Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)
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THE ROLE AND STRATEGY OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) IN PROTECTING MIGRANT FISHERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AGAINST MODERN SLAVERY
Full text linkThe issue of contemporary slavery within the fishing sector has afflicted the region for decades. The situation is difficult due to the cross-territorial jurisdiction of other nations. Nonetheless, this has not been regarded with due seriousness at the regional level, particularly by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This research intends to examine the role and strategy of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in safeguarding migrant fishers in Southeast Asia against modern slavery. This research employed normative legal analysis. The contribution of this research lies in the authors’ recommendations for policy reforms within ASEAN aimed at enhancing the protection of migrant fishermen in Southeast Asia from modern slavery, along with the proposal of innovative strategies to effectively address this issue. The research indicated that ASEAN played multiple roles in establishing legislation and enabling ASEAN agencies to safeguard migrant fishers in Southeast Asia against modern slavery. The authors’ analysis indicate that ASEAN requires reforms in order to further enhance the protection of migrant fishers in Southeast Asia from modern slavery. To this end, ASEAN needs effective and comprehensive measures to address this issue. These may include enhancing its recruitment systems and migrant fishers’ contracts, providing training and certification for migrant fishers, implementing proper supervision in recruitment processes, drafting clear employment agreements and regulations for working at sea, and establishing complaints mechanisms to ensure equality and fair opportunities for migrant fishers. These efforts can be achieved, inter alia, by collaborating with ASEAN Member States and relevant stakeholders, ratifying the ILO Convention C-188 and other related agreements, and re-evaluating the interpretation of the ASEAN Way in relation to migrant fishers. Key areas of focus should include: recruitment systems and migrant fishers’ contracts; training and certification for migrant fishers; implementation of supervision and complaints mechanisms; collaboration with Member States and stakeholders; ratification of ILO C-188 and related agreements; and reevaluation of the ASEAN Way’s interpretation
BATTLING SHADOWS: ANALYSING THE TALIBAN-TTP NEXUS IN POST-2021 SECURITY DYNAMICS USING NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)
Full text linkThis study examines the evolving relationship between Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Afghan Taliban within the broader context of Pakistan’s counter-terrorism efforts and regional security environment following the United States (U.S.) withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on a diverse corpus of news reports, official statements, and scholarly sources in English, Urdu, and Farsi. Our analysis focuses on the period post-September 1, 2021, using data from the Nexis Uni academic database. Employing Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), the study analyses 2,889 articles to identify thematic patterns and discursive trends. A customised analytical framework categorises the findings into four key components: motivational, religious, ethno-racial, and administrative. By mapping these dimensions, the study offers insights into the factors shaping Pakistan’s strategic posture and decision-making. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on terrorism, counter-terrorism, and regional security in South and Central Asia, with a particular focus on the post-2021 dynamics between Pakistan, the Afghan Taliban, and the TTP
المسؤولية المدنية عن أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقلة في ظل القانون الإماراتي: CIVIL LIABILITY FOR AUTONOMOUS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS UNDER UAE LAW
