Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)
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A REVIEW OF PREDATORY PRICING REGULATIONS IN DIGITAL BUSINESS IN INDONESIA: ISLAMIC LAW APPROACH
Full text linkThis study examines the need for regulating predatory pricing in Indonesia’s digital business. The rise of digital businesses, both marketplace-based and social media-based, has recently created a new phenomenon where large producers enter the market at prices significantly below the prevailing rates. This situation poses challenges, as these significantly lower prices offered by producers can threaten the sustainability of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Moreover, the absence of clear regulations regarding trading through social media at below-market prices could potentially lead to monopolies by large business actors. This study employs a normative juridical research method using legislative and conceptual approaches to analyse the adequacy of existing competition law in regulating predatory pricing within the digital economy. Relevant statutory instruments are examined alongside conceptual developments in predatory pricing theory to assess their applicability to digital market structures. Furthermore, this study integrates maslahah theory as a normative analytical framework to evaluate regulatory objectives in light of public interest, economic justice, and market sustainability. The findings demonstrate that regulating predatory pricing in digital markets is imperative to maintaining price stability, protecting MSMEs, and ensuring national economic resilience. More importantly, the study reveals that conventional predatory pricing standards require contextual adaptation to address the unique characteristics of digital platforms, including network effects, data-driven market power, and cross-subsidisation strategies. At the global level, this research contributes to the evolving discourse on digital competition law by offering a perspective from a developing economy with a strong MSME orientation. The integration of maslahah theory provides an alternative normative framework that complements law-and-economics approaches, offering comparative insights for policymakers and scholars seeking inclusive, ethical, and sustainable regulatory models for digital markets worldwide
DISCOVERING HALAL TOURISM’S FOOTPRINTS: A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE ON BUSINESS RESEARCH USING SCOPUS DATA (1997–2023)
Full text linkHalal tourism has emerged as a significant segment within the global tourism industry, driven by increasing demand for travel experiences that align with Islamic values. Despite this upward trend, there remains a lack of systematic research mapping publication patterns and dominant themes in the field. This study addresses that gap by analyzing the evolution and thematic development of halal tourism scholarship, while also identifying potential opportunities for business innovation. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using R Studio Biblioshiny (Bibliometrix) on 306 Scopus-indexed documents. The results reveal key thematic clusters, including halal hospitality, the halal industry, halal food, customer satisfaction, and emerging areas such as confirmatory factor analysis and behavioural intention. The analysis indicates steady growth in scholarly output, with an annual publication increase of 6.39% between 1997 and 2023, and an average of 10.2 citations per document. Influential journals play a central role in shaping the knowledge base, while robust international collaborations—particularly among researchers from Indonesia and Malaysia—highlight the potential for cross-national innovation. The growing focus on consumer perceptions, customer satisfaction, and branding strategies rooted in Islamic values points to substantial opportunities for industry and destination development. By mapping the intellectual structure, key research themes, and collaboration networks, this study offers a comprehensive reference for future research directions and informs evidence-based policy and industry strategies in halal tourism
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHARIA GOVERNANCE AND SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY IN ISLAMIC BANKING OF INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
Full text linkOne of the critical aspects in the development of Sharia banking is Sharia compliance, which differentiates Islamic banks from conventional banks. To ensure adherence to Sharia principles, a sound supervisory mechanism is required which is undertaken by the Sharia Supervisory Board (Dewan Pengawas Syariah, DPS). The aim of this study is to analyze the legal framework governing Sharia compliance supervision in Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia, focusing on the role and authority of the DPS in each jurisdiction, using a qualitative research design based on fieldwork. The results show that those countries use a two level supervisory structure in Sharia governance. A Sharia fatwa council is obligated to standardize and harmonize Sharia rulings for the macro level, and institutional Sharia councils are responsible for overseeing the implementation of these fatwas within financial institutions at the micro level. The difference on the principal between both systems lies in the legal status of the fatwa council. In Malaysia, the Sharia Advisory Council (SAC) functions as a statutory body under the central bank, whereas in Indonesia, the Sharia National Council (Dewan Syariah Nasional) operates as a non-governmental organization under the Indonesian Islamic Scholar Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI). These organizational distinctions affect the legal standing and binding nature of the fatwas issued by each council
TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL NORMS IN INHERITANCE DIVISION IN PANTURA: A SOCIOLOGY OF LAW APPROACH
Full text linkThis study investigates the transformation of local inheritance norms in Pantura, Central Java, Indonesia, through the lens of legal sociology. The problem addressed in this research is the persistence of legal uncertainty arising from the coexistence of customary law, state law, and Islamic law in regulating inheritance distribution. While inheritance in Muslim communities is normatively governed by Islamic principles, local practices often diverge, reflecting negotiation between tradition, religion, and modern legal frameworks. Employing a qualitative research design, this study draws upon in-depth interviews with 23 informants (male and female beneficiaries) from various villages across Pantura. The findings reveal that Islamic law remains the dominant reference in inheritance practices, with 60.8% of respondents prioritizing religious norms, followed by 34.7% referencing customary law and 4.3% adhering to state law. This pattern underscores the enduring legal pluralism in rural Java, where community values of fairness, kinship, and social harmony guide the practical application of inheritance rules. The study contributes to socio-legal scholarship by demonstrating how local communities actively reinterpret Islamic and customary norms to align with contemporary notions of justice and familial solidarity, thereby shaping a hybrid legal order. These insights not only illuminate the adaptive character of local legal culture but also enrich broader discussions on the dynamics of pluralism and legal transformation in postcolonial societies
PARAMETER PENGELUARAN FATWA DALAM KERANGKA MAQASID SYARIAH: FATWA PARAMETERS IN LIGHT OF THE MAQASID SYARIAH
Full text linkThis study develops a set of fatwa-issuing parameters grounded in the framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah through document analysis of classical works, contemporary scholarship, and resolutions of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA). Based on the foundational principles of preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property, the study identifies eight core parameters encompassing the validity of legal sources, the understanding of maqāṣid, the qualifications of the mufti, contextual and customary considerations, the balance between textual evidence and public interest (maṣlaḥah), institutional governance, social implications, and the necessity of collective ijtihād. Each parameter is examined systematically through an integration of normative and contextual approaches, taking into account technological advancement, emerging ethical concerns, and global socio-legal developments. The discussion is further supported by contemporary fatwas issued in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and leading national and international fatwa institutions, including the IIFA, the North American Fiqh Council (NAFC), and the Indonesian National Sharia Council – Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI). This study has also analysed some of the authoritative rulings made by the Shariah Advisory Council of the Malaysian Securities Commission in Malaysia. These demonstrate the adaptability of the maqāṣid framework in addressing modern and complex legal issues. The findings affirm that instituting maqāṣid-based parameters in a structured manner enhances the integrity of the iftāʾ process, reduces inconsistencies in fatwa issuance, and strengthens the credibility of fatwa institutions at both national and global levels. The study subsequently recommends that these parameters be empirically tested in specialised domains such as bioethics, artificial intelligence, and financial governance to reinforce the capacity of Islamic law to confront emerging future challenges.
Abstrak
