Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (JHPB)
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Path Analysis on the Effect of Biopsychosocial and Economic Factors during Gestational Period on the Risk of Stunting and Development in Children under Five, in Nganjuk, East Java
Full text linkBackground: There is growing evidence of the connections between slow growth in height early in life and impaired health and educational and economic performance later in life. Basic Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar, Riskesdas) conducted by The Minister of Health in 2010, showed that prevalence of stunting in Indonesia was 35.6% of children aged under five years old. This study aimed to examine path analysis on the effect of biopsychosocial and economic factors during gestational period on the risk of stunting and development in children under five, in Nganjuk, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted at Bagor Community Health Center, Nganjuk, East Java. A total sample of 150 children under five, consisting of 50 stunted children and 100 normal children, was selected for this study by fixed exposure sampling. The dependent variables were stunting and development. The independent variables were middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) and family support at pregnancy, low birthweight, maternal height, maternal schooling, and family income. The stunting was measured by anthropometry (weight for height). The child development was measured by Kuesioner Pra-Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP). Other variables were measured by a set of questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Low birth weight had direct negative effect on stunting (b=0.99; p=0.897). Maternal height (b=-2.58; p= 0.029), maternal education (b=-1.55; p=0.002), and family income (b=-1.30; p=0.002) had direct negative effects on stunting. Low birth weight (b=-0.27; p=0.253) and family income (b=-0.007; p=0.976) have negative but statistically non-significant effect on development. Maternal education had positive but statistically non-significant effect on development (b=2.16; p=0.883). MUAC (b=-4.60; p<0.001) had negative and statically significant effect on low birth weight. Family support had positive but statistically non-significant on low birth weight (b=0.52; p=0.492). Maternal height had positive and statistically significant effect on MUAC (b=3.16; p<0.001). Family income had positive but statistically non-significant effect on MUAC (b=0.83; p=0.253).Conclusion: MUAC and maternal education have indirect, negative and statistically significant effect on stunting Maternal height, maternal education, and family income, have direct, negative, and statistically significant effect on stunting.Keywords: stunting, biopsychosocial, economic, gestational periodCorrespondence : Erike Yunicha Viridula. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University. Email: [email protected] of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 180-189https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.0
Effect of Knowledge, Peer Group, Family, Cigarette Price, Stipend, Access to Cigarette, and Attitude, on Smoking Behavior
Full text linkBackground: Passive smokers inhale 75% of ambient smoke and 50% of exhaled smoke. A cigarette contains 4.000 poisonous chemical agents, at least 69 of which are carcinogenic. Therefore ambient tobacco smoke is detrimental to health. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of knowledge, peer group, family, cigarette price, stipend, access to cigarette, and attitude, on smoking behavior.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted at School of Health Polytechnics, Surakarta, Central Java. A total of 105 male students was selected for this study. The dependent variable smoking status. The independent variables knowledge, peer group, family, cigarette price, stipend, access to cigarette, and attitude. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire, and were analyze by logistic regression model. Results: High smoking peer group (OR= 3.21; 95% CI=1.18- 8.72; p= 0.022), high stipend (OR= 3.66; 95% CI= 1.28-10.49; p= 0.016), convenient access to cigarette (OR= 3.02; 95% CI= 1.04 to 8.73; p= 0.042) increased the likelihood of smoking. High knowledge about tobacco smoking (OR= 0.35; 95% CI=0.13-0.95; p = 0.039) and non-smoking family (OR= 0.16; 95% CI=0.03 to 0.70; p= 0.015) decreased the likelihood of smoking. High price of cigarette (OR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.23 to 3.19; p= 0.819) and possitive attitude (OR= 0.88; 95% CI= 0.33 to 2.36; p= 0.795) did not show statistically significant effect on smoking.Conclusion: Smoking peer group, stipend, access to cigarette increase the probability of smoking. Knowledge about tobacco smoking and non-smoking family decrease the probability of smoking.Keywords: knowledge, peer group, family, cigarette price, stipend, access to cigarette, attitude, smoking behaviorCorrespondence: R. Asto Soesyasmoro.School of Health Polytechnics, Surakarta. Email: [email protected] of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 201-210https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.0
Meta Analysis: Application of Health Belief Model on Tertiary Preventive Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Full text linkBackground: Tertiary prevention of DM is taking action on DM sufferers who experience complications to prevent further disability by providing health education to DM sufferers about the importance of drug compliance, diet and exercise. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the Health Belief Model application in improving tertiary preventive behavior in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis study using PICO. P: Patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2; I: High perceived severity, high perceived benefit, high self-efficacy; C: Low perceived severity, low perceived benefit, low self-efficacy; O: Tertiary preventive behavior. Data collection was obtained from data bases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier and Springer Link. The inclusion criteria used were full-text articles with a cross-sectional design, published from 2013 to 2023, in English, the final results of the study were reported using the Adjusted Odd Ratio. The keywords used are “Health Belief Model” OR “HBM” AND “diabetes” AND “preventive behavior” OR “type 2” Health Belief Model” AND “type 2 diabetes mellitus” AND “Cross Sectional Study”. Articles were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3.