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تناولت هذه الدراسة موضوع: "البدائل والحلول المبتكرة لمواجهة المسؤولية المدنية الناشئة عن أضرار الذكاء الاصطناعي"، وبحثت عجز القواعد العامة في النظريات التقليدية لتحديد المسؤولية المدنية الناشئة عن أضرار أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي، وهدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على موقف المشرع الأوروبي في مدى إمكانية افتراض الشخصية القانونية لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي، ومن ثم البحث عن تصور جديد لهذه المسؤولية في إطار النظريات البديلة والحلول المبتكرة، وتكمن أهمية الدراسة من كونها قد تشكل تصورًا حديثًا ومحورًا مهمًا للتحول من فكرة نظرية المسؤولية الشخصية القائمة على الخطأ وباتجاه مسؤولية مدنية ذكية يمكنها تبرير المسؤولية والتعويض عن الأضرار التي يمكن أن تسببها هذه التقنيات الذكية، وانتهجت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وذلك من خلال وصف النصوص القانونية وتحليل الآراء الفقهية المختلفة لإظهار الجوانب القانونية لهذه الدراسة، وخلصت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج أهما: وجود فراغ تشريعي ينظم الذكاء الاصطناعي سوى قواعد القانون المدني الصادرة عن الاتحاد الأوروبي عام 2017م، وقد توصلت الدراسة أيضًا إلى عدة توصيات أهما: ضرورة العمل على وضع تشريع يتعلق بتنظيم أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الذكاء الاصطناعي، المسؤولية المدنية، الضرر، التعويض.The quick growth of self-sufficient artificial intelligence (AI) systems has brought about different legal problems, especially with regard to the hanging question of who should be liable for damages caused by AI without direct human involvement. It also questions the capacity of the classical principles of tort law, namely fault and causation to provide sufficient compensation and accountability. The paper evaluates the issue of civil liability for the destructive activities of AI systems under the UAE Civil Transactions Law with an eye on the current proposals that are inclined towards the acceptance of the legal personality of AI. A footprint of the doctrinal and analytical methodology is seen in the study as it critiques and discusses the comparative legal debates, mainly the recent European and UK approaches, and then checks their applicability to the Emirati legal system. The study concludes that the conferring of legal personality to AI does not provide a viable solution to the problem of liability and, by the same token, it might deprive the victim of proper protection as there are no elements such as intention, legal capacity, and independent assets. Conversely, the regulation of the situation can effectively work out through the mechanism of holding human actors liable wherein, mandatory insurance and compensation arrangements for the AI systems operating at high risk levels are availed as the supporting structures.
ملخص البحث
أدّى التطور المتسارع لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقلة إلى بروز تحديات قانونية معقّدة، ولا سيما في مجال المسؤولية المدنية عن الأضرار التي قد تنشأ عن تشغيل هذه الأنظمة دون تدخل بشري مباشر. ويطرح هذا الواقع إشكالية جوهرية تتمثل في مدى كفاية قواعد المسؤولية التقصيرية التقليدية، القائمة على الخطأ والسببية، في التعامل مع مخاطر الذكاء الاصطناعي، خاصة في ظل صعوبة تحديد الفاعل المسؤول وضمان التعويض الفعّال للمتضرّرين. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل مدى إمكانية إسناد المسؤولية المدنية عن أضرار أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقلة في إطار قانون المعاملات المدنية الإماراتي، مع تقييم الطروحات المعاصرة الداعية إلى منح هذه الأنظمة شخصية قانونية مستقلة. وتعتمد الدراسة المنهج التحليلي الدوكتِريني، من خلال فحص الأسس القانونية للمسؤولية المدنية، وتحليل النقاشات الفقهية المقارنة، ولا سيما التوجهات الأوروبية والبريطانية الحديثة في مجال تنظيم المسؤولية عن الذكاء الاصطناعي. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أنّ منح الشخصية القانونية لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي لا يُعد حلًا عمليًا لإشكالية المسؤولية المدنية، بل قد يؤدي إلى إضعاف حماية المتضرّرين وفتح المجال للتهرب من المسؤولية، نظرًا لغياب الذمة المالية والاستقلال القانوني الحقيقي لهذه الأنظمة. كما تُظهر النتائج أنّ تنظيم المسؤولية المدنية عن أضرار الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكن تحقيقه بوسائل أكثر فاعلية، من خلال مساءلة الأطراف البشرية المرتبطة بسلسلة التصميم والتشغيل، مدعومة بآليات مكملة مثل التأمين الإجباري وصناديق التعويض للأنظمة عالية الخطورة. وتسهم هذه الدراسة في سدّ فجوة بحثية قائمة في الأدبيات القانونية العربية، من خلال تقديم تحليل معياري متكامل للمسؤولية المدنية عن الذكاء الاصطناعي في السياق القانوني الإماراتي، بما يوازن بين حماية الحقوق وتشجيع الابتكار التقني
