Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (JHPB)
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Application of Theory of Planned Behavior on Periodic Testing among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Jombang, East Java, Indonesia
Full text linkBackground: HIV/AIDS is one of the sexually transmitted diseases that is still high in the world. As many as 650,000 people died from this disease, around 38.4 million people were living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), by the end of 2021 with 1.5 million people newly infected with HIV. This study aimed to explore the behavior of people with HIV/AIDS based on the theory of planned behavior.
Subjects and Method: A qualitative design with a case study approach was conducted at the Jombang District Health Service, Jombang Care Center, and the Kabuh Community Health Center Work Area. A total of 5 key informants, 10 people with HIV/AIDS as main informants, 1 supporting informant were selected purposively and snowballed. Data collection was carried out by interviews, observation, documentation (taking photos and reviewing control cards of people with HIV/AIDS). Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman method.
Results: Behavioral intentions are related to the behavior of regular examinations in PLWHA. Attitudes are related to the behavior of regular examinations of PLWHA. Subjective norms are related to the behavior of regular examinations in PLWHA. Perceived behavioral control is related to the behavior of periodic examinations of PLWHA in Jombang Regency, East Java.
Conclusion: Informants have high intentions or positive intentions to carry out periodic examinations aimed at maintaining their health so that it is much better. Informants accept and believe that with regular check-ups their body condition and health will be much better. The role of family and peer support groups is stronger than the influence of health workers. All key informants had positive control behavior to carry out examinations at community health centers that were not close to where they lived when the service from health workers was non-discriminatory and provided accurate information
Meta-Analysis: Correlations between Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support on HIV testing in Homosexual
Full text linkBackground: HIV is an infectious disease for which there is no cure. Homosexuals are a vulnerable group for HIV transmission. One of the HIV-AIDS control programs is to make HIV testing a standard of service in all health facilities. This study aims to analyze the influence of self-efficacy, social support, and knowledge in carrying out HIV tests on homosexuals.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic and meta-analysis study, with PICO as follows: Population= Homosexual. Intervention= Good knowledge, high self-efficacy, and high social support. Comparison= Poor knowledge, low self-efficacy, and low social support. Outcome= Use of HIV Testing. The articles used in this research were obtained from several databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus. These articles were collected over 2 weeks. The keywords to search for articles are as follows: "HIV Test AND Homosexual AND Knowledge AND Self Efficacy AND Social Support". The articles included in this research were full-text articles with a cross-sectional study design. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: A total of 12 articles were reviewed in this meta-analysis research originating from China, Guatemala, Myanmar, USA, Jamaica. The study showed that homosexuals with good knowledge (aOR= 2.02; 95% CI= 1.38 to 2.96; p= 0.003), social support high (aOR= 1.17; 95% CI= 1.03 to 1.34; p= 0.020), and high self-efficacy (aOR= 1.11; 95% CI= 1.02 to 1.22; p= 0.010) has a significant influence on the decision to test for HIV.
