Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)
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PERTIKAIAN POLISI DAN PERUNDANGAN TANAH DALAM CADANGAN PEMBANGUNAN TANAH: CONFLICT OF LAW AND POLICY IN LAND DEVELOPMENT
Full text linkThe processes involved in development are strongly tied to the land development policy and regulation. The Town and Country Planning Act 1976 [Act 172] and the National Land Code [Act 828] are among the laws regulating these processes. Cases such as Subang Jaya Municipal Council v. Visamaya Sdn. Bhd & Anor is one of the cases on the conflict of land conditions in the National Land Code (now revised in 2020 with the number [Act 828]) ("KTN") with the land use zone contained in the Local Plan issued by the Local Authority (PBT). Its decision offers a valuable lesson in legal matters and land planning. This study intends to take a firm stance on the interaction between land-related legislation, such as TCPA [Act 172] and KTN. Studies are carried out using the most recent court rulings and legislative modifications, using a doctrinal approach as the primary methodology. The Town and Country Planning Act of 1976 [Act 172] (often known as "Act 172") is the primary statute cited in project planning for development, according to the study. On the other hand, KTN, which went into effect on January 1, 1966, is the most significant land law in Peninsular Malaysia. The alleged legal inconsistencies must be clarified and justified, and this requires a thorough comprehension of the development of the relevant legislation\u27s original process and original intent. The study finds that amendments to the laws or guidelines should be initiated to ensure the development process continues as planned.
Abstrak
Pembangunan sesuatu kawasan berkait rapat dengan proses-proses berkaitan pembangunan tanah. Proses-proses ini dikawal oleh beberapa perundangan seperti Kanun Tanah Negara [Akta 828] dan Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa [Akta 172]. Kes Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya v Visamaya Sdn.Bhd & Anor mengenai konflik syarat nyata tanah dalam Kanun Tanah Negara 1965 (kini telah disemak semula pada tahun 2020 dengan nombor [Akta 828]) (“KTN”) dengan zon guna tanah yang terdapat dalam Rancangan Tempatan yang dikeluarkan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) merupakan satu keputusan yang memberikan satu pengajaran besar dalam isu perundangan dan perancangan tanah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kedudukan sebenar berhubung kaitan antara akta-akta melibatkan pembangunan tanah seperti Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976 [Akta 172] dan KTN. Kajian dijalankan melalui semakan kepada perundangan dan keputusan-keputusan mahkamah yang terkini serta menjurus kepada pendekatan doktrinal. Kajian mendapati bahawa Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976 [Akta 172] (“Akta 172”) merupakan undang-undang utama yang dirujuk dalam suatu perancangan projek untuk sesuatu pembangunan. Manakala KTN pula undang-undang tanah terpenting yang digunakan di Semenanjung Malaysia yang berkuat kuasa pada 1 Januari 1966 berkaitan urusan tanah. Konflik perundangan yang dinyatakan perlu diperhalusi dan disokong dengan pemahaman yang mendalam berkaitan proses dan niat asal penggubalan perundangan berkaitan. Kajian ini mendapati cadangan pindaan atau penjelasan melalui garis panduan merupakan satu tindakan yang wajar bagi memastikan semua pembangunan dapat dijalankan tanpa menjejaskan polisi dan perundangan tanah sedia ada
INCONVERTIBILITY LOSS AND MURABAHA: A RECOVERY OPTION FOR ISLAMIC POLITICAL RISK INSURERS
Full text linkThis paper attempts to illustrate the primacy of the Shari’a-compliant murabaha transaction as a means of inconvertibility loss recovery by Islamic political risk insurers. In practical terms, the risk most likely to occur in an underdeveloped Muslim country is the risk of the local currency becoming inconvertible because of a certain action or inaction by the authorities of the host country which is the destination of an export trade transaction, or a foreign direct investment covered under a political risk insurance policy. The political risk insurance (PRI) operator most concerned with the subject of this paper is the Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC), a member of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Group. Where the PRI operator is established within the auspices of a lending agency which lends in local currency, and provided that the necessary legal arrangements are in place, the PRI’s local currency holdings could be passed on to the lending agency in the host country and the foreign currency equivalent thereof paid over to the PRI operator at its head office. In countries where a lender is not extending local currency financing and a speedy economic recovery is not expected, an attractive alternative for a PRI operator, as the authors argue, is the utilization of the local currency in murabaha transactions. PRI operators’ apprehension about the risk of inconvertibility finds expression in denial of the inconvertibility coverage altogether. Where this is not the case, a PRI operator may impose recovery ceilings, demand the expiry of extended waiting periods, as well as compliance with a variety of other conditions prior to recovery. This paper argues that such measures are self-defeating. A Shari’a-compliant PRI operator is necessarily established to provide coverage against commercial and non-commercial risks in poor Muslim countries. To deny or restrict inconvertibility risk coverage in such countries is unacceptable. Murabaha is a panacea for currency inconvertibility: it is the most popular form of Islamic financing in the world, it is easy to structure, and its profits are almost certainly rewarding. While the risk of non-payment of the price by overseas buyers of Muslim country exports is minimal, risks associated with murabahacould be further minimized by means of export credit insurance coverage by local export promotion agencies