METHODS IN DETERMINING NEW HIJRI MONTH: A THEMATIC REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE PERSPECTIVE
Full text linkDiscussions on determining the start of the new Hijri month have persisted for centuries, shaping not only scholarly discourse but also national governance and religious cohesion. These debates often lead to divisions as different methods for establishing the Hijri date are advocated. This paper provides a thematic review of the key arguments between two primary positions: those who adhere strictly to lunar crescent sighting and reject astronomical calculations, and those who support a combined approach. The review examines three central hadith-based concepts: the definition of "sighting", the implications of istikmāl and faqdurūlah, and the interpretation of ummi. By engaging with the views of scholars such as al-Albani, Qaradawi, and others, this study presents a broad analysis that reflects the diversity of opinions in Islamic jurisprudence. The research is based on a systematic review of relevant literature, sourced primarily from Google Scholar due to the limited availability of these discussions in more widely indexed databases. The findings highlight the strength of arguments on both sides, emphasizing the complexity of the issue. While many existing studies tend to favor a particular stance—either an exclusive reliance on visual sighting or the adoption of astronomical calculations—this study takes a neutral and comprehensive approach. By presenting both perspectives objectively, it fills a gap in the literature, where discussions often lean toward one viewpoint. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on Hijri calendar determination by providing a balanced reference for policymakers, researchers, and scholars working toward a more consistent and widely accepted framework. The review underscores the need for continued dialogue and research, particularly in addressing the varied contexts of the global Muslim community. In doing so, it aims to support a more inclusive and informed approach to Hijri calendar determination, integrating both traditional methods and modern advancements
MODERNISING SITE-BLOCKING MECHANISM IN PROTECTING COPYRIGHT OWNERS CONTENT AGAINST DIGITAL PIRACY IN MALAYSIA
Full text linkThe rapid evolution of digital technology and the widespread demand for online content have facilitated the rise of digital piracy, posing significant challenges to copyright protection. In Malaysia, digital piracy undermines copyright owners\u27 revenue potential and creative incentives, causing substantial financial losses across various industries. Malaysia has incorporated site-blocking mechanisms under section 263 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 and section 43C(2) of the Copyright Act 1987 to combat this issue. These measures aim to disrupt access to websites hosting pirated content, deterring illegal copyright consumption. However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms is continually challenged by the adaptive tactics of digital pirates, jurisdictional limitations, and technical workarounds that allow access to pirated content despite blocking attempts. Determining whether these site-blocking mechanisms effectively protect copyright owners\u27 content against digital piracy necessitates a thorough evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses and a consideration of modern strategies for improvement within those acts. This paper hence will explore the current overview of site-blocking in Malaysia, identify the gaps in improvements and propose recommendations for enhancing the site-blocking frameworks to more effectively combat digital piracy and protect copyright owners\u27 content against digital piracy in the currently evolving digital space
دراسة الأطر القانونية التي تحكم ممارسات المحاسبة البيئية وانعكاساتها على تقارير الاستدامة للشركات: INVESTIGATING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS GOVERNING ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING IN SAUDI ARABIA