Conclusion: Good knowledge, high self-efficacy, and high social support can increase the willingness to carry out HIV testing among homosexuals
Theory of Planned Behavior on the Determinants of Participation in the Long-Term Contraceptive Method Among Women of Reproductive Age, in Nganjuk, East Java
Full text linkBackground: Unintended pregnancies remain a substantial global public health issue despite considerable advances in contraceptive technologies. The global trend shows that the use of permanent contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy is high. Although the trend also shows a rise in the use of long-acting reversible methods, these are still underutilized despite having contraceptive as well as non-contraceptive benefits. This study aimed to examine the determinants of participation in long-term contraceptive method among women of reproductive age in Nganjuk, East Java, using Theory of Planned Behavior.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study, using case control design. This study was conducted in Bagor, Nganjuk, East Java. A total of 100 women of reproductive age was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were constructs in the Theory of Planned Behavior, i.e. attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control. The dependent variables were intention and participation in long-term contraceptive use. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Intention had direct and positive effect on participation in long-term contraceptive use (b=2.07; CI 95% 0.78-3.36; p=0.002). Attitude (b=1.40; CI 95% 0.41-2.40 p=0.006), subjective norm (b=1.64; CI 95% 0.76-2.53; p<0.001), and perceived behavior control (b=1.22; CI 95% 0.32-2.12; p=0.008) had indirect positive effect on participation in long-term contraceptive use through intention. Conclusion: There are direct and indirect effect of Theory of Planned Behavior constructs on participation long-term contraceptive use among women of reproductive age.Keywords: Theory of Planned Behavior, long-term contraceptive method, women of reproductive ageCorrespondence: Joeliatin. School of Midwifery, AKBID Wiyata Mitra Husada, Kertosono, Nganjuk, East Java. Email: [email protected] of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 171-179https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.0
Path Analysis on the Association Between Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors, and House Sanitation in Bengkulu, Sumatera
Full text linkBackground: Poor sanitation is one of the primary causes of communicable diseases in the world. According to UNICEF (2012) 116 million people in Indonesia in 2010 were lacking in standard sanitation. In Bengkulu province, only 33.18% household in 2014 and 39.22% in 2015 had access to good sanitation. This coverage was lower than that of the national level at 62.14%. This study aimed investigating the association between predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors, and house sanitation in Bengkulu, Sumatera.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Teluk Segara District, Bengkulu, Sumatera from November to December 2016. A total of 120 households were selected by fixed exposure sampling for this study. The dependent variable was household sanitation. The independent variables were family education, family income, health education, social capital, and health behavior. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Family education (b= 1.08; SE= 0.48; p= 0.024) and health education (b= 0.19; SE= 0.07; p= 0.007) had positive and statistically significant effect on household sanitation. Health education had positive and statistically significant effect on healthy behavior (b= 0.09; SE= 0.04; p= 0.018). Social capital had positive and marginally significant effect on healthy behavior (b= 0.05; SE= 0.03; p= 0.099). Family income (b= 0.14; SE = 0.45; p= 0.756) and family education (b= 0.15; SE= 0.25; p= 0.566) did not show significant effect on household sanitation.Conclusion: Family education and health education had positive and statistically significant effect on household sanitation. Health education had positive and statistically significant effect on healthy behavior. Social capital had positive and marginally significant effect on healthy behavior. Family income and family education did not show significant effect on household sanitation.Keywords: path analysis, predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors, household sanitationCorrespondence: Shinta Nasir. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected] of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 190-200https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.0
Meta-Analysis: Factors Related to Pap Smear Service Utilization Using Health Belief Model
Full text linkBackground: Cervical cancer or cervical cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer in women. Regular cervical cancer screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test remains an effective public health intervention in preventing and reducing the incidence of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. The health belief model (HBM) is a psychological health behavior change model which shows that belief, perception, and attitude about a disease determine their willingness to use preventive interventions such as disease screening. This study aims to analyze the effect of the health belief model on the utilization of Pap smear screening services.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analytic study. This study uses the PICO model. The meta-analytic study was carried out by searching for articles from databases in electronic form using PubMed, Google Scholar and Proquest. Article search was carried out for 1 month. The keywords used were “Cervical Cancer Screening” OR “Pap Smear” AND “Health Belief Model” OR “Health Belief” AND Cervical Cancer”. The inclusion criteria for this study were complete articles using cross-sectional, 2013-2023. Analysis of the articles in this study used RevMan5.3 software.
Results: A total of 15 cross-sectional studies from several countries, namely Indonesia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iran, Italy, Lebanon, South Korea and the United States. The results of the meta-analysis showed that women of childbearing age with a high perceived vulnerability had a 1.19 times higher likelihood of utilizing Pap Smear screening services than those with a low perceived vulnerability (aOR= 1.19; 95% CI= 1.08 to 1.32; p< 0.001). High perceived benefit (aOR= 1.12; 95% CI= 1.07 to 1.16; p< 0.001) and high self-efficacy (aOR= 1.17; 95% CI= 1.01 to 1.36; p= 0.040) increased utilization of Pap smear screening services.
