Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Justice evaluations and just earnings: Analysis of a pilot survey
No full textIn this note, we present the procedure used to transform subjective evaluations of the justice of earnings provided by participants in a vignette survey to just earnings — that is, earnings that the participants think would be just for persons described in the vignettes. To perform that transformation, we use a mixed-effect model with random effects associated with vignettes and respondents. The functional form of the model is determined by theoretical considerations — i.e., postulates of Jasso’s comparison theory. The note includes R code that can be used to replicate the analysis and reproduce its results
Experiments in political psychology
No full textThis chapter provides an overview of studies that use incentivised experiments to study political ideology. We look first at studies that conceptualise political ideology along a unidimensional liberal-conservative spectrum and explore whether there are behavioural differences between liberals and conservatives. While recent studies find that liberals display more pro-sociality, many other studies find that liberals and conservatives display similar levels of pro-social, ingroup-biased, normative, and punitive behaviour. We then turn to experiments that study two-dimensional political ideology as embodied in the concepts of economic conservatism/progressivism (often measured with the Social Dominance Orientation scale) and social conservatism/progressivism (usually measured with the Right-Wing Authoritarianism scale). In such experiments, economic conservatives display lower levels of pro-sociality and universalism and greater tolerance of inequality and tendencies to harm outgroups. Social conservatives tend to display “groupishness”, including distrusting anonymous strangers, cooperating with ingroup members, following rules, punishing in the ultimatum game, and sometimes harming outgroups
BERTERO’S GHOST REVISITED: NEW TYPIFICATIONS OF TALINUM LINARIA COLLA AND CALANDRINIA GAUDICHAUDII BARNÉOUD (= CALANDRINIA PILOSIUSCULA DC; MONTIACEAE)
No full textIn a revision of the systematics of Calandrinia pilosiuscula DC (including Calandrinia compressa Schrad. ex DC; Montiaceae), Hershkovitz recognized a total of ten validly named synonyms, including Calandrinia gaudichaudii Barnéoud and Talinum linaria Colla. He concluded that these two names were homotypic, both protologs citing a Bertero collection from Valparaiso, which Hershkovitz inferred to be C. Bertero 1814. However, the type of T. linaria in TO proves to be labeled C. Bertero 685, not 1814. This is problematic for two reasons: 1) this number corresponds to a series of Bertero’s numbers not from Valparaiso, 1830, but Rancagua, 1828; and 2) sheets elsewhere labeled C. Bertero 685 are Cistanthe trigona (Colla) Hershk. or Calandrinia nitida (Ruiz & Pav.) DC, whereas Bertero’s Rancagua collection of Calandrinia pilosiuscula is C. Bertero 686, not 685. Thus, the present analysis seeks to resolve these and other discrepancies reported previously in the numbering, localities, and dates indicated on sheets of Bertero’s Chilean plant collections. The principal conclusion is that Bertero’s numbers were not intended as “collection” numbers in the modern sense, but rather merely a minimal “species list” of his Chilean collections numbered alphabetically according to genus and species. This scheme evidences his underlying Platonic idealist taxonomic epistemology. Accordingly, he intentionally combined spatiotemporally distinct gatherings, with the consequence that his numbered collections do not qualify conceptually as “specimens” (and/or “duplicates”) per current nomenclatural code criteria, hence neither as types. Individual sheets can, however, be qualified as such secondarily, if code criteria are met. The present work also emphasizes other apparently more clerical errors rampant among sheets of Bertero’s collections. It also concludes that are far fewer spatiotemporally distinct and total Bertero Chilean collections than previously believed. Finally, the species Calandrinia gaudichaudii and Talinum linaria are retypified robustly in view of the present analysis
Piecing together the puzzle of emotional consciousness
No full textThe search for neural correlates of emotional consciousness has gained momentum in the last decades. Nonetheless, disagreements concerning the mechanisms that determine the experiential qualities of emotional consciousness – the what is it like to feel an emotion - as well as on their neural correlates have far reaching consequence on how researchers study and measure emotion, sometimes leading to seemingly irresolvable impasses. The current paper lays out in a balanced way the viewpoint of both cognitive and precognitive approaches to emotional consciousness, on the basis of commonalities and differences between the claims of some relevant theories of emotions. We examine the sufficiency of the existing evidence in support of the proposed theories of emotional consciousness, by going through the methodological specificity of the study of emotional consciousness and its unique challenges, highlighting what can and cannot be imported by advances on research on perceptual consciousness. We propose that there are three key experimental contrasts which are each equally necessary in the search for the neural correlates of emotional consciousness, each contrast alone coming with its own limitations. We conclude by acknowledging some of the most promising avenues in the field which may help go beyond current limitations and collaboratively piece together the puzzle of emotional consciousness