No full textأكدت المملكة العربية السعودية على الاستدامة البيئية ومسؤولية الشركات بما يتماشى مع رؤية 2030، وقد أدى ذلك إلى التركيز المتزايد على حماية البيئة والتنمية المستدامة، وبالتالي، أصبح المشهد القانوني الذي يحكم ممارسات المحاسبة البيئية وتقارير استدامة الشركات ذا أهمية متزايدة. وعليه، يدرس البحث الأطر القانونية التي تحكم ممارسات المحاسبة البيئية في المملكة العربية السعودية وتأثيرها على تقارير استدامة الشركات. وتتمثل أهداف هذه الدراسة في تحليل الأطر القانونية الحالية، وتقييم تأثيرها على ممارسات إعداد التقارير المالية للشركات عن الأثر البيئي، واقتراح توصيات لتعزيز فعالية الأطر القانونية في تعزيز الإفصاح عن الاستدامة بشكل عام والأثر البيئي بشكل خاص. استخدم الباحثون منهجًا مختلطًا يشمل الأساليب الاستقرائية، والوصفية التحليلية، والكمية لدراسة تأثير الأنظمة والقوانين البيئية على إعداد تقارير الاستدامة في المملكة العربية السعودية، حيث تم جمع البيانات من أصحاب المصلحة وتحليلها باستخدام تقنيات إحصائية لتحديد الأنماط والعلاقات، مما يوفر رؤى حول العلاقة بين الأطر القانونية وإعداد تقارير الاستدامة. وقد خلصت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنه بالرغم من أن المملكة العربية السعودية بدأت بدمج السياسات البيئية في أطرها التنظيمية والقانونية، إلا أن هذه الجهود لا تزال في المراحل المبكرة مقارنة بالدول الأكثر تقدماً. كما تشير النتائج إلى أن المملكة العربية السعودية تعمل حالياً على دمج المخاوف البيئية في أطرها التنظيمية، ولكن أطرها القانونية الحالية تركز على قوانين حماية البيئة الأوسع نطاقًا، مما قد يؤدي إلى ممارسات محاسبية بيئية غير متسقة. وقد يؤثر هذا الافتقار إلى المتطلبات المحددة على شفافية ومصداقية تقارير الاستدامة للشركات. ومن الممكن أن يؤدي تعزيز هذه الأطر القانونية إلى تعزيز المساءلة البيئية والمساهمة في تحقيق أهداف الاستدامة في المملكة وخاصة في إطار مبادرة رؤية 2030. وعليه، يوصي الباحثون بإنشاء لوائح محاسبية بيئية واضحة ومحددة وفرض إطار قانوني يشمل إلزام الشركات بإعداد التقارير المالية التكاملية للإفصاح عن ممارسات الحوكمة والمسئولية الاجتماعية والأثر البيئي، وتعزيز آليات التنفيذ من خلال سوق تداول، والبنك المركزي السعودي، والهيئات الرقابية والتنفيذية الأخرى.Saudi Arabia has prioritized environmental sustainability and corporate responsibility in alignment with Vision 2030, leading to a heightened focus on environmental protection and sustainable development. Consequently, the legal landscape governing environmental accounting practices and corporate sustainability reporting has gained increasing significance. This study investigates the legal frameworks regulating environmental accounting practices in Saudi Arabia and their influence on corporate sustainability reporting. The study aims to analyse the existing legal frameworks, assess their impact on corporate financial reporting of environmental matters, and offer recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of these frameworks in promoting sustainability disclosures, with a particular focus on environmental impact. The researchers employed a mixed-methods approach, combining inductive, descriptive-analytical, and quantitative techniques to explore the effects of environmental regulations on sustainability reporting in Saudi Arabia. Data were gathered through a questionnaire distributed to financial managers and environmental experts within companies. Statistical analysis was used to identify patterns and relationships, offering insights into the connection between legal frameworks and sustainability reporting. The findings reveal that while Saudi Arabia has made strides in integrating environmental policies into its regulatory and legal systems, these efforts remain limited in terms of accounting and governance compared to more developed nations. Environmental regulations tend to focus more on procedural and technical aspects rather than on accounting practices reflected in financial disclosures. This lack of specific requirements may undermine the transparency and credibility of corporate sustainability reports. The study recommends the establishment of clear and specific environmental accounting standards and the implementation of a legal framework requiring companies to prepare integrated financial reports that disclose governance practices, social responsibility, and environmental impact. The enforcement of these regulations should be strengthened through key institutions such as the Tadawul Stock Exchange, the Saudi Central Bank, and other regulatory bodies.
