Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)
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APLIKASI KAEDAH AL-ZAJR BI AL-HAJR SEBAGAI PENDEKATAN MENANGANI ISU LGBT DI MALAYSIA: THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF AL-ZAJR BI AL-HAJR AS AN APPROACH TO DEALING WITH LGBT ISSUES IN MALAYSIA
Full text linkLesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people are increasingly active in Malaysia and are a cause for concern. Various campaigns and events are held to promote and normalise this contrasting culture in the community. The slogan of human rights (HAM) is misused to call for the recognition and equality of rights locally and internationally. Therefore, this study aims to explore the approach of al-zajr bi al-hajr (prevention through boycott) in Islam and to analyse the compatibility of this approach in dealing with LGBT symptoms in Malaysia. The methodology of this study utilised a qualitative approach through exploration. Data were collected through documentation and structured interviews. The findings of this study concluded that the method of al-zajr bi al-hajris an important approach to prevent people from making mistakes or repeating them in the future. One of the subdivisions of al-hajris the approach of boycott or ostracism, which has been practised from the time of Rasulullah SAW to the present day. This study outlines an approach that can be used for LGBT individuals who wish to change through isolation, through regular programmes such as mukhayyam and religious education. For the vocal LGBT groups, on the other hand, the appropriate approach is isolation through law enforcement, economic boycotts and the imposition of restrictions on the real and virtual platform. Overall, al-zajr bi al-hajr is an approach that can be applied to LGBT issues in Malaysia depending on the group\u27s current situation. Authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the community at large are encouraged to apply this method in addition to existing methods to deal wisely with LGBT issues in Malaysia.
ABSTRAK
Golongan lesbian, gay, biseksual dan transgender (LGBT) kini semakin aktif hingga menimbulkan kebimbangan di Malaysia. Pelbagai kempen dan himpunan dilakukan untuk mempromosikan serta menormalisasikan budaya yang bertentangan ini kepada masyarakat. Slogan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) disalahguna bagi menuntut pengiktirafan dan kesamarataan hak di peringkat tempatan dan antarabangsa. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis pendekatan al-zajr bi al-hajr (pencegahan melalui pemulauan) di dalam Islam dan menganalisis kesesuaian pendekatan ini dalam menangani gejala LGBT di Malaysia. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui eksplorasi. Data dikumpulkan melalui kaedah dokumentasi dan temu bual berstruktur. Hasil kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa kaedah al-zajr bi al-hajr merupakan pendekatan yang penting untuk mencegah manusia daripada melakukan kesalahan atau mengulangi kesalahan di masa depan. Salah satu cabang al-hajr adalah melalui pendekatan boikot atau pemulauan yang telah dilakukan sejak zaman Rasulullah SAW hingga kini. Kajian ini menggariskan pendekatan yang boleh digunakan terhadap golongan LGBT yang ingin berubah dengan melalui pengasingan melalui program berkala seperti mukhayyam dan kelas pengajian agama. Manakala, bagi golongan LGBT yang lebih tegar, pendekatan yang sesuai adalah pengasingan melalui penguatkuasaan undang-undang, boikot ekonomi, dan pelaksanaan sekatan di alam realiti dan alam maya. Secara keseluruhannya, al-zajr bi al-hajr merupakan pendekatan yang dapat diterapkan untuk menangani gejala LGBT di Malaysia mengikut keadaan semasa golongan tersebut. Pihak berkuasa, pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO), dan seluruh masyarakat digalakkan menggunakan kaedah ini sebagai tambahan kepada kaedah sedia ada untuk menangani isu LGBT di Malaysia dengan hikmah
THE USE OF SADD AL-DHARI’AH ON CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW IN INDONESIA: CONCEPT AND PRACTICE
Full text linkThis study analyzes the application of sadd al-dharīʿah in the provisions of Islamic family law in the Indonesian Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 and Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). Sadd al-dharīʿah is a method to establish the prohibition of certain actions due to their potential of incurring an action with greater harm (mafsadah). This qualitative library study employs the descriptive analytical method. The Indonesian Marriage Law and KHI are the primary sources, whereas secondary data come from, among others, texts on maqāṣid al-sharī\u27ah, uṣūl fiqh, and fiqh. Content analysis is used to make inferences by highlighting themes methodically and objectively. The findings show that both the Marriage Law and KHI, which serve as the main references for Religious Court judges and as positive laws for all Muslim Indonesian citizens, have indirectly adopted sadd al-dharīʿah. This can be seen in clauses related to current marriage issues, such as restrictions on age of marriage and consent for polygamy
PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY IN DUBAI REAL ESTATE EXPROPRIATION LAW OF 2022 IN LIGHT OF NARROWING THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC BENEFIT
