Andalas Journal of International Studies
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Pengakuan, Akumulasi, dan Tanah Adat dalam Kapitalisme Hijau: Studi Perbandingan Indonesia, Filipina, dan Selandia Baru
No full textThis article examines why legal recognition of Indigenous land rights has expanded globally while material control over land and resources remains constrained. Drawing on a comparative analysis of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Aotearoa New Zealand, the study analyzes how international Indigenous rights norms—particularly UNDRIP and related international standards often associated with ILO Convention No. 169—are domesticated through distinct configurations of state authority, market integration, and legal pluralism. Using an interpretive comparative policy analysis of legal texts, policy documents, judicial decisions, and multilateral reports (2010–2024), the article shows that recognition reforms increasingly operate as instruments for regulating Indigenous territories within green developmental and market-oriented governance frameworks. While legal recognition expands formally, it simultaneously re-scales Indigenous authority into administrative and market-compatible forms. Conceptually, the article advances the notion of accumulation through recognition to capture a specific mechanism through which legal acknowledgment of Indigenous land rights enables new forms of assetization, investment eligibility, and ecological commodification without substantive redistribution of territorial sovereignty. This finding contributes to debates in agrarian political economy and critical international political economy by showing how rights-based reforms can become embedded within contemporary regimes of green capitalism
Russia, the Islamic World, and the New World Order: Implications for Indonesia
No full textThe emergence of a new world order is raising its involvement in the relationship between Russia and the Islamic world, which is also of significant relevance for Indonesia given its position as a bridge to Russia’s broader pivot to the East. This research aims to analyze how Russia’s growing ties with Islamic nations impact global power structures and influence Indonesia’s foreign policy and strategic interests. Using Rosenau’s foreign policy theory that conceptualizes state behavior as an adaptive response to changes in the external environment in order to seek survival, this study implies a qualitative approach to define Russia’s geopolitical rationale. The analysis draws on primary and secondary sources including policy documents, official statements, scholarly articles, and interviews with representatives from the Russian Embassy in Indonesia and the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings reveal that Russia’s growing engagement with the Islamic world forms part of broader strategy to counter Western domination and establish a multipolar world order through economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives. This has made Russia positioned itself as a central power broker across the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia. Therefore, as a prominent Muslim-majority nation and a key ASEAN member, Russia’s ongoing developments carry strategic implications for Indonesia. Russia’s expanding role offers opportunities for Indonesia that goes along with Indonesia’s “free and active” foreign policy but simultaneously generating challenges by increasing external pressure on Indonesia’s ability to maintain that posture. Consequently, Indonesia must actively navigate strategic and balanced foreign policy to enhance its diplomatic leverage, while maintaining regional stability and promote its national interest
Efektivitas Kerja Sama Pembangunan Internasional: Pencapaian Global dan Pengalaman Indonesia dalam Good Governance
No full textOne of the important topics in international relations is international development cooperation, particularly good governance. Good governance has long been a crucial pillar of international development cooperation. However, there has been little discussion on the effectiveness of development cooperation in the area of good governance. This paper focuses on global achievements and Indonesia’s experiences in development cooperation, especially in good governance program. It argues that the most successful sector in the agenda of good governance globally is related to electoral assistance. Meanwhile, the decentralization, human rights and rule of law agendas have been shown to have positive, albeit limited, impacts. Here, Indonesia can be categorized not only as a recipient but also as a donor of aid. This allows Indonesia to play a role as a bridge between donor and recipient countries. This paper uses a qualitative methodology with a narrative approach and incorporates the concepts of international development cooperation, good governance and the role of new emerging donors
Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum Strategy: Navigating Great Power Competition and Regional Leadership in Indo-Pacific Security (2014-2024)
No full textThis article analyzes Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) strategy from 2014 to 2024, tracing its transformation from a domestic development initiative to a refined diplomatic tool for managing great power rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. This research utilizes a qualitative case study technique with process tracing to examine official documents, diplomatic exchanges, and quantitative measurements, framed by middle power theory and maritime strategy concepts. The findings indicate that Indonesia's GMF strategy evolved through three distinct phases, achieving significant milestones such as a 234% enhancement in maritime surveillance coverage, the establishment of 89 bilateral maritime cooperation agreements, and effective mediation in regional maritime disputes with an 83% success rate. These results markedly surpassed earlier academic forecasts, demonstrating Indonesia's adept utilization of its geographic advantages and diplomatic skills to establish regional leadership despite the limitations of its middle power status. Despite the GMF's effectiveness being constrained by intensifying great power rivalry and internal limitations, Indonesia has adeptly established itself as a crucial player in Indo-Pacific maritime governance through the integration of institutional development, diplomatic efforts, and operational collaboration, providing significant insights into middle power conduct in intricate regional security contexts
Strategic Hedging Act: An Assessment of Indonesia's Decision to Join BRICS
Full text linkIndonesia has always sought to maintain a neutral position in cooperating with Western countries, especially the United States, as well as with non-Western countries. However, on 6 January 2025, Indonesia took a surprising step by joining BRICS. BRICS is a multilateral institution aiming to reduce dependence on Western financial systems through the New Development Bank (NDB) and counter the dominance of the US dollar through the Local Currency Settlement (LCS) scheme. Indonesia’s entry into BRICS raises questions about the rationale behind such a move. Using Kuik and Goh's strategic hedging theory, which posits that small and medium economic powers maintain flexibility to navigate great-power pressure and uncertainty in order to protect themselves from risks and losses, this study employs qualitative research with a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the reasons behind Indonesia's decision to join BRICS. First, Indonesia joined BRICS as a form of economic pragmatism, driven by its current economic growth and China’s expanding influence in developing countries, positioning BRICS as a strategic opportunity for Indonesia’s prosperity. Second, Indonesia seeks to diversify its economy by fostering formal and informal ties with BRICS members and leveraging the NDB as an alternative financial institution to reduce reliance on Western-dominated systems. Third, BRICS membership is expected to elevate Indonesia’s global standing, enhance its bargaining power, and provide a platform to advance its national agenda in international decision-making processes