Kajian ini membangunkan satu set parameter pengeluaran fatwa berasaskan kerangka Maqāṣid al-Syarīʿah melalui analisis dokumen terhadap karya klasik, kajian kontemporari, dan resolusi Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islāmī al-Dawlī (IIFA). Berasaskan prinsip pemeliharaan agama, nyawa, akal, keturunan, dan harta benda, kajian ini mengenal pasti lapan parameter yang merangkumi keabsahan sumber hukum, pemahaman maqāṣid, kelayakan mufti, pertimbangan konteks dan adat, keseimbangan antara nas dan maslahat, tadbir urus institusi, implikasi sosial, serta keperluan ijtihad kolektif. Setiap parameter dianalisis secara sistematik melalui gabungan pendekatan normatif dan kontekstual, dengan mengambil kira perkembangan teknologi moden, persoalan etika, dan perubahan sosial global. Perbincangan turut disokong oleh fatwa kontemporari dari Malaysia, Singapura, Indonesia, dan institusi fatwa nasional serta antarabangsa termasuklah IIFA, Majlis Fatwa Amerika Utara (NAFC), dan Dewan Syariah Nasional – Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI) yang menggambarkan keanjalan kerangka maqāṣid dalam mendepani isu-isu kontemporari. Kajian ini juga menganalisis sebahagian keputusan berautoritatif Majlis Penasihat Syariah, Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia (SC) di Malaysia. Dapatan kajian menegaskan bahawa parameter berasaskan maqāṣid yang diinstitusikan secara tersusun dapat meningkatkan keutuhan proses iftā’, mengurangkan percanggahan fatwa, dan mengukuhkan kredibiliti institusi fatwa di peringkat nasional dan global. Kajian ini seterusnya mencadangkan agar parameter ini diuji dalam bidang khusus seperti bioetika, kecerdasan buatan dan tadbir urus kewangan bagi memperkukuh keupayaan Syarak menghadapi cabaran masa depan
HALAL REIMAGINED: IR4.0 TECH DRIVES SUSTAINABILITY AND INCLUSIVITY IN ISLAMIC MONETARY ECONOMICS
Full text linkThe expanding Halal sector, anticipated to reach USD 3.6 trillion by 2026, presents a significant opportunity to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth based on Islamic values. Nevertheless, the industry faces challenges in achieving operational efficiency, ensuring transparency, and promoting financial inclusion. Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) technologies—namely Blockhain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT)—offer innovative solutions to address these issues. These technologies optimise resource utilisation, enhance operational transpacrency, and foster customer trust by ensuring compliance with Halal and ethical standards. This study underscores the importance of integrating IR4.0 technologies into the Halal industry with Islamic Monetary Economics (IME) principles, particularly in promoting financial inclusion, ethical procurement, and sustainability. Employing the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, this study integrates Economic Sustainability (Financial Inclusion), Social Equity (Maslahah), and Environmental Stewardship (Tayyib) into a comprehensive model that connects IR4.0 technologies with the maqasid al-Shariah. By prioritising the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth, this model positions the Halal industry as a global leader in ethical and sustainable economic development. This study employs a qualitative research design, appropriate for addressing the selected research topics and issues. The findings highlight the urgent need for stakeholders—businesses, regulators, and consumers—to embrace technological innovations and adapt to the evolving global commerce landscape. By taking proactive measures, stakeholders can harness IR4.0’s potential to shape a prosperous and inclusive future for the Halal industry and its communities. Ultimately, this study emphasises the sector’s potential to drive economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability, shaping a more inclusive and prosperous future for the communities it serves
THE INCLUSION OF THE FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE IN THE UMRAH CONTRACT AGREEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
Full text linkThe global outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 had profound implications on the travel and tourism sector, particularly affecting religious pilgrimages such as Umrah. In March 2020, the government of Saudi Arabia imposed an unprecedented ban on entry to holy places, Mecca and Medina to curb the rapid spread of the virus. This measure led to the mass cancellation of Umrah packages by the domestic travel agencies, triggering diverse responses across the industry. While some Umrah agencies invoked the force majeure clause in their contracts to absolve themselves from liability, others faced significant legal ambiguities due to the absence of such clauses. Notably, certain companies cancelled Umrah contracts without offering any compensation to the affected pilgrims, further exacerbating consumer vulnerability. This paper critically examines the legal complexities surrounding the invocation of force majeure in Umrah contracts during extraordinary circumstances such as a global pandemic. It argues that the absence of a standardized approach among Umrah tour operators and travel agencies creates inconsistency in consumer protection and contractual obligations. Through a doctrinal research methodology adopting a qualitative approach, this study analyzes legal doctrines, statutory provisions, and contractual frameworks by engaging in comprehensive documentary analysis. The findings reveal a significant gap in the uniform application of force majeure clauses in Umrah package contracts. This lack of consistency results in disparate treatment of consumers, where the contractual rights and remedies available to Umrah pilgrims vary widely depending on the presence or absence of specific legal provisions. The paper advocates for the urgent implementation of standardized contractual practices, including mandatory force majeure clauses, to enhance consumer protection and ensure equitable treatment during unforeseen and extraordinary events. By establishing a uniform legal framework, this study aims to mitigate legal uncertainties and reinforce the rights of Umrah pilgrims. It further recommends legislative intervention to mandate the inclusion of comprehensive force majeure clauses in all Umrah package agreements, thereby promoting legal certainty, transparency, and consumer welfare in the face of future disruptions