Conclusion: Perceived vulnerability, perceived usefulness and self-efficacy significantly influence the utilization of Pap Smear screening service
Risk Factors for Stunting Incidence in Children Under Three in the Working Area of the Korbafo Community Health Center, Pantai Baru Sub-District, East Nusa Tenggara
Full text linkBackground: The incidence of stunting in children under three can be generated by several factors, namely family income, maternal education, maternal knowledge concerning nutrition, energy intake, and protein intake. This study aimed to discover the risk factors for stunting in children under three in Korbafo Community Health Center working area, Pantai Baru Sub-District in 2022.
Subjects and Method: The analytical survey study with a case-control study design was conducted in Korbafo Community Health Center working area, Pantai Baru Sub-District, East Nusa Tenggara. A total of 96 children under three divided into 2 groups, 48 children in case group and the other 48 in control group, were selected using purposive sampling. The dependent variable was the incidence of stunting. The independent variables consisted of family income, maternal education, maternal knowledge concerning nutrition, energy intake, and protein intake. The data were analyzed using a simple logistic regression test.
Results: The incidence of stunting in children under three increased with low family income (b = 1.29; 95% CI= 1.46 to 9.20; p= 0.006), low maternal education (b= 1.69; 95% CI= 2.26 to 13.20; p< 0.001), insufficient maternal knowledge concerning nutrition (b = 2.19; 95% CI= 3.57 to 22.67; p< 0.001), inadequate energy intake (b= 1.86; 95% CI= 2.48 to 16.61; p< 0.001), and inadequate protein intake (b= 1.79; 95% CI= 2.47 to 14.56; p< 0.001), and they were statistically significant.
Conclusion: The incidence of stunting in children under three years increases with low family income, low maternal education, insufficient maternal knowledge concerning nutrition, inadequate energy intake, and inadequate protein intake
Application of Theory of Planned Behavior on Factors Associated with Pap Smear Uptake: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Pap smear is a cervical cancer prevention method that has been proven to be effective in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. Utilization of Pap smears is influenced by various factors. Family or partner support can also affect the use of Pap smears in women of reproductive age. This study aimed to estimate the effects of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and family support on Pap Smear utilization.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis based on data obtained through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct published in the last 10 years. Article search was performed using the PICO model. Population: women of reproductive age. Intervention: positive attitude, perception of strong behavioral control and positive family support. Comparison: negative attitude, perception of weak behavioral control and negative family support. Outcome: utilization of Pap smears. Article searches were carried out using the keywords “Papanicolau test” OR “Pap test” AND “attitude” AND “self-efficacy” OR “perceived behavior control” AND “family support” OR “spouse support” OR “husband support”. The article used is full text in English with a cross sectional design. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams and then analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 application.
Results: 22 cross-sectional study from Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, Ethiopia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Iran, and the US were selected for meta-analysis. The total sample size is 13,330. Recent meta-analysis found that positive attitude (aOR= 1.53; 95% CI= 1.35 to 1.72; p<0.001) and perceived strong behavioral control (aOR= 2.01; 95% CI= 1.56 to 2.59; p< 0.001) increased Pap smear utilization. Strong family support increased Pap smear utilization, but it was statistically non-significant (aOR= 2.53; 95% CI= 0.79 to 8.10; p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Positive attitudes, perceptions of strong behavioral control and positive family support can increase Pap smear utilization
Adherence to Direct Observed Treatment Short-Course Treatment in Tuberculosis: Application of the Health Belief Model
Full text linkBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is a public health priority, because it was the leading infectious disease killer before COVID-19 which caused more than 1.4 million deaths in 2019. Non-compliance of TB patients to undergo regular treatment can be an obstacle in achieving a cure rate. and high treatment success. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the Health Belief Model application on Direct Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) treatment adherence for Tuberculosis in Karanganyar Regency.
Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. The study population was Tuberculosis patients undergoing Direct Observed Short-Course Treatment. A total of 200 Tuberculosis Patients undergoing DOTS was selected using purposive sampling. The dependent variable was DOTS compliance. The independent variable was construct of health belief model. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using a multiple logistic regression.
Results: Perceived threat (b= 0.20; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.35; p= 0.007), perceived benefit (b= 0.31; 95% CI= 0.14 – 0.49; p= 0.001), and self-efficacy (b= 0.24; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.36; p< 0.001) significantly increased TB-DOTS compliance. Perceived barrier significantly decreased TB-DOTS compliance (b= -0.21; 95% CI= -0.31 to -0.11; p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Perceived threat, perceived benefit, and self-efficacy significantly increase TB-DOTS compliance. Perceived barrier significantly decreases TB-DOTS compliance
Multilevel Analysis of the Implementation of the Health Belief Model on Antenatal Visit at Integrated Health Posts in Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Full text linkBackground: Antenatal care (ANC) is carried out to prevent causes of morbidity (illness or complications) and mortality (death) in pregnant women and children. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the application of the health belief model and the behavior of utilizing/visiting antenatal services.
Subjects and Method: The research was conducted with a cross-sectional study design. The approach taken was to use an analytical observational model with a sample size of 213 pregnant women. This research was conducted at the Kapuas Hulu District Health Center. This research was conducted in November-December. A sample of 213 pregnant women was selected using stratified random sampling. The dependent variable in this study is ANC visits. Meanwhile, the independent variables in this study were perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and gestational age. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and data was analyzed using a multilevel multiple linear regression analysis model.
Results: ANC visits increased with high perceived susceptibility (b= 0.13; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.20; p < 0.001), high perceived severity (b= 0.17; 95% CI= 0.12 to 0.21; p < 0.001), high perceived benefit ( b=0.13; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.18; p <0.001), high self-efficacy (b= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.18; p=0.005), and high gestational age (b= 0.15; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.20; p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Several constructs in the Health Belief Models which include perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy can be used as predictors of antenatal visits for pregnant women at Integrated service post, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan Province. Resulting in an ICC of 14.9%, which means there is a contextual influence of Integrated service post on antenatal visits of pregnant women
Contextual Effect of Village, Implementation of Theory of Planned Behavior, and Decision to Quit Smoking: A Multilevel Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Behavior is determined by the intention to perform a behavior. Intentions are further influenced by three constructs, attitudes (the advantages and disadvantages of engaging in a behavior), subjective norms (social influences on a behavior) and perceived behavioral control (facilitators and barriers to a behavior). The study aimed to analyze the contextual influence of the hamlet on the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) construct in the decision to stop smoking among adults in Surakarta.
Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 22 villages in Surakarta in November-December. A sample of 200 adult smokers and quitters was selected using snowball sampling. The dependent variable is the decision to stop smoking. The independent variables are intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using multilevel multiple linear regression.
Results: A person's decision to stop smoking is directly influenced by the intention to stop smoking (b= 0.18: 95% CI= 0.07 to 0.28; p= 0.001). Intention to quit smoking was significantly influenced by attitudes about smoking (b= 0.21: 95% CI= 0.10 to 0.32; p <0.001), subjective norms (b=0.19: 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.32; p= 0.003), and perception behavioral control (b= 0.25: 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.42; p= 0.002). Variations at level 2 hamlets have a contextual relationship to the decision to stop smoking (ICC= 10.43%).
Conclusion: Decision to quit smoking is directly influenced by the level of intention to quit smoking. Intention to quit smoking itself is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Hamlet has a contextual effect on the decision to quit smoking