International Journal of Agricultural and Life sciences (Skyfox Publishing Group)
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Review on Microbial remediation of Heavy metals from E-waste
Full text linkE-waste is an end of the life span of electric or electronic appliances which contain the complex heavy metals. It is causing severe health concerns for millions of people around the world, mostly in the developing nations of India, Africa, Europe, etc. More of these wastes are ending up in dumping yards and recycling centers, cause a new challenge to the environment. In general electronic gadgets are intended to make our lives happier and simpler, but their toxicity, removal and recycling becomes a health horrendous. Many research papers have been reported on microbial remediation of heavy metals present in E-waste. The pioneer work was reported on 1998, bio-dissolution of spent nickel batteries using Thiobacillus ferroxidans, which is the first step to recycle and discarded batteries by using microbes as eco-friendly method. This review paper provides an insight in to the bioremediation of heavy metals from E-waste by potential microorganisms, in an eco-friendly way and provide pathway for current researchers
Effect of cooking temperature on some quality characteristic of Almond milk
Full text linkProcessing of almond was done at different temperatures (80, 90, 100 and 110°C), to produce almond milk samples (A, B, C and D). The almond milk sample (C) processed at normal boiling temperature (100°C) kept as reference standard. Using different standard analytical methods, almond milk were analyzed for physiochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes. Due to increase in temperature the crude fat and moisture content decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 3.40 to 3.14% and 86.05 to 83.78%, respectively; while significant increase (p<0.05) were observed in protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate contents. The pH and Total solids of almond milk significantly increased from 6.75 to 6.84 and 13.89 to 15.11% respectively. Total viable count significantly decrease (p<0.05) from 2.24-1.33×103 CFU/ml for sample A to D processed at 80-110°C, while yeast and mold from 1.22-0.35×102 CFU/ml. The mean value score awarded to all sensory attributes increase from A to C but decrease in D. Almond milk products were acceptable, highest acceptability score (8.33) awarded to milk sample C processed at 100°C followed by samples B, A and D. Processing of almond milk at 100°C provide the better milk product with all measured characteristics suggested for almond milk processing
Selection of yeast strain producing acetic acid
Full text linkA yeast strain E2 was purified from traditional yeast, and retained for its strongly acidifying, fermentative and saccharolytic power. In fact, this strain produces a high concentration of acetic acid 105.85 mg / L revealed by using the H.P.L.C DAD technique during its growth in semi synthetic medium containing sucrose at 5 g /l as only carbon source. The pH of the culture medium increases from 5.58 to 2.76 after 24 hours of culture and to 2.48 after 48 hours of incubation. The initial biomass (D.Oi) increases from the value 0.659 to 5.36 after 24h and to 8.38 after 48h under the same conditions. A yeast strain E2 was purified from traditional yeast, and retained for its strongly acidifying, fermentative and saccharolytic power. In fact, this strain produces a high concentration of acetic acid 105.85 mg / L revealed by using the H.P.L.C DAD technique during its growth in semi synthetic medium containing sucrose at 5 g /l as only carbon source. The pH of the culture medium increases from 5.58 to 2.76 after 24 hours of culture and to 2.48 after 48 hours of incubation. The initial biomass (D.Oi) increases from the value 0.659 to 5.36 after 24h and to 8.38 after 48h under the same conditions
Human Norovirus Infection: Identification, Epidemics and Treatment
Full text linkHuman Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important enteric pathogens, which affect the stomach and intestines, leading to gastroenteritis or more commonly called the "stomach flu" or “winter vomiting bug". HuNoVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by directly infected person-to-person contact or directly via contaminated foods, water and surface areas. The virus is highly contagious as 10-100 virus particles are sufficient to cause diseases. HuNoVs can spread easily and cause prolonged outbreaks. This is due to their environmental persistence, high infectivity, being resistance to disinfection and difficulty in preventing transmission. HuNoVs are the most common causative agent leading to acute gastroenteritis among infectious diseases worldwide and poses a serious public health problem, especially among children being the most susceptible. In developing countries, the highest cost of medical care after respiratory infections is listed for acute gastroenteritis. In this study, Norovirus outbreaks, precautions, its identification and struggles were informed and some suggestions were made about this case
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum – A threat and challenge for crops
Full text linkSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a soil borne plant pathogen, capable of infecting more than 500 host plants worldwide. It is a major pathogen that plays a crucial role in reducing the yield in economically important crops. It causes stem & crown rot, wilt, leaf & petiole rot, blossom blight, fruit rot and damping off diseases in crops. The initial mycelia infection at the base of the stem is an appearance of elongated water soaked lesions that expand rapidly. Ascospore infection is quite general and occurs on the other plant parts. Effective pathogenesis by the S. sclerotiorum requires the secretion of oxalic acid and lytic enzymes. Germination of overwintered sclerotia, and release, survival and germination of ascospores are important factors for the development of disease. The capability of sclerotia to survive for more than 5 years, so it becomes very difficult to manage the Sclerotinia diseases. Management of S. sclerotiorum is a major challenge, and the best being the integration of various Measures like, cultural practices, chemical, biological and resistance varieties. The review summarizes current information on morphology, symptomatology, disease cycle and management of the disease. In addition, current research and management strategies to combat S. sclerotiorum also discuss
Characterization, treatment and recovery of fish byproduct as a stable bio-fertilizer
