of resting-state connectivity with the subgenual cingulate cortex (SCC), known to be of core pathophysiological importance for severe and familial forms of MDD. We hypothesized that patterns of disrupted SCC connectivity would be a distinguishing feature of melancholia. A total of 63 medication-free remitted MDD (rMDD) patients (33 melancholic and 30 nonmelancholic) and 39 never-depressed healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. SCC connectivity was investigated with closely connected bilateral a priori regions of interest (ROIs) relevant to MDD (anterior temporal, ventromedial prefrontal, dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, amygdala, hippocampus, septal region, and hypothalamus). Decreased (less positive) SCC connectivity with the right parahippocampal gyrus and left amygdala distinguished melancholic rMDD patients from the nonmelancholic rMDD and HC groups (cluster-based familywise error-corrected p⩽0.007 over individual a priori ROIs corresponding to approximate Bonferroni-corrected p⩽0.05 across all seven a priori ROIs). No areas demonstrating increased (more positive) connectivity were observed. Abnormally decreased connectivity of the SCC with the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus distinguished melancholic from nonmelancholic rMDD. These results provide the first resting-state neural signature distinctive of melancholic rMDD and may reflect a subtype-specific primary vulnerability factor given a lack of association with the number of previous episodes
Collaboration and Open Science Initiatives in Primate Research
No full textTraditionally, primate cognition research has been conducted by independent teams on small populations of a few species. Such limited variation and small sample sizes pose problems that prevent us from reconstructing the evolutionary history of primate cognition. In this chapter, we discuss how large-scale collaboration, a research model successfully implemented in other fields, makes it possible to obtain the large and diverse datasets needed to conduct robust comparative analysis of primate cognitive abilities. We discuss the advantages and challenges of large-scale collaborations and argue for the need for more open science practices in the field. We describe these collaborative projects in psychology and primatology and introduce ManyPrimates as the first, successful collaboration that has established an infrastructure for large-scale, inclusive research in primate cognition. Considering examples of large-scale collaborations both in primatology and psychology, we conclude that this type of research model is feasible and has the potential to address otherwise unattainable questions in primate cognition
Prospective self- and informant-personality associations with inflammation, health behaviors, and health indicators
No full textObjective: Personality influences many aspects of the health process. It is unclear to what extent self- and informant-reports of the Big Five offer incremental validity for the prediction of inflammatory biomarkers and whether inflammation provides a unique pathway between personality and indicators of physical health, independent of health behaviors.
Methods: Using data from older adults (N = 1,630) enrolled in the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network study, we tested whether self- and informant-reported Big Five traits show unique associations with inflammation (IL-6, CRP, TNF-α). Further, we tested whether inflammation and health behaviors indirectly link personality to health-related quality of life, body mass index, and chronic disease burden using longitudinal mediation in a structural equation modeling framework.
Results: Self-reports, informant-reports, and general trait factors of personality predicted future inflammatory biomarker levels (unstandardized regression coefficients ranged -0.08 to 0.07 for self, -0.13 to -0.10 for informants, and -0.16 to -0.11 for general). Additionally, all assessment methods of personality were associated with the indicators of physical health through biomarker and health behavior pathways. Effects were primarily found for conscientiousness and neuroticism; IL-6 and CRP were the biomarkers with the most indirect effects; and indirect paths overall emerged more frequently through health behaviors, but this varied by outcome.
Conclusions: Self- and informant-reports provided unique predictive validity of inflammatory biomarkers. Findings highlight the benefits of using of multiple assessments of personality and the importance of examining multiple, distinct pathways by which personality might influence health to understand the mechanisms underlying this relationship more fully
Learning to manage depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of skills learned in therapy as a mediator of improved well-being
No full textObjective
In therapy, clients may learn skills to manage depression. Failing to learn such skills would increase the risk of relapse. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted a systematic review of studies that assess the mediating effects of learning skills in treatment for depression.
Method
We searched four databases using 11 keywords to find randomised trials using any intervention and reporting a skill-based outcome. We conducted full-text screening, data- extraction, and risk of bias in duplicate.
Results
Searches retrieved 4,506 unique records. After screening 28 full-texts, 13 met inclusion criteria. Acquisition of skills in psychotherapy was found to be a mechanism through which interventions reduce depression. Skills learned in psychotherapy either have a mediating effect on depression or are associated with positive therapeutic outcomes. Stronger skill-acquisition was also associated with reductions in depressive symptomatology.