“Only your first yes will count”: The impact of pre-lineup instructions on sequential lineup decisions
No full textWhen administering sequential lineups, researchers often inform their participants that only their first yes response will count. This instruction differs from the original sequential lineup protocol and from how sequential lineups are conducted in practice. Participants (N = 896) viewed a videotaped mock crime and viewed a simultaneous lineup, a sequential lineup with a first-yes-counts instruction, or a sequential control lineup (with no first-yes-counts instruction); the lineup was either target-present or target-absent. Participants in the first-yes-counts condition were less likely to identify the suspect and more likely to reject the lineup than participants in the simultaneous and sequential control conditions, suggesting a conservative criterion shift. The diagnostic value of suspect identifications, as measured by partial Area Under the Curve, was lower in the first-yes-counts lineup than in the simultaneous lineup. Results were qualitatively similar for other metrics of diagnosticity, though the differences were not statistically significant. Differences between the simultaneous and sequential control lineups were negligible on all outcomes. The first-yes-counts instruction undermines sequential lineup performance and produces an artefactual simultaneous lineup advantage. Researchers should adhere to sequential lineup protocols that maximize diagnosticity and that would feasibly be implemented in practice, allowing them to draw more generalizable conclusions from their data
Consequences of Cognitive Offloading: Boosting Performance But Diminishing Memory
No full textModern technical tools such as tablets allow for the temporal externalization of working memory processes (i.e. cognitive offloading). Although such externalizations support immediate performance on different tasks, little is known about potential long-term consequences of offloading behavior. In the current set of experiments, we studied the relationship between cognitive offloading and subsequent memory for the offloaded information as well as the interplay of this relationship with the goal to acquire new memory representations. Our participants solved the Pattern Copy Task, in which we manipulated the costs of cognitive offloading and the awareness of a subsequent memory test. In Experiment 1 (N = 172), we showed that increasing the costs for offloading induces reduced offloading behavior. This reduction in offloading came along with lower immediate task performance but more accurate memory in an unexpected test. In Experiment 2 (N = 172), we confirmed these findings and observed that offloading behavior remained detrimental for subsequent memory performance when participants were aware of the upcoming memory test. Experiment 3 (N = 172) additionally showed that resources released by cognitive offloading are not necessarily “lost”. Those participants who were forced to offload maximally but were aware of the memory test could almost completely counteract the negative impact of offloading on memory. Therefore, cognitive offloading is not detrimental to memory acquisition under all circumstances. Our experiments highlight the importance of the explicit goal to acquire new memory representations when relying on technical tools as offloading did have detrimental effects on memory without such a goal
The Social Odor Scale: development and initial validation of a new scale for the assessment of Social Odor Awareness
No full textThe degree of attention individuals pay to olfactory cues (called odor awareness) influences the role of odors in everyday life. Particularly, odors produced by the human body (i.e., social odors) are able to carry a wide variety of information and to elicit a broad spectrum of emotional reactions, making them essential in interpersonal relationships. Hence, despite the assessment of awareness toward social odors is crucial, a proper tool is still lacking. Here, we designed and initially validated the Social Odor Scale (SOS), a 12-item scale designed to measure the individual differences in awareness towards different social odors. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA; KMO test: MSA = 0.78; Bartlett’s test: χ2(78) = 631.34, p < 0.001; Chi-squared test: χ2(42) = 71.84, p = 0.003) suggests that the three factors structure was the model that best fit with the Italian version of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supports a second-order model with one higher-order factor representing social odor awareness in general and three lower-order factors representing familiar, romantic partner, and stranger social odors. The final version of the scale presented a good fit (RMSEA = 0.012, SRMR = 0.069, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.997). In Study 2, CFA was performed in the German version of the scale confirming the validity of scale structure. Study 3 and 4 revealed that SOS total score and its subscales were positively correlated with other validated olfactory scales, but not with olfactory abilities. Moreover, SOS was found to be related to the gender of the participants: women reported to be more aware to social odors and, specifically, to familiar social odors than men. Overall, the results indicated that SOS is a valid and reliable instrument to assess awareness toward social odors in everyday life
What can be learned about color from language?