Full text linkIn light of the rapid urban and cultural renaissance in Dubai and the need to expropriate real estate owned by individuals, this paper discusses the protection of individual property in the Emirate of Dubai Real Estate Expropriation Law of 2022. It has sought to examine and investigate the process of expropriation of individual property under the Emirate of Dubai Expropriation Law No. (2) of 2022 and to show that the Dubai legislature has narrowed the concept of public benefit and defined the conditions and mechanism of expropriation, the body responsible for issuing expropriation decisions, and what procedures should be followed. This study is of great importance as it shows that property rights are protected under the UAE Federal Constitution of 1971 and the Emirate of Dubai Real Estate Expropriation Law of 2022. It contributes to illuminating the way for the expropriation committee to take the necessary measures that help determine the fair compensation that should be paid to the owner of the expropriated property. It has concluded that expropriation is one of the most dangerous interferences with property rights and this interference is restricted to exercise in the public benefit and exchange for fair compensation. Our findings, however, emphasise the need to set controls and standards for the concept of public benefit and introduce a right to appeal the expropriation committee\u27s decision before the court. In this research, we adopt a mix of descriptive, analytical, and inductive approaches to thoroughly evaluate and link the legislative texts and judicial rulings
LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR VICTIMS OF CYBER BLACKMAIL IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ, THE UNITED STATES, AND MALAYSIA
Full text linkCyber blackmail is a crime wherein an individual or corporation threatens to release a victim\u27s private data on social media. As it is a type of crime that expands as technology improves, the rules governing it must be regularly updated and evaluated as and when the crime changes to prevent these rules from becoming obsolete. Multiple amendments must be made to the Republic of Iraq\u27s legislation to enable the country to punish individuals who exploit victims of cyber blackmail. Therefore, this study examines the efficacy of cyber blackmail law by discussing the characteristics of cyber blackmail, the contemporary issues surrounding it, and the relevant national legislation and regulations governing it in Iraq, the United States (U.S.), and Malaysia. Analytical and descriptive approaches were used to define, examine, and analyse the issue from all angles. As a result, Iraqi lawmakers were observed to lack a sincere commitment to passing a potent law targeting cyber blackmail, either through revisions to the Penal Code or by endorsing the draft of the Cybercrime Bill (2011). An analysis of the offense\u27s attributes revealed that its central feature is extortion, coupled with elements of criminal intimidation designed to instill fear in the victim, compelling them to yield to the devious perpetrator\u27s malevolent intentions. The article concludes by offering suggestions to stakeholders on enhancing their approach to addressing this problem
KEPERLUAN SYARIAH PRATAKRIF DALAM SISTEM TERAS PERBANKAN: SUATU KAJIAN KUALITATIF TERHADAP KONTRAK MUḌĀRABAH DAN MUSHĀRAKAH: PREDEFINED SHARIAH REQUIREMENTS IN CORE BANKING SYSTEM: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON MUḌĀRABAH AND MUSHĀRAKAH CONTRACTS
Full text linkThe implementation of the core banking system has become an enabler for the business that provides an agile platform to achieve the corporate objective of Islamic banking. One of the challenges for its development is establishing Shariah parameters for each Islamic banking product due to the complexity of its requirements compared to conventional banking products. Thus, this study aims to provide information on ways to establish Shariah requirements based on the authorized Shariah standards such as policy documents issued by the Central Bank of Malaysia dan AAOIFI aside from evaluating the prospect of establishing it as a predefined Shariah requirement that able be translated as parameters in core banking system. A qualitative approach via textual study, legal doctrine, and interviews was undertaken in this study to analyse data related to Shariah contract requirements. This study established predefined Shariah requirements derived from analysis of Shariah requirements under muḍārabah and mushārakah contracts by focussing on the Shariah requirement part of the policy documents issued by the Central Bank of Malaysia aside from comparison analysis conducted on Shariah standards issued by AAOIFI of the similar contracts. It is found that authorized references are vital to ensure the Shariah contract parameters and processes that are translated into the core banking system are in line with resolutions decreed by authorized bodies.
Abstrak
Perlaksanaan sistem teras perbankan menjadi satu pemboleh kepada perniagaan dengan menyediakan platform yang tangkas untuk mencapai objektif korporat perbankan Islam. Salah satu cabaran bagi pembangunannya adalah menghasilkan parameter Syariah bagi setiap produk perbankan Islam kerana keperluan-keperluannya lebih kompleks berbanding produk perbankan konvensional. Maka, kajian ini bertujuan untuk membekalkan informasi berkaitan cara-cara penghasilan keperluan-keperluan Syariah berdasarkan standard Syariah berautoriti seperti polisi dokumen terbitan Bank Negara Malaysia dan Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) selain menilai prospek menjadikannya sebagai keperluan Syariah pratakrif yang mampu diterjemah kepada parameter dalam sistem teras perbankan. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui metodologi kajian teks, doktrin undang-undang dan temu bual telah dijalankan dalam kajian untuk menganalisis data-data berkaitan keperluan kontrak Syariah. Kajian ini telah menghasilkan keperluan Syariah pratakrif berdasarkan penelitian terhadap keperluan-keperluan Syariah di bawah kontrak muḍārabah dan mushārakah dengan memfokuskan bahagian keperluan-keperluan Syariah polisi dokumen terbitan Bank Negara Malaysia selain analisis perbandingan telah dilakukan terhadap standard Syariah bagi kontrak yang sama keluaran AAOIFI. Kajian ini mendapati rujukan berautoriti ini adalah penting supaya parameter dan proses berkaitan kontrak Syariah yang diterjemah ke dalam sistem teras perbankan adalah selari dengan fatwa yang telah diputuskan oleh badan berautoriti.