Results: Meta-analysis showed the significant results. The study from Ethiopia, Nepal, and China concluded that high perceived severity had a 2.60 times higher influence than low perceived severity on tertiary preventive behavior (aOR= 2.60; 95% CI= 1.06 to 6.37; p= 0.040). Meta-analysis from Ethiopia, Malaysia, China, and Taiwan concluded that high perceived benefits had an influence of 1.76 times higher than low perceived benefits. (aOR= 1.76; 95% CI= 1.09 to 2.82; p= 0.020). The meta-analysis was obtained from Ethiopia, Sudan, India, and China it showed that high self-efficacy has an effect of 2.69 times higher than low self-efficacy (aOR= 2.69; 95% CI= 1.48 to 4.89; p= 0.001).
Conclusion: Perceived severity, perceived benefits and self-efficacy increase tertiary preventive behavior in diabetes mellitus
Health Belief Model: Determinants of Hypertension Prevention Behavior in Adults at Community Health Center, Sukoharjo, Central Java
Full text linkBackground: According the WHO the estimated of age standarized prevalence of High blood presure in adults age 25+ years in Indonesia in 2008 was 42.7% in men and 39.2% in women. Hypertension deaths in Indonesia reached 42.226 or 3.02% of total deaths in 2014. Age-adjusted death rate was 25.26 per 100.000 of population (ranked 29 in the world). The prevalence of hypertension in Sukoharjo, Central Java, was 36.827 cases in 2015. This study aimed to examine the determinants hypertension prevention behavior using Health Belief Model.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia, from September to October 2016. A total of 160 patients visiting Sukoharjo Community Health Center, Sukoharjo, Central Java, was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The sample consisted of 83 (51.9%) patients aged <35 years and 77 (48.1%) patients aged ≥35 years. The exogenous variables were perceived vulnerability, perceived seriousness, cues to action, perceived benefits, perceived barrier, and self efficacy. The endogenous variables were perceived threat and hypertension prevention behavior. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The path model showed goodness of fit with indices as follows: CMIN= 9.03, p=0.172, GFI= 0.99, NFI= 0.99, CFI= 1.00, and RMSEA= 0.06. Self-efficacy (b= 0.11; p<0.001; β=0.31), perceived benefit (b=0.12; p=0.005), and perceived threat (b=-0.10; p<0.001), had positive and statistically significant effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived barrier (b=-0.10; p<0.001) had negative and statistically significant effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived vulnerability (b=0.35; p<0.001), perceived of seriousness (b=0.48; p<0.001), and cues to action (b=0.33; p<0.001) had indirect positive effects on hypertension prevention behavior.Conclusion: Self-efficacy, perceived benefit, and perceived threat, have positive effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived barrier have negative effect on hypertension prevention behavior. Perceived vulnerability, perceived of seriousness, and cues to action have indirect positive effects on hypertension prevention behavior.Keyword: hypertension, prevention behavior, health belief model.Correspondence: Ratna Setyaningsih. School of Nursing Bhakti Mulia, Sukoharjo, Central Java. Email: ratnaa_ [email protected] of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016),1(3): 161-171https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.0
Application of Social Cognitive Theory on Factors Related to Alcohol Consumption in Adolescents: Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Alcoholic drinks are all types of drinks that contain ethanol. In several countries, alcohol is a drink that is easy to obtain, so it tends to be abused a lot. Continuous alcohol consumption can lead to alcohol dependence. The purpose of this research is to analyze the application of social cognitive theory about the factors that influence alcohol consumption in adolescents.
Subjects and Method: The meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model. Population: Teenagers. Intervention: anxiety, drinking parents and drinking friends. Comparison: No anxiety, no drinking parents, and no drinking friends. Outcome: Consumption of alcoholic beverages. The online databases used are: PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus with the keywords “factors associated” AND “alcohol consumption” AND “anxiety” OR “parents alcohol consumption” OR “peers alcohol consumption” AND “adolescents” AND " cross-sectional." The inclusion criteria for this study were complete articles using cross-sectional research, published years from 2013-2023. Data analysis used RevMan 5 software.
