Market Forces (Journal of Management, Business and Economics, College of Management Science, PAF-KIET)
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Tourism in Pakistan is not Achieving Its Real Potential Due to a Lack of Infrastructure and Promotion
No full textTourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world. However, in Pakistan, it is facing many problems. Pakistan has many natural and cultural resources that it can use to promote tourism. The country has the potential to attract visitors from all around the globe. Unfortunately, the government's lack of resources and dedication has led to the country's underutilization of tourism's potential. Given its importance, the study has examined the impact of traveler constraints, traveler anxiety, tourism distribution channels, and product offerings on travel intent. It also examined the moderating effect of the usefulness of advertising content on traveler intention. The study collected the sample data from travelers at Jinnah International Airport. The study found that traveler constraints and traveler anxiety negatively affect traveler intention. It also found that tourism distribution channels and product offerings positively affect travel intention. The study also supported the moderating effect of the usefulness of advertising content between product offering and travel intention. Social media and conventional news channels have distorted the country's image, and many travelers perceive it as not a safe place to visit. Tourism Bureau and the government must spend considerable resources to improve its image.
Antecedent to Green Creativity and the Moderating Role of Green Intrinsic Motivation and Green Autonomony Affilia
No full textConcern about the green environment has increased significantly in recent years. Regulators now have strict policies and regulations for firms to reduce pollution by recycling water and other industrial waste. However, policies and regulations may not reduce environmental decay unless all the stakeholders, including employees and management of the firms, actively contribute to making the environment sustainable. Given its importance, the study has focused on Pakistan's chemical sector, which significantly contributes to environmental decay. The study has three independent variables (i.e., green intrinsic motivation, green transformation leadership, and green innovation climate), one dependent variable (i.e., green creativity), and two moderators (i.e., green extrinsic motivation and green autonomy). The study collected a sample of 460 from the target sector and found that our results support five hypotheses but do not support one. The results show that "green intrinsic motivation and green innovation climate significantly affect green creativity." However, "green innovative climate insignificantly affects green creativity." We also found that "green transformational leadership positively affects green creativity and green intrinsic motivation." The study also documents that "green extrinsic motivation moderates green intrinsic motivation and green creativity." Moreover, "green autonomy moderates the green innovation climate and green creativity."
Behavior Biases and Investor Investment Decisions in Pakistan Foreign Exchange Market
No full textMany investors in developing countries, including Pakistan, make incorrect decisions due to behavioral biases. Thus, this study examines the relationship between behavioral biases and investment decisions and the moderating role of “financial literacy on investment decisions.” Using a predeveloped questionnaire, we collected 419 responses by focusing on the respondents who trade extensively in the foreign exchange market. The data analysis includes descriptive analysis, correlation, reliability, validity, and hypotheses testing using Smart PLS. The study found herding bias, overconfidence, and representativeness significantly affect the investment decision. Risk tolerance insignificantly affects investment decisions. We also found that financial literacy has a moderating effect on investment decisions. The study recommends that policymakers arrange seminars and workshops for investors on financial literacy. Such measures may reduce the investors’ decisions based on behavioral biases
Antecedents to Change and Moderating Role of Organizational Culture
No full textIn the prevailing era of technology diffusion and globalization, firms worldwide are changing their work process, policies, and procedures for growth and sustainability. However, implementing change management is challenging for organizations as they receive resistance from the employees. Many factors promote resistance to change, including job security, uncertainty, and losing rewards and benefits. Banks' employees believe in following conventional practices and often have negative attitudes toward organizational change. Given its importance, we identified the antecedents that positively or negatively affect attitude toward change. The study focused on the leading banks in Karachi. Based on purposeful sampling, we collected a sample of 387 employees of local banks. The study found affective commitment insignificantly affects job satisfaction. Job stress negatively affects job satisfaction, and social influence stimulates job satisfaction. Job stress negatively affects attitudes toward change, but job satisfaction and social influence positively affect attitudes toward change. The study also documents that organizational culture insignificantly moderates affective commitment and job satisfaction. The study recommends that organizations implementing change management must share the change management programs with all the stakeholders. Additionally, organizations must find out why employees are against change management. By addressing employees' concerns about change management, organizations may face little resistance from them.