SUMBANGAN HUKUMAN TAKZIR ‘UMAR BIN AL-KHATTAB DALAM QANUN ACEH DI INDONESIA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF TAKZIR PUNISHMENT OF \u27UMAR BIN AL-AL-KHATTAB IN THE QANUN ACEH IN INDONESIA
Full text linkOften in commentaries on the Aceh Code, researchers relate it to the status of existing applicable laws and regulations as well as the principles of Human Rights (HAM). As a result, the Aceh Code has been criticized as not being in line with the law; it is even seen as radical, extreme, and contrary to human rights values. However, it is a law built based on Islamic principles. In order to counter this perception of the Aceh Code, this study analyzes the relationship between the Aceh Code and the practice of takzir punishment by \u27Umar bin al-Khattab. The researcher used a qualitative method with a documentary research design to collect data from primary documents, namely the Acehnese Qanun and various legal jurisprudence reference books that contain the practice of \u27Umar\u27s takzir. Next, an analysis was made to compare the Aceh Code with the practice of takzir punishment by \u27Umar bin al-Khattab. The results of the document analysis found that there are similarities between the Aceh Code and \u27Umar\u27s takzir practice in the execution of punishments, including flogging, imprisonment, and fines. The Acehnese Qanun even implements these punishments by adapting them to the conditions, culture, and local traditions of the Acehnese community. In conclusion, this study highlights the Aceh Code’s strong foundation in Islamic jurisprudence by drawing parallels between its punishments and the takzir practices of \u27Umar bin al-Khattab. Contrary to common criticisms, the Aceh Code is not inherently radical or extreme but reflects a careful adaptation of Islamic legal principles to the cultural and societal context of Aceh. By demonstrating the Code\u27s alignment with both traditional Islamic law and local practices, this research provides a deeper understanding of how Shariah-based laws can be integrated within contemporary legal frameworks while maintaining respect for cultural diversity.
Abstrak
Seringkali dalam ulasan mengenai Qanun Aceh, para penyelidik mengaitkannya dengan status undang-undang dan peraturan terpakai sedia ada serta prinsip-prinsip Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Akibatnya, Qanun Aceh telah dikritik sebagai tidak selaras dengan undang-undang tersebut, bahkan ia dilihat sebagai radikal, ekstrim, dan bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai HAM, sedangkan ia adalah undang-undang yang dibina berdasarkan prinsip Islam. Bagi menangkis persepsi ini terhadap Qanun Aceh, kajian ini menganalisis hubungan Qanun Aceh dengan amalan hukuman takzir ‘Umar bin al-Khattab. Pengkaji menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan reka bentuk kajian dokumentar untuk mengumpulkan data daripada dokumen primer, iaitu Qanun Aceh dan pelbagai buku rujukan fiqh undang-undang yang mengandungi amalan takzir ‘Umar. Seterusnya analisis dibuat bagi membandingkan Qanun Aceh dengan praktik hukuman takzir ‘Umar bin al-Khattab. Hasil analisis dokumen mendapati bahawa wujud persamaan antara Qanun Aceh dengan praktik takzir Umar dalam pelaksanaan hukuman merangkumi hukuman sebatan, penjara dan denda. Bahkan Qanun Aceh melaksanakan hukuman-hukuman ini dengan turut menyesuaikannya dengan kondisi, budaya, dan tradisi setempat masyarakat Aceh. Sebagai kesimpulan, kajian ini menekankan asas kukuh Qanun Aceh dalam jurisprudens Islam dengan menunjukkan persamaan antara hukuman-hukumannya dan amalan takzir yang telah dilaksanakan oleh \u27Umar bin al-Khattab. Qanun Aceh bukanlah radikal atau ekstrem namun mencerminkan adaptasi dan penyesuaian prinsip undang-undang Islam kepada konteks budaya dan masyarakat Aceh. Kajian ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana undang-undang berasaskan Syariah dapat diintegrasikan dalam rangka perundangan moden sambil kekal menghormati kepelbagaian budaya
THE DIVISION OF HARTA SEPENCARIAN OF MUSLIM CONVERTS UPON CONVERSION IN MALAYSIA
Full text linkHarta sepencarian refers to the ownership of the property acquired during the period of marriage by husband and wife, including spouses who convert to Islam. The main question related to the claims of harta sepencarian among Muslim converts is often which court shall have jurisdiction to hear the case, whether the Shariah Court or the Civil Court. This issue arises because it involves parties of different religions, who are governed by two different applications of law in Malaysia particularly in cases where only one party converts to Islam. Therefore, this article will discuss the position and practice of the division of harta sepencarian among Muslim converts in Malaysia. This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach based on content analysis of the data from previous studies. This article examines various aspects related to harta sepencarian and matrimonial property and their differences, the types of Muslim convert spouses and the different processes of claiming harta sepencarian according to Malaysian law. The findings of this article show that the Muslim convert and his/her spouse (whether converted to Islam or not) also have the right to claim the division of harta sepencarian in the event of a divorce or death. However, to determine which court has the jurisdiction to hear the cases related to harta sepencarian claims among Muslim converts and their spouses depends on the law of their marriage, whether it is registered in the Law Reform Act (Marriage and Divorce 1976) or act/state enactments of family law