Conclusions
Results suggest that therapists should not only focus on the content and relationships built in therapy, but also attend to the pedagogy involved in treatment
Examining time-varying dynamics of co-occurring depressed mood and social anxiety
No full textDimensional frameworks of psychopathology (e.g., HiTOP models) call for multivariate approaches to map co-occurring symptoms clustered within spectra to index what symptoms emerge when and for whom. However, previous work measuring symptom dynamics and affective experiences has largely neglected transdiagnostic measurement of how symptoms co-vary between- and within-individuals over time. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) offers a method for assessing and differentiating the dynamics of co-occurring symptoms with greater temporal granularity and naturalistic context. The present study used multivariate mixed effects location-scale modeling to characterize the time-varying dynamics of depressed mood and anxiety for women diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, major depression, and related co-occurring diagnoses. Women completed five daily EMA surveys over 30 days (150 EMA surveys/woman, T 5,250 total observations) and two clinical diagnostic and self-report batteries conducted approximately two months apart. There was evidence of lagged effects within-factor (bs = .08-.09), but not cross-factor (bs < .01) during EMA. Symptoms co-varied such that momentary spikes from one’s typical level of anxiety were associated with increases in momentary depressed mood (b = .19) and greater volatility of depressed mood (b = .06). Similarly, spikes from one’s typical levels of depressed mood were associated with increases in momentary anxiety (b = .19). Furthermore, the presence and magnitude of effects demonstrated person-specific heterogeneity. Findings from this work help to characterize how daily experiences of co-occurring mood and anxiety fluctuate and offer insight to aid the development of momentary, person-specific interventions designed to regulate symptom fluctuations
Top-Down Modulation of Motor Priming by Belief About Animacy: A Registered Replication Report
No full textResearch has shown that people automatically imitate others and that this tendency is stronger when the other person is a human compared with a non-human agent. However, a controversial question is whether automatic imitation is also modulated by whether people believe the other person is a human. Although early research supported this hypothesis, not all studies reached the same conclusion and a recent meta-analysis found that there is currently neither evidence in favor nor against an influence of animacy beliefs on automatic imitation. One of the most prominent studies supporting such an influence is the study by Liepelt & Brass (2010), who found that automatic imitation was stronger when participants believed an ambiguous, gloved hand to be human, as opposed to wooden. In this registered report, we provide a high-powered replication of this study (N = 199). In contrast to Liepelt & Brass (2010), we did not find an effect of animacy beliefs on automatic imitation. However, we did find a correlation between automatic imitation and perceived self-other similarity. Together, these results suggest that the gloved hand procedure does not reliably influence automatic imitation, but that interindividual differences in perceived similarity do
Cognitive Diagnosis Modelling Incorporating Response Times and Fixation Counts: Providing Comprehensive Feedback and Accurate Diagnosis
No full textRespondents' problem-solving behaviors comprise behaviors that represent complicated cognitive processes that are frequently systematically tied to one another. Biometric data, such as visual fixation counts (FCs), an important eye-tracking indicator, can be combined with other types of variables reflecting different aspects of problem-solving behavior to quantify this variability in problem-solving behavior. To provide comprehensive feedback and accurate diagnosis when using such multimodal data, the present study proposes a multimodal joint cognitive diagnosis model, accounting for latent attributes, latent ability, processing speed, and visual engagement by including three modals of data simultaneously: response accuracy, response times, and FCs. A set of simulated data is used to test the feasibility of the proposed model. The findings suggest that additionally using FCs could increase the comprehensiveness of feedback on problem-solving-related cognitive characteristics (e.g., cognitive style and fluency) as well as the accuracy of knowledge structure diagnosis. An empirical example is used to demonstrate the applicability and benefits of the proposed model
The Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST): A psychometrically validated measure of news veracity discernment
No full textInterest in the psychology of misinformation has exploded in recent years. Despite ample research, to date there is no validated framework to measure misinformation susceptibility. Therefore, we introduce Verification done, a nuanced interpretation schema and assessment tool that simultaneously considers Veracity discernment, and its distinct, measurable abilities (real/fake news detection), and biases (distrust/naïvité—negative/positive judgment bias). We then conduct three studies with seven independent samples (Ntotal = 8,504) to show how to develop, validate, and apply a Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST). In Study 1 (N = 409) we use a neural network language model to generate items, and use three psychometric methods—factor analysis, item response theory, and exploratory graph analysis—to create the MIST-20 (20 items; completion time <2 minutes), the MIST-16 (16 items; <2 minutes), and the MIST-8 (8 items; <1 minute). In Study 2 (N = 7,674) we confirm the internal and predictive validity of the MIST in five national quota samples (US, UK), across 2 years, from three different sampling platforms—Respondi, CloudResearch, and Prolific. We also explore the MIST’s nomological net and generate age-, region-, and country-specific norm tables. In Study 3 (N = 421) we demonstrate how the MIST—in conjunction with Verification done—can provide novel insights on existing psychological interventions, thereby advancing theory development. Finally, we outline the versatile implementations of the MIST as a screening tool, covariate, and intervention evaluation framework. As all methods are transparently reported and detailed, this work will allow other researchers to create similar scales or adapt them for any population of interest
Open-minded, not naïve: Three-month-old infants encode objects as the goals of other people’s reaches
No full textWhen people act on objects, their goals can depend on the objects’ intrinsic properties and conventional uses (e.g., using forks, not knives, to eat spaghetti), locations (e.g., clearing the table, regardless of what is on it), or both (eating with the fork next to your plate, not your dining partner’s). For adults, objects’ intrinsic properties matter more than their locations in most action contexts. Whereas 5-month-old infants privilege objects’ intrinsic properties in attributing goals to people reaching for objects, 3-month-old infants do not. Do younger infants fail to view reaching as goal-directed, or are they uncertain which properties of objects are relevant in different contexts? Here we show that 3-month-old infants attribute goals to others’ reaching actions when given information that their actions depend on what, not where, an object is. Our findings suggest that 3-month-old infants can learn about others’ object goals, before they reach for objects themselves