Results: A total of 16 cross-sectional studies from several countries namely Ethiopia, Canada, United States, Taiwan, South Africa, Buthan, Myanmar, Uganda, Thailand, Zambia, Brazil, Ghana, and Iran were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that adolescents with anxiety had the possibility of consuming alcohol 1.57 times higher than adolescents who were not anxious (aOR= 1.57; 95% CI= 1.30 to 1.89; p< 0.001), adolescents whose parents drank had a probability of consuming alcohol 1.53 times higher than adolescents whose parents do not drink (aOR=1.53; 95%CI= 1.23 to 1.89; p= 0.001), adolescents whose friends drink have the possibility of consuming alcohol 2.63 times higher than adolescents whose friends are not drinkers (aOR=2.63 ; 95%CI= 1.59 to 4.35; p= 0.002).
Conclusion: Teenagers with anxiety, have drinking parents, and have drinking friends are more likely to consume alcohol
Relationship between Environmental Sanitation and Incidence of Diarrhea among Children Under Five in Alak Health Center, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara
Full text linkBackground: Diarrhea is an occurrence of mushy to liquid bowel movements, with a frequency of 3 times or more in a day. Diarrhea is influenced by several factors that directly or indirectly include agent, host, and environmental factors. Environmental sanitation factors are the most dominant factors causing diarrhea, namely drinking water sources, latrine conditions, garbage disposal conditions, and waste drain conditions. Alak Community Health Center is one of the community health centers with the highest cases of diarrhea with a total of 557 cases in 2018, 428 cases in 2019, and 296 cases in 2020. This study aims to determine the correlation between environmental sanitation and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in the working area of the Alak Community Health Center, Kupang City.
Subjects and Method: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design conducted in the working area of the Alak community health center, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara in November-December 2022. A total of 93 children under five were selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. The independent variables were raw water sources, latrine conditions, garbage disposal conditions, and wastewater disposal conditions. The data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using chi-square tests.
Results: There was a significant association between raw water sources (p< 0.001), latrine conditions (p< 0.001), landfills (p< 0.001), and wastewater disposal (p= 0.001) to the incidence of diarrhea in children under five.
Conclusion: There is a correlation between raw water sources, latrine conditions, garbage disposal, and wastewater disposal to the incidence of diarrhea in children under five.
Keywords: diarrhea, environmental sanitation, children under five.
Correspondence:
Dahniar Salsabiella Djaba. Faculty of Public Health Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang. Lasiana, Lima, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +62 812-3909-5885
Meta Analysis: The Effects of Parental Smokers, Peer Smokers, and Stress on Smoking Behavior in Teenagers
Full text linkBackground: The habit of smoking is one of the health problems that the world is still facing today. The habit of smoking generally starts from youth, where it can have an impact on the health and cognitive behavior of adolescents that is sustainable. This study aims to estimate the influence of smoking parents, close friends of smokers, and stress on smoking habits in adolescents based on values obtained from several previous similar studies.
Subjects and Method: This study used a systematic review study design and meta-analysis. The primary articles used were obtained from online databases (Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, Springer Link, and Science Direct) published in 2012-2022. Population: teenagers. Intervention: parents of smokers, close friends of smokers, and stress. Comparison: parents don't smoke, close friends don't smoke, and don't get stressed. Outcome: smoking habit. In searching for primary articles, the researcher used the keywords “parents smoking” AND “peers smoking OR friends smoking” AND “stress” AND “adolescents OR youth” AND “smoking behavior” AND “cross-sectional study”. This study uses full text articles with a cross-sectional study design and contains aOR (adjusted odds ratio) values. The selection of articles is done using PRISMA flow diagrams. Primary article analysis using the Review Manager 5.4 application.
Results: Articles with a sample size of 378,135 from Finland, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Nigeria, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Turkey, Nepal, Ethiopia, Iran, Tunisia, France and Spain were selected for this meta-analysis. This study showed that adolescents whose parents smoked (aOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 2.12 to 2.25; p< 0.001), close friends smoked (aOR = 6.09; 95% CI = 2.71 to 13.70; p< 0.001), and stress significantly increased smoking behavior in adolescents (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.33 to 1.49; p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Parents of smokers, close friends of smokers, and stress may all increase the risk of smoking.
Keywords: parents, close friends, stress, smoking, teenagers.