No full textCertain colors are strongly associated with certain adjectives (e.g. red is hot, blue is cold). Some of these associations are grounded in visual experiences such as seeing glowing red embers. Surprisingly, despite having no visual experience, many congenitally blind people show very similar color associations which are likely learned through language. We show that these associations are indeed embedded in the statistical structure of language. We apply a projection method to word embeddings trained on corpora of spoken and written language to identify color-adjective associations as they are represented in English. These projections were predictive of color-adjective associations reported by blind and sighted English speakers. The most predictive projections were generated by embeddings derived from a corpus of fiction, which outperformed even the state-of-the-art large language model, GPT-4. By augmenting the training corpora in various ways we discover the types of sentences most responsible for conveying the color-adjective associations to the models. We find that word embedding models learn these associations from indirect (second-order) co-occurrences, and that when prompted, people are able to identify some of the words that are most informative for associating colors with specific adjectives. Learning through linguistic co-occurrences is one way word meanings can be continually aligned across language users despite large variations in perceptual experience
Male size and reproductive performance in three species of livebearing fishes (Gambusia spp.): a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full text1. The genus Gambusia represents approximately 45 species of polyandrous livebearing fishes with reversed sexual size dimorphism (i.e. males smaller than females) and with copulation predominantly via male coercion. Male body size has been suggested as an important sexually selected trait, but despite abundant research, evidence for sexual selection on male body size in this genus is mixed.
2. Studies have found that large males have an advantage in both male-male competition and female choice, but that small males perform sneaky copulations better and at higher frequency and thus may sire more offspring in this coercive mating system. Here, we synthesized this discrepant body of evidence in the primary literature.
3. Using pre-registered methods and hypotheses, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis combining published (n = 19 studies, k = 106 effect sizes) and unpublished data (n = 17, k = 242) to test whether there is overall selection on male body size across studies in Gambusia. We also tested several specific hypotheses to understand sources of heterogeneity across effects.
4. Meta-analysis revealed an overall positive correlation between male size and reproductive performance (r = 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.10 – 0.35, n = 36, k = 348, 4514 males, three Gambusia species). Despite high heterogeneity, the large-male advantage appeared robust across all measures studied (i.e. female choice, mating success, paternity, sperm quantity and quality), but was considerably larger for female choice (r = 0.43, 95% confidence interval: 0.28 – 0.59, n = 14, k = 43). Meta-regressions found several important factors explaining heterogeneity across effects, including type of sperm characteristic, male-to-female ratio, female reproductive status, and environmental conditions. We found evidence of publication bias; however, its effect on our estimates was attenuated by including a substantial amount of unpublished effects, highlighting the importance of unpublished (open) data for more accurate meta-analytic estimates.
5. In addition to positive selection on male size, our study suggests that we need to rethink the role and form of sexual selection in Gambusia and, more broadly, to consider the ecological factors that affect reproductive behaviour in livebearing fishes
Reinstating location improves mnemonic access but not fidelity of visual mental representations
No full textIn a virtual reality environment combined with a continuous delayed estimation paradigm, we investigated how manipulation of location at recall (i.e., corresponding vs. non-corresponding to the location where the object was previously encoded) affected mnemonic access and mnemonic fidelity of color information in 100 participants with a within-subjects design. We predicted that the reinstatement of location during recall would improve mnemonic access and mnemonic fidelity. The results suggest that congruent location enhances color access. However, congruent location seems to play no role, or a small role not yet identified in enhancing the details of visual mental representations (weak evidence for the null hypothesis). Explorative analyses revealed that self-reported object imagery preferences modulate the effect of location manipulation on mnemonic access. Overall, the results support the conceptualization of spatial information as a basic feature to help access visual mental representations. Taken together, these findings are in line with the scaffolding hypothesis of visual mental imagery