الملخص
أكدت المملكة العربية السعودية على الاستدامة البيئية ومسؤولية الشركات بما يتماشى مع رؤية 2030، وقد أدى ذلك إلى التركيز المتزايد على حماية البيئة والتنمية المستدامة، وبالتالي، أصبح المشهد القانوني الذي يحكم ممارسات المحاسبة البيئية وتقارير استدامة الشركات ذا أهمية متزايدة. وعليه، يدرس البحث الأطر القانونية التي تحكم ممارسات المحاسبة البيئية في المملكة العربية السعودية وتأثيرها على تقارير استدامة الشركات. وتتمثل أهداف هذه الدراسة في تحليل الأطر القانونية الحالية، وتقييم تأثيرها على ممارسات إعداد التقارير المالية للشركات على الأثر البيئي، واقتراح توصيات لتعزيز فعالية الأطر القانونية في الإفصاح عن الاستدامة بشكل عام والأثر البيئي بشكل خاص. استخدم الباحثون منهجًا مختلطًا يشمل الأساليب الاستقرائية، والوصفية التحليلية، والكمية لدراسة تأثير الأنظمة والقوانين البيئية في إعداد تقارير الاستدامة في المملكة العربية السعودية، حيث جمُعت البيانات باستخدام استبانة موزعة على المدراء الماليين والخبراء البيئيين في الشركات، وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام تقنيات إحصائية لتحديد الأنماط والعلاقات، مما يوفر رؤى حول العلاقة بين الأطر القانونية وإعداد تقارير الاستدامة. وقد خلصت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنّه بالرغم من أنّ المملكة العربية السعودية بدأت بدمج السياسات البيئية في أٌطرها التنظيمية والقانونية، إلا أنّ هذه الجهود لا تزال تفتقر إلى جوانب محاسبية وحوكمة مقارنة بالدول الأكثر تقدمًا، فالنصوص القانونية المرتبطة بالبيئة ما هي إلا جوانب إجرائية وفنية أكثر منها محاسبية أو منعكسة على التقارير المالية، وقد يؤثر هذا الافتقار على المتطلبات المحددة لشفافية ومصداقية تقارير الاستدامة للشركات. وعليه، يوصي الباحثون بسنّ لوائح بيئية واضحة ومحددة، وفرض إطار قانوني يشمل إلزام الشركات بإعداد التقارير المالية التكاملية للإفصاح عن ممارسات الحوكمة والمسؤولية الاجتماعية والأثر البيئي، وتعزيز آليات التنفيذ من خلال سوق تداول، والهيئات الرقابية والتنفيذية الأخرى
MALAYSIAN COMMUNICATION AND MULTIMEDIA COMMISSION\u27S (MCMC) LAW ENFORCEMENT SPECTRUM: EXPLORING ARREST AUTHORITY
Full text linkThe Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) regulates multimedia and communication activities and plays a role in protecting consumers from harms such as online scams and digital fraud. However, it is rather ironic that the unit mandated to receive public complaints about scams does not have the power to make an arrest upon the presentation of sufficient proof, a task that often rests with the Royal Malaysian Police Department (RMPD). Therefore, this study examines a key enforcement gap in the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission’s (MCMC) role, specifically its lack of arrest powers when handling scam-related complaints. It highlights the challenges this limitation poses and proposes the inclusion of arrest authority to strengthen MCMC’s enforcement effectiveness. In doing so, this study employed a qualitative research method in which data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with officers from the MCMC, the RMPD, and the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia. Secondary data were gathered from internet sources, relevant legislations, and journals to illustrate the law in this area. Upon analysing the primary and secondary data, the researchers found that it is imperative to grant arrest power to the MCMC due to the challenges encountered in carrying out its tasks. The outcomes of this study can facilitate the Parliament in passing a law to confer the power of arrest to the MCMC through the current legislation, thus reducing the burden of the RMPD in making arrests related to media and communication cases. The public directly benefits from this study as it raises their confidence to lodge complaints with the MCMC, knowing fully well that the commission possesses the power to make an immediate arrest
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBATION REPORTS IN DETERMINING EFFECTIVE REHABILITATION ORDERS UNDER THE MALAYSIAN CHILD ACT 2001: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Full text linkChildren who come into conflict with the law often do so due to unfavourable social environments, and exposure to the harsh criminal justice system can have long-term detrimental effects. Recognising that institutionalisation is not always the best solution, modern legal frameworks emphasise rehabilitation over punishment, aligning with the best interests of the child. Previous research argues that due to their immaturity and inability to distinguish right from wrong, society should