Perceptions of the EU’s Indo-Pacific Policy in the Philippines
Full text linkThe rise of the Indo-Pacific region as a key strategic and economic area has prompted the European Union (EU) to increase its engagement there. The EU, whose foreign policy approach is closely related to the liberalism macro theory in International Relations (IR), has thus developed a robust strategy to work more closely with Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines. The research question of this study is how the political elites and the general public in the Philippines perceive the EU's efforts in Southeast Asia. The research findings are that the EU is perceived positively, but awareness of the EU's foreign policy initiatives among the political elites and the general public remains relatively low. Academics and local experts underline the potential benefits of EU partnerships beyond the military dimension, which is in accordance with a traditional liberal foreign policy. However, there is criticism of the EU's perceived moral stance and capabilities in the region, with doubts about its willingness to engage militarily in regional conflicts, which would stand in contrast to a liberal foreign policy approach. Overall, while the Philippine government and general public welcomes the EU's commitment to a rules-based order in the face of Chinese encroachment, skepticism remains about the EU's strategic relevance and practical impact in safeguarding Philippine interests
Leveraging Asymmetric Relations in Sister City Relationships
Full text linkThis research analyzes the Sister City collaboration model that influences the success of economic cooperation between local governments. Sister City Relationship (SCR) is a form of subnational diplomacy that connects cities across countries through formal agreements, aiming to promote economic, cultural, and social cooperation. However, many SCR initiatives remain symbolic and fail to generate tangible benefits. This study proposes a more strategic approach by examining how asymmetry between cities can enhance economic cooperation. The theoretical framework adopts an asymmetric approach, arguing that mutual compatibility can emerge from unequal relationships. Compatibility is operationalized through indicators such as: (1) Area, (2) Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and (3) Human Development Index (HDI), which reflect the economic and developmental capacity of a city or region. A coupling model is used to categorize relationships into Big-Small and Small-Big pairings, referring respectively to partnerships where a big Local Cities collaborates with a smaller Foreign Cities, and vice versa. These asymmetric configurations are found to be more effective than symmetrical pairings, which often struggle with overlapping interests and lack of reciprocity. Empirical findings based on selected SCR cases in Indonesia such as Bandung, Surabaya and Medan, shows that coupling cities with complementary resources, rather than equal status, enables more dynamic and outcome-driven engagements. The study offers both theoretical and practical contribution for designing more strategic and resource-based asymmetric relations
Defense Diplomacy of Middle Powers in Digital International Relations
No full textIn an era of rapid digital innovation and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), growing technological power imbalances have generated serious concerns about the equality, agency, and sovereignty of state and non-state actors. This study uses a qualitative, interpretivist methodology to examine the consequences of the digital divide. It focuses on how middle powers manage technological competition while maintaining strategic autonomy in the transformation of international relations. The findings indicate that while digital technology and AI enhance state capabilities and reshape global power hierarchies, they generate critical, ethical, and political challenges, particularly around surveillance, accountability, and algorithmic bias. This study argues that middle power can use defense diplomacy as a strategic instrument to confront the challenges of digital technology. Defense diplomacy employs comprehensive approaches, both coercive and non-coercive, and serves as an effective strategy for middle powers to influence global norms, develop cooperative security frameworks, and manage technological disruptions through building trust among actors. Ultimately, this study contributes to the interdisciplinary discourse on digital international relations by offering a framework for middle powers in an era increasingly shaped by algorithmic decision-making and cyber politics
Kecerdasan Buatan dan Keamanan Manusia: Implikasi Konflik Internal dan Eksternal dalam Bidang Keamanan dan Pertahanan
No full textThe development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought significant impacts across various aspects of life, including security and defense. AI offers the ability to enhance operational effectiveness through automation and advanced data analysis. However, its application also presents risks, particularly conflicts involving civilian populations. This research aims to analyze the implications of AI in the field of security and defense on potential conflicts using a human security approach. This approach highlights three fundamental components of human security: freedom from fear, sustainable livelihoods, and the assurance of human rights. The research employs a qualitative method with data collection techniques through literature reviews. Analysis is conducted using the illustrative method. The research finds that the use of AI in autonomous weapons often results in unintended civilian casualties, triggering external conflicts. On the other hand, technologies like face recognition and surveillance capitalism create internal conflicts due to algorithmic discrimination and privacy violations. The findings indicate that AI, while offering operational benefits, can introduce new threats in the form of digital technology threats. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate human security principles into the development and implementation of AI to minimize the risks of conflict and ensure a more responsible application of technology
Assessment of the UN’s Role in Peacekeeping and Development in East Timor
Full text linkThis article examines the United Nations' (UN) intervention in East Timor, highlighting its success as a model of international peacekeeping in the context of internal conflict. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis method, drawing on a literature review of various secondary sources, including UN reports, scholarly journals, and previous research. The study examines three primary aspects: the international context and the foundations of intervention based on peacekeeping and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P); the perspectives of the East Timorese community regarding the UN intervention; and an evaluation of peacekeeping missions, including UNAMET, UNTAET, and UNMIT. The findings reveal that while the UN operations in East Timor were generally successful in supporting the transition to independence and creating stability, challenges in achieving sustainable development and empowering local communities remain significant tasks. This study highlights the importance of adopting a responsive approach to local contexts to ensure the sustainability of peace. The experience in East Timor offers strategic insights for the implementation of future international peacekeeping missions