Full text linkNational fish production reached in 2013 an amount of 1,245,912 tons. Now the pelagic fish industry generates a significant amount of waste up to 60%. The physicochemical analyses of these fish by-products showed a wealth of organic material including proteins (87.4% dry weight) and minerals (9% dry weight). These components and others are capitalizing to be used for agricultural or agri-food. Biotransformation of biotechnologically in fish products was performed in the laboratory. Fresh fish byproducts were ground and mixed with a carbon-rich source of carbohydrates. The mixture was inoculated with selected fermentation yeast. The fermentation of evolution was controlled by monitoring chemical parameters (pH, dry matter, ash, total nitrogen) and microbiological (FMAT, Enterobacteriaceae: fecal and total Coliforms, yeasts). Then the product thus stabilized at a pH of 3.8 has undergone a second treatment. A hydrolyzate rich in amino acids and trace elements was obtained with excellent hygienic quality after a total elimination of pathogens. Its use will be as factors for fertilizer and soil amendment. We produced three biostimulants necessary for plant growth: Rooting fertilizer, Plant elongation fertilizer and production fertilizer. The application tests on these biofertilizers in the laboratory were performed and have allowed obtaining promising results
Determination of Opinions and Level of knowledge of Culinary Program Students about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s): Istanbul
Full text linkThis study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male). Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30 questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion. This study is conducted to investigate knowledge, attitudes and behavior of university culinary program students about genetically modified organisms (GMOS). The study is carried out among 214 university students aged (99 female, 115 male). Demographic characteristics of students, their knowledge, attitude and behavior of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are taken into consideration in the data collection process. 10 open-ended questions and an attitude scale questionnaire which consists of 30 questions was applied. The data obtained with the SPSS 20.0 program by using frequency (F), percent (%), t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the question “Have you ever heard of the term GMO?” 32 students (15%) stated that they never heard of the term. Students from the culinary program, replied the question “In your opinion, is GMO beneficial or harmful? ‘’ 95, 8% replied as harmful. According to replies of culinary program 1. and 2. year students there was no significant difference between their answers to the question (p> 0.05). For the question ’’ If it is harmful, why?’’ students stated that GMO causes cancer. The average of female students answer is 3, 40, while the average of male students is 3,42. T test conducted to these averages gives the result of p=0.389 (p> 0.05). The averages of their responses to the items and the number of male and female students have been very close to each other. But there is statistical difference to the reply of 28. Question which is p=0.02 (p<0.05). The analysis demonstrates that students have enough basic knowledge about genetically modified organisms, but it was observed that they experience conceptual confusion. Most of the students believe that GMO technology is harmful, and there are some conceptual mistakes. It was concluded that the concept of the course will increase knowledge and awareness about GMOs in the curriculum topics that will help to eliminate confusion
Hoxb8 Gene Polymorphism in Fur Chewing Chinchilla – A Preliminary Study
Full text linkThe fur chewing in animals is being mentioned among the obsessive- compulsive disorders. It is a group of behavioral dysfunctions of unknown origin, occurring in almost all vertebrates. Hoxb8 gene is involved in embryonic development and is extensively expressed in the CNS, in the regions responsible for grooming behavior in mammals. The loss of function mutation in Hoxb8 gene induces phenotypic symptoms comparable to the human trichotillomania - obsessive – compulsive disorder, in the course of which the patients uncontrolled pluck their hair from different areas of the body. The aim of the study was to analyze Hoxb8 gene sequence in fur chewing chinchillas for the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). On the basis of the analyzed sequences, the presence of two point mutations was detected: transversion A>C (g.1451C>A), resulting in the substitution of proline to glycine and the transition A>G (g.1654A>G), resulting in substitution of aspartic acid to glycine. In the analyzed group were detected both homozygous AA, GG, and heterozygous AG
Molecular characterization of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase gene of soybean plant growth promoting bacterium Bacillus sp. SJ-5
Full text linkPlant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) colonize the rhizosphere of many plant species and confer beneficial effects, such as increased plant growth and reduced susceptibility to diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi. The aim of the present study was to molecularly characterize the presence of biocontrol gene chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase of the Bacillus sp. SJ-5 to understand its role in fungal pathogen inhibition. Genomic DNA was isolated from Bacillus sp. SJ-5 and chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase gene were amplified using specific primers. On the agarose gel 402 pb and750 bp bands were detected for chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase respectively. Upon homology analysis it confirms the presence of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase gene in SJ-5 and sequences submitted to Genbank. The study indicates the potential of this PGPB to inhibit fungal pathogen through cell wall degrading enzymes production
In vitro screening for salinity and drought stress tolerance in plant growth promoting bacterial strains
Full text linkThe present study was designed to elevate the in vitro bacterial mechanisms related to the plant growth promotion and their tolerance for sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in culture media. Total nine bacterial strains were studied for both stress tolerance under varying concentration of NaCl and PEG. Out of them, three bacterial strains namely Pseudomonas simiae AU, P. koreensis AK-1 and Carnobacterium sp. SJ-5 were found tolerate to stress and further used for biochemical characterization of ACC-deaminase, IAA and Pi-solubilization activities under both stresses. All three strains were exhibited equal amount of Pisolubilization at each stress levels. The strain P. simiae AU significantly presented the highest ACC-deaminase activity (81 nmol/mg/h and 73 nmol/mg/h) and IAA activity (41.5 Hg/mL and 39.08 Hg/mL) at 0.4M NaCl and 10% PEG stress respectively