The Impact of Technological Advancement in Airports on Passenger's Convenience in Jinnah International Airport Karachi
No full textIn the prevailing technology era, travelers prefer airports that provide self-service and other supportive technologies. These technologies increase travelers' enjoyment and satisfaction and enhance their confidence. Consequently, they develop a positive image of such airports. Given its importance, this study examined the effect of airport self-service technologies (ASSTs) on traveler confidence benefits (TCBs) and the impact of airport-supporting technologies (ASTs) on traveler enjoyment. We also examined the impact of traveler confidence benefits (TCBs) and traveler enjoyment (TE) on traveler satisfaction (TS). The study also explored the effect of traveler satisfaction (TS) on airport image (AI). The study focuses on the local and international passengers traveling from the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. We distributed 450 questionnaires in the local and international lounges on different days and times, and we received 415 questionnaires. The study found airport self-service technologies (ASSTs) promote traveler confidence benefits (TCBs), and airport supporting technologies (ASTs) positively affect travelers enjoyment. The study also documents that traveler confidence benefits (TCBs) and traveler enjoyment stimulate traveler satisfaction (TS). The study also found traveler satisfaction (TS) positively affects airport image (AI)
Impact of Social Media Opinion Leaders Influencers on Individual Consumption Decisions of Visually Conspicuous Products
No full textSocial media has completely altered how businesses engage with their customers. Social media influencers have become an essential marketing tool for many industries. The consumption of conspicuous products is growing in today's era. Therefore, most people prefer luxury products as a status symbol, ignoring what brands offer. Consequently, brands spend considerable resources on social media to promote their products and reach a wider audience. However, little research is available on how social media affects customer behavior and how to measure social media effectiveness. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the influence of social media influencers on customer attitudes, behaviors, and purchase intentions toward the consumption of conspicuous products in Pakistan. The study also examined the mediating effect of brand image on consumer attitude and purchase intention. The study used Smart PLS 4 for data analysis on a data set of 200 respondents. The result indicates that social media influencer positively affects brand image, consumer attitude and purchase intention. The findings also reveal that brand image mediates (i) social media influencer and customer attitude and (ii) social media influencer and purchase intention. This research contributes to the current reservoir of knowledge by providing insights into the factors that make social media influencers successful in promoting conspicuous products. The study findings can benefit conspicuous/luxury brands in selecting suitable social media influencers and marketing strategies that enhance their brand image
Spirituality Matters: A Structural Analysis of Workplace Spirituality and its Outcome
No full textSMEs world over significantly contributes to employment generation and economic activities. But in SMEs, specifically in Pakistan, employees have a high turnover intention and low morale resulting in low job and organizational performance. Researchers believe that spirituality in the workplace can address these issues. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect of spirituality on job satisfaction, organizational performance, loneliness, and turnover intention. It also examines the mediating roles of loneliness and work values. The study collected a sample of 415 SME employees in Karachi. We found that workplace spirituality positively affects job satisfaction, loneliness, and turnover intention. Our results related to the effect of spirituality on turnover intention and loneliness contradicts the past literature. However, we found that loneliness mediates workplace spirituality and turnover intentions. Our results also support the moderating effect of work values on workplace spirituality and job satisfaction. A lack of social values may promote loneliness and unhappiness at work in SMEs and other business entities
The Relationship between Organizational Identification and Whistleblowing: Moderating Roles of Perceived Ethical Climate & Proactive Personality
No full textOrganizational whistleblowing is a preventive tool to reduce the risks of malpractice and irregularities. If a firm finds out about irregularities early, it could save from a bigger loss. Given its importance, the study has extended the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the impact of organizational identification and empowerment on whistleblowing behavior. The study also examines the moderating roles of ethical climate and proactive personality on whistleblowing behavior. The study focused on the leading banks of Pakistan and collected responses from 427 employees non[1]randomly. We found that organization identification and empowerment significantly affect whistleblowing behavior. Our results suggest that ethical climate moderates organization Identification and whistleblowing behavior. However, contrary to past studies, our study did not support the moderating effect of proactive personality on organization identification and whistleblowing behavior
A Moderated Model: Task Ambiguity and Task Complexity Moderating Servant Leadership and Employees Turnover Intention
No full textApart from contributing towards GDP and employment generation, SMEs face the challenges of retaining talented employees. Besides other factors, the type of leadership, task ambiguity, and complexity affect employees’ attitudes toward work and organizations. Given its importance, the study examines the effect of “servant leadership, task ambiguity, and complexity” on turnover intention. It also examines the moderating roles of “ambiguity and complexity on turnover intentions” in SMEs in Karachi. We collected a sample of 252 from local SMEs in Karachi. The study found servant leadership negatively affects turnover intention. Task ambiguity and task complexity positively affect turnover intention. Task ambiguity insignificantly moderates “servant leadership and turnover intention. Task complexity significantly moderate servant leadership and turnover intention. Due to a lack of job description and direction, employees often get confused, adversely affecting their motivation, well-being, and productivity. We suggest leaders delegate jobs by aligning employees’ characteristics, skills, and job requirements. They must be clear about what they expect from the employees by communicating verbally and in writing. Firms must arrange seminars, workshops, and counseling sessions on leadership styles. Such sessions may improve leaders’ attitudes and behaviors toward employees
The The Impact of Green Human Resource Management on the Triple Bottom Lines of Sustainability Performance
No full textThe concern for a green environment in the last few years has increased significantly, due to which firms worldwide spend considerable resources on corporate social responsibility. GHRM is a new concept that involves all the stakeholders for a sustainable environment. Given its importance, we have focused on the textile sector of Pakistan because it contributes significantly to economic development and environmental decay. The study collected 565 responses non-randomly from the targeted textile sectors of Karachi. Given its importance, we tested a model with five articulated hypotheses and found green recruitment and selection and green empowerment significantly affect environmental performance. But we found an inverse association between training and development and environmental performance. Perhaps, employees in the textile sectors feel the training in their entities is not relevant to environmental sustainability. We also found an insignificant association between green empowerment and environmental performance. Most of the textile units in Pakistan are family owned, and they often do not empower the employees in decision-making. Green knowledge theoretically should enhance the association between green recruitment and selection, but we found it does not. The results suggest that the textile sector in Pakistan need to focus on this aspect to increase the employees’ green knowledge