give children a chance to be rehabilitated so that they can become good citizens. However, it is crucial not to send the wrong message to the community, suggesting that children will be treated leniently for criminal behaviour. Courts must therefore carefully determine when a child offender should be placed in a correctional institution and when community-based rehabilitation is more appropriate. In this article, the authors will examine the significance of probation reports in assisting the court in determining an appropriate order for child offenders. This study evaluates how probation reports influence sentencing decisions through an analysis of relevant case law and a comparative review of legal approaches in jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom and Australia. To achieve the objectives set for this article, the authors have adopted a qualitative approach. This involves analysing relevant texts and case law in Malaysia, as well as comparing practices in the United Kingdom and Singapore to identify best practices and common challenges. This article provides a critical analysis of the legal aspects, offering insightful perspectives on efforts to ensure that orders issued by the Court For Children, with valuable input from probation reports, are suitable for the rehabilitation of child offenders
GAZA AND THE FAILURE OF R2P: UNVEILING SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GEOPOLITICS
Full text linkThe Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is an international commitment aimed at preventing humanitarian catastrophes. Nevertheless, in contrast to this admirable objective, the execution of R2P in Gaza reveals a situation that is quite depressing. The ongoing humanitarian crisis in the region, marked by unacceptable violence, raises profound questions about the international community’s failure to effectively implement R2P. This study analyzes the gap between the theoretical concept of R2P, its practical application, and the geopolitical complexities in Gaza. Although many studies have discussed the obstacles to implementing R2P, only a few have reviewed in depth how this principle failed to be implemented in Gaza. It cannot be separated from various global political interests and weaknesses in international law and institutions. Although many studies have discussed the obstacles to implementing R2P, only a few have reviewed in depth how this principle failed to be implemented in Gaza. It cannot be separated from various global political interests and weaknesses in international law and institutions. This paper conducts a qualitative analysis of key international law documents, such as UN resolutions and humanitarian agency reports, as well as relevant literature and case studies. The results of this study reveal the systemic weaknesses of international law against global political factors, such as the influence of the power of major powers, the use of veto rights in the Security Council, and very inadequate law enforcement mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the failure of the international community to protect the lives of Gaza’s civilians. The study calls for reforms in international governance to ensure that R2P can serve as a real instrument to protect the population of Gaza
AN ANALYSIS TOWARDS PATTERNS OF VIOLATION OF MAINTENANCE RIGHTS AFTER DIVORCE WITHIN ISLAMIC MARRIAGE IN INDONESIA
Full text linkIn Indonesia, there is no mechanism to ensure spousal maintenance payments are made in a timely manner upon divorce as they only rely on the goodwill of the ex-husband. This is further strengthened by reports that the complaints regarding ex-husbands not providing maintenance to their ex-wives have increased. This research focuses on the patterns of violation Muslim women’s maintenance rights upon divorce within Islamic marriage institutions in Indonesia. By using qualitative methods, the research will investigate barriers and obstacles to the realization of Muslim women’s maintenance rights in the practice of divorce in Indonesia. At the end of the research, an analysis of data findings regarding the issue of violation of maintenance rights upon divorce will be highlighted that can assist the policymakers to stimulate more effective and meaningful ways for the realization of Muslim women’s maintenance rights during iddah within marriage institutions in Indonesia particularly related to divorce