LABOUR RIGHTS PROTECTION FOR YOUNG WORKERS ON DIGITAL LABOUR PLATFORMS: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Full text linkThe development of digital labour platform resulted from the growth of digital economy and has transformed the world of work. However, the progress of platforms has stagnated due to various issues arising in the employment relationship between platform providers and young workers. These issues include wages, compensation and benefits, working hours, rest days, leave and public holidays. Young workers often face unfair treatment by platform providers while performing their tasks. The research objectives of this study are twofold: firstly, to analyse the labour rights of workers from an Islamic perspective and secondly, to explore how the labour rights of young workers on digital labour platforms can be improved through Islamic principles. A qualitative method is employed to achieve these objectives. The content analysis method is used to analyse secondary sources relevant to this study. The main sources of this research are the Qur’an, hadith and journal articles. Additionally, the Employment Act 1955 (Act 265) and the Children and Young Persons Employment Act 1996 (Act 350) are also analysed to reach the objectives of this study. The findings of this study show that Islam promotes justice in the employment relationship between employer and employee. Consequently, existing legislation must be improved to ensure labour protection for young workers on digital labour platforms. This study contributes to the theoretical framework of labour rights by expanding the discussion to include digital labour platforms and young workers. Furthermore, it explores the Islamic perspective on labour rights for young workers on digital labour platforms
LEGAL STRENGTHENING THROUGH INFRASTUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FINANCING SUPPORT IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) SCHEME
Full text linkThis study aims to comprehensively analyze the implementation and effectiveness of regulatory instruments designed to strengthen infrastructure financing through the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme in Indonesia. PPP serves as a crucial mechanism to mobilize private sector participation in addressing the nation’s infrastructure financing gap while improving the efficiency and quality of public service delivery. The research focuses on the regulatory framework introduced by Minister of Finance Regulation Number 68/2024, which marks a significant advancement in Indonesia’s PPP governance by providing a more coherent and comprehensive legal foundation to accelerate sustainable and inclusive infrastructure development. The regulation emphasizes the optimization of government support mechanisms such as the pre-project development facility (Pre-PDF), project development facility (PDF), infrastructure guarantees, and feasibility support, all of which are essential in mitigating risks and enhancing project bankability. Employing a normative juridical method through statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines the consistency between the regulation’s normative design and its practical application while identifying strategic measures to strengthen its effectiveness. The findings indicate that Minister of Finance Regulation Number 68/2024 successfully addresses normative gaps found in previous frameworks, particularly Presidential Regulation No. 38 of 2015, which lacked clarity in project preparation, risk-sharing, and guarantee mechanisms. Moreover, the regulation enhances collaboration between the government and private sector, promotes innovative financing models, and reinforces transparency and governance standards within PPP arrangements. The study’s key contribution lies in its comprehensive evaluation of how regulatory reform under Minister of Finance Regulation Number 68/2024 reshapes Indonesia’s PPP ecosystem, offering actionable insights for policymakers to design more effective legal and institutional frameworks that promote sustainable infrastructure financing
الضّوابط الدستوريّة لقانون الدّفاع الأردنيّ: دراسة جائحة كورونا: THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON JORDAN’S DEFENSE LAW: A COVID-19 CASE STUDY
Full text linkتناقش هذه الورقة البحثيّة اختباريّاً التجربة الأردنيّة الأولى لتطبيق قانون الدفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992، ومدى التقيد بالفلسفة الحقوقيّة لحماية الحقوق والحريات العامة أثناء تطبيق هذا القانون للحد من آثار جائحة كورونا على مختلف القطاعات، والسوابق القضائيّة ذات الصلة، وتقديم مجموعة من التوصيات المقترحة في سبيل تعميق النهج الحقوقيّ وطنيّاً، ومواءمة التشريعات الوطنيّة مع المبادئ الدستوريّة العالميّة والحقوقيّة وفق المعايير الدوليّة لحقوق الإنسان.