Correspondence:
Riya Ulin Nuha. Master’s Program, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir Suratmi No.36A, Jebres, Jebres, 57126 Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Telepon: +6281238710748
Analyzing Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: A Qualitative Study Approach using the Three Phases of Delay
Full text linkBackground: Nigeria has a Maternal Mortality Ratio of 814 per 100,000 births. Only 30% of births in Nigeria occur in health facilities. A proven method to prevent maternal deaths is to provide emergency obstetric care and promote hospital birth. Application of the Three Phases of Delay Model to hospital births in Nigeria directed a community needs assessment and may influence local and regional health promotion efforts with the goal of preventing maternal deaths. This study aimed to analyze maternal deaths in Nigeria, employing a qualitative approach with the Three Phases of Delay model.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study grounded in theory research that employed focus groups and key informant interviews in Cross River State, Nigeria. A stratified random sampling of local government areas was followed by a random selection of wards and a purposive selection of key informants and focus group participants. In total 26 key informants and 100 focus group, discussion participants were selected across the wards in accordance with local customs. All responses were recorded digitally and transcribed verbatim. All key informant interviews and all but two focus groups were conducted in English. Data were collected in December 2016, over a four-week period. The transcripts were analyzed using Atlas TI to designate codes and to compile quotes by theme.Results: Application of the Three Phases of Delay Model to hospital births in Cross River State, Nigeria found significant points of delay at all levels of the Delay Model. The most prevalent of the delays described by the focus groups and key informants were delays in reaching the point of care and delay in receiving quality care at the health facility.Conclusion: Identifying the influences on delay can be employed to develop and plan local and regional health promotion efforts with the goal of preventing maternal death.Keywords: maternal mortality, childbirths, pregnancy, delay model, health facility.Correspondence:Precious Chidozie Azubuike. Department of Public Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]. Phone: +234810- 6353021.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2023), 08(01): 22-33DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.01.0
Qualitative Study of Community Participation Behavior in the Family Planning Program at the Kajuara Community Health Center, Bone District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Full text linkBackground: The high birth rate is the main reason for the need for family planning services. Many women experience difficulties in determining the choice of type of contraception. This is not only because of the limited available methods but also because of their ignorance to make the right choice according to age, number of children and the side effects that often arise. This study aimed to obtain in-depth information about the behavior of community participation in the family planning program at the Kajuara Community Health Center, Bone Regency.
Subjects and Method: The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The number of informants in this study was 7 people. The variables of this study are people's behavior, knowledge, attitudes, and actions. These research variables in a qualitative approach are referred to as the research focus. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews. Data analysis using "content analysis". While the technique of testing the validity of the data using data triangulation.
Results: The results showed that basically, the community at the Kajuara Community Health Center knew about the Family Planning program, its benefits, and objectives, but the information obtained about the Family Planning program was not fully obtained. The attitude of the people who are less responsive to participation in the Family Planning program does not mean they are afraid of not having children but are afraid of the effects of these contraceptives. The actions of people who do not participate in the Family Planning program are due to information from other people regarding the effects of contraceptives which makes people not want to participate in the Family Planning program.
Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a need to increase public knowledge about the Family Planning program through intensive counselling in the community by health workers. It is recommended that the community at the Kajuara Community Health Center support the Family Planning program that has been programmed by the government by participating in the program. It is hoped that mothers will not be influenced by information from other people about the effects of family planning and seek information about family planning programs from health workers.
Keywords: participation behavior, family planning program, knowledge, attitudes, actions.
Correspondence:
Erniati. Faculty of Public Health, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesian. Jl. Raya Baruga, Antang, Manggala, Makassar, 90234 South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +62 852-5684-0988
Relationship Between Level of Knowledge with Behavior Using Personal Protective Equipment among Laboratory Workers at Al-Ihsan Hospital, Bandung, West Java
Full text linkBackground: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is mandatory equipment for workers to use while working in accordance with the hazards and risks that are being faced. This behavior of using PPE itself aims to isolate the workers’ bodies from hazards and risks of occupational accidents. Based on the results of observations, laboratory workers of Al-Ihsan Hospital Bandung still often ignored the use of PPE which may inflict the risk of the occurrence of occupational accidents. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the level of knowledge and the behavior of using PPE among laboratory workers of Al-Ihsan Hospital Bandung, West Java.
Subjects and Method: It was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design conducted at Al-Ihsan Regional General Hospital Bandung from June to September 2022. The sample used was 43 laboratory workers. The dependent variable was the behavior of using personal protective equipment (PPE). The independent variable was the level of knowledge. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test.
Results: The level of knowledge relates to the use of PPE. Well-informed workers increased the behavior of using PPE by 60.0 times compared to workers with a low level of knowledge and it was statistically significant (OR= 60.0; 95% CI= 8.98 to 400.8; p<0.001).
Conclusion: The level of knowledge is significantly related to the behavior of using PPE.
Keywords: behavior of using ppe, level of knowledge, and laboratory workers.
Correspondence:
Endang Dwiyanti. Study Program of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Kebonsari Elvenka II Cluster Graha Mas 36-37 Surabaya, East Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +628213233090