THEFT PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC LAW AND INDONESIAN CRIMINAL LAW: INITIATIVE FOR HARMONIZATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SHARUR’S BOUNDARY THEORY
Full text linkThis study seeks to find a formula on how Islamic law contributes to Indonesian criminal law reform, particularly in the imposition of theft, by utilizing Sharur\u27s Boundary Theory (Naẓariyyah al-Ḥudūd). This field of research is considered imperative because the implementation of Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2012 concerning Adjustments to the Limits on Misdemeanor Crimes and the Number of Fines in the Criminal Code (Misdemeanor Crimes) is felt to have not been maximized. This study uses normative juridical research methods, with descriptive-qualitative analysis. It can be deducted from this study that the theory of the boundaries of the ijtihad area determines the punishment in Islamic. The punishment for the crime of theft, the amputation of the hands mentioned in the Qur\u27an, is the maximum form of punishment. Thus, it is possible that there are punishment in other forms that fall under the category of cutting off one\u27s hand, based on several verses of the Qur’an, including in Al-Māʾidah 5:38, al-Isrāʾ 17:33, al-Baqarah 2:178, and al-Nisāʾ 4:92. Even though this opinion may raise objections, for the purposes of reforming Indonesian Criminal Law, it is suggested that this opinion is still relevant for consideration. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding and considering Sharur\u27s boundary theory for judges to make informed decisions in Sentencing
Editorial Foreword
No full textAs late as thirty years ago, one would not find articles on civil law A (I am using the term to mean non-Shariah law applicable in Malaysia) and Islamic law, articles containing comparisons of the two laws on the same subject, not even articles written by civil law lawyers and Shariah scholars, in the same volume. Civil law lawyers would write in English on purely civil law issues and publish them In law journals or books. Sharilah scholars, at least in Malaysia, would write, more often, compile materials on religious subjects, especially pertaining to "ibadah". They do not write academic articles the way civil law lawyers do, what more in English. This is partly due to the fact that civil lawyers do not know Islamic law and Islamic Scholars do not know civil law. Because of this ignorance and misconceptions, civil law lawyers considered islamic law as outdated, Arab-based, draconian religious law which some Islamic extremists were trying to re-establish. The Islamic Scholars and "ustazs", on the other hand brushed aside civil law as man-made law that is sinful to follow or even as the law of the unbelievers
LEGAL STATUS AND CONSEQUENCES OF UNILATERAL DIVORCE: COMPARATIVE STUDIES BETWEEN EGYPT, JORDAN, TUNISIA AND INDONESIA
Full text linkUnilateral divorce by the husband outside the court requires attention for the protection of affected women and children. This literature study was conducted to find out how the development of traditional family law implementation into modern family law in four countries, namely Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and Indonesia. This article is classified as literature research with a qualitative approach. The methodology used is normative and comparative legal studies. The results of this study showed that there are differences in laws and regulations in the Islamic family law environment in those countries. Divorce that is imposed by the husband is unilaterally recognized as valid in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia, while in Indonesia the wife can appeal or cassation against the divorce. Egypt and Tunisia impose criminal sanctions on husbands who do not meet the obligation to pay their living and home to their ex-wives, while Indonesia and Jordan do not impose any criminal sanctions. Criminal sanctions imposed in Egypt and Tunisia are the payment of a certain number of fines or confinement during a certain time. However, divorce proceedings without reporting to relevant officials in Jordan can be charged with criminal law. Therefore, the best implementation of family law related to unilateral divorce is in Tunisia. The scholarly contribution of this research to family law globally is that it offers the most ideal concept in protecting the often neglected rights of wives and children