وقد خلصت هذه الورقة البحثية إلى نتيجة مفادها خلو الدستور الأردنيّ بالمطلق من إحاطة اللّجوء إلى تطبيق قانون الدّفاع وإعلان حالة الأحكام العرفيّة بضوابط دستوريّة تكفل حماية الحقوق والحرّيات العامّة إبان مواجهة الحالات الاستثنائيّة على غرار الأصول المعياريّة الواردة في الدّساتير المُقارنة، وقدّمت مجموعة توصيات؛ بإعادة النّظر في التّنظيم الدستوريّ لإعلان حالة الطوارئ أو إعلان الأحكام العُرفيّة بموجب المادتين (124،125)، وتعديل قانون الدّفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992 بإضافة مادة صريحة تحدّد القيمة القانونيّة لأوامر الدّفاع، واعتبارها قرارات إداريّة تنظيميّة قابلة للطعن بالإلغاء والتّعويض أمام جهة القضاء الإداريّ، ما يتطلب إعادة صياغة المادتين (6،7) من قانون الدّفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992 وتضمين هذا الحُكم بها.This study aims to analyze the Jordanian experience in applying Defense Law No. (13) of 1992 during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the first actual case of its implementation since its enactment, in light of comparative constitutional standards and international human rights norms. The experience revealed significant organizational gaps in balancing the demands of crisis management with the protection of public rights and freedoms, amid the absence of clear constitutional safeguards governing the declaration of a state of emergency or the exercise of exceptional powers. In this context, the role of the King emerged as the supreme guarantor of constitutional legitimacy, by establishing referential controls over government powers in the absence of parliamentary and judicial oversight, laying the foundation for emerging constitutional conventions. The study concludes on the necessity of constitutionalizing the principles of exceptional legitimacy, by entrenching the roles of the parliament and the constitutional court as effective supervisory bodies during emergency conditions, thus enhancing democracy and the rule of law, and balancing public order with the protection of rights. It also recommends reconsidering Articles (124) and (125) of the Constitution to ensure the participation of the House of Representatives in declaring a state of emergency, prohibiting its dissolution during such periods, and granting the constitutional court the authority to monitor the continuation of the exceptional circumstances.Furthermore, the study proposes amending the Defense Law by including a provision that defines the legal status of defense orders as administrative decisions subject to appeal before administrative courts, and revising Articles (6) and (7) to avoid confusion between administrative orders and criminal penalties, thereby preserving the principle of separation of powers and protecting the legislative competence of the parliament.
ملخص البحث
تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل التجربة الأردنية الأولى في تطبيق قانون الدفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992 خلال جائحة كورونا، كأول حالة فعليّة لتفعيله منذ سنّه، وفق المنهج التحليلي النقدي للأسس القانونية والواقعية لتفعيل قانون الدفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992 في الأردن، مع التركيز على صلاحيات السلطة التنفيذية في الطوارئ في سياق تحليل النصوص الدستورية والتشريعية ذات الصلة وموقف القضاء الإداري في ضوء مدى اتساقها مع المعايير الدستوريّة المقارنة والمعايير الدوليّة لحقوق الإنسان. وقد كشفت التجربة عن ثغرات تنظيمية جوهرية في ضبط العلاقة بين متطلبات إدارة الأزمات وضمان الحقوق والحريات العامة، في ظل غياب ضوابط دستورية واضحة تحكم إعلان حالة الطوارئ أو تطبيق السلطات الاستثنائيّة. وفي هذا السّياق، برز دور الملك بوصفه الضامن الأعلى للشرعية الدستوريّة، من خلال إرساء ضوابط مرجعيّة لصلاحيات الحكومة في ظل غياب الرقابة البرلمانيّة والقضائيّة، التي أسست لبوادر أعراف دستوريّة. خلصت الدراسة إلى ضرورة دسترة مبادئ الشرعية الاستثنائيّة، عبر تكريس دور البرلمان والمحكمة الدستورية كأداتين رقابيتين فعّالتين في الظروف الطارئة، بما يعزز الديمقراطية وسيادة القانون، ويوازن بين النظام العام وحماية الحقوق. كما توصي بإعادة النظر في المادتين (124) و(125) من الدستور، لضمان إشراك مجلس النواب في إعلان حالة الطوارئ، وحظر حله أثناء سريانها، إضافة إلى منح المحكمة الدستورية صلاحية مراقبة مدى استمرار الظرف الاستثنائيّ. وتقترح الدراسة تعديل قانون الدفاع بإدراج نص يحدد القيمة القانونية لأوامر الدفاع باعتبارها قرارات إداريّة قابلة للطعن أمام القضاء الإداري، وإعادة صياغة المادتين (6) و(7) منه لتفادي الخلط بين الأوامر الإدارية والعقوبات الجزائية، بما يصون مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات ويحمي الاختصاص التشريعي للبرلمان