RESOLVING CONFLICTS WISELY - A SCHOLARLY DIALOGUE WITH EMERITUS PROFESSOR IN PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES
Full text linkThis dialogue highlights why knowledge on conflict and conflict resolution is an essential skill for any society, and provides a broad introduction to the nature, scope and practices of conflict resolution. Knowledge on conflict resolution allows society to understand the fundamental problems that give rise to conflicts, the power dynamics and recognition of interests of all parties. It emphasises the contextual nature of descriptions of peace and conflict and the importance of a thorough analysis in determining the most effective course of intervention. Here, the notion of wise and unwise approaches in conflict resolution is explained by referring to the actions taken by parties to curb escalations of disputes, including shifting the emotional positions to the achievement of interests of both parties. Another crucial observation is the relationship between law and solutions proposed in peace and conflict studies, with examples from both interpersonal and international conflicts. The elaboration is based on the C.R SIPPABIO framework as a comprehensive approach to study conflict resolution as introduced by Emeritus Professor Dr Amr Abdalla in his scholarly works. The Islamic viewpoint on conflict resolution are discussed in an interesting way, and this dialogue further highlights how, in addition to focusing on legal interpretations, Quranic interpretations must also take into account ethical dimensions and accountability to God
التطبيق القضائي للمعاهدات الدوليّة غير المصادق عليها: تقنياتٌ جديدة: ENFORCEMENT OF UNRATIFIED INTERNATIONAL TREATIES BY DOMESTIC COURTS: NEW TECHNIQUES
No full textThis study deals with the application of international treaties not ratified by the domestic courts of states. In its content, it focused on trying to research innovative new techniques by national judges in order to implement international treaties that were not ratified by their countries. The importance of the study is highlighted in that it deals with an important partial that has rarely been addressed in the contemporary international law literature, due to the relatively novelty of the idea on the one hand, and the limited application of it by a limited number of national courts on the other hand. This study aims, mainly, to monitor the practices and applications of the national judiciary of states for this idea, as well as an attempt to search for its legal basis and the most important techniques used by national judges in order to justify their resort to the implementation of international treaties not ratified by their countries. This study concluded that despite the discussion raised by scholars about the idea of judicial application of unratified international treaties, and the extent to which it affects the constitutional powers of the executive authority in the state and even the powers of the national legislator in the field of international treaty-making, we can rightly see that the judiciary is directed towards the generalization of this idea would enhance the supremacy of the international treaties, which would inevitably be reflected on the expansion and guarantee of the effectiveness of the rules of international law.
ملخص البحث
تعالج هذه الدراسة موضوع تطبيق المعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها من قبل المحاكم الوطنية للدول. وركزت في مضمونها على محاولة البحث في التقنيات الجديدة المبتكرة من قبل القضاة الوطنيين في سبيل تطبيقهم للمعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها من قبل دولهم. وتبرز أهمية الدراسة في أنها تتناول فكرة جزئية مهمة قلما تم التطرق إليها في أدبيات القانون الدولي المعاصر، لحداثة الفكرة نسبياً من جهة وانحصار تطبيقها على عدد محدود من المحاكم الوطنية للدوّل من جهة أخرى. تهدف الدراسة، بشكل أساسي إلى رصد ممارسات وتطبيقات القضاء الوطني للدوّل لهذه الفكرة فضلًا عن محاولة البحث عن أساسها القانوني وأهم التقنيات التي استعملها القضاة الوطنيون في سبيل تبرير لجوئهم لإعمال للمعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها من طرف دولهم. وقد لا يتحدد نطاق هذه الدراسة بدولة بحدّ ذاتها، نظراً لحداثة فكرة البحث من جهة وتشتّت الأحكام القضائية الوطنية التي أعملت فكرة تطبيق المعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها بين عدة دوّل، من جهة أخرى. فالبحث يرمي بالأساس لتتبع مسار المحاكم الوطنية للدوّل في مجال تطبيقها للمعاهدات الدوليّة غير النافذة من خلال الأحكام التي تصدرها.خلصت الدراسة إلى أنه ورغم ما أثاره الفقه من نقاش حول فكرة التطبيق القضائي للمعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها، ومدى مساسه بالاختصاصات الدستوريّة للسلطة التنفيذية في الدولة بل وبسلطات المشرع الوطني في مجال إبرام المعاهدات الدوليّة، إلّا أنه يمكن أن نلمس بحقّ أن توجّه المحاكم الوطنية نحو تعميم هذه الفكرة من شأنـه تعزيز سمّو القانوني الدولي الاتفاقي وهو ما سينعكس حتما على توسيع وضمان فعالية قواعد القانون الدولي.كما جادلت الدراسة بأن المحاكم الوطنية ظهرت في مجال إنشاء وتطويـر حقوق الإنسان كفاعلٍ جديدٍ ومنافس قويّ للجهازين التشريعي والتنفيذيّ؛ المخوّل لهما دستورياً الالتزام باسم الدولة بقواعد القانون الدولي الاتفاقي كل في حدود اختصاصاته.This study deals with the application of international treaties not ratified by the domestic courts of states. In its content, it focused on trying to research innovative new techniques by national judges in order to implement international treaties that were not ratified by their countries. The importance of the study is highlighted in that it deals with an important partial that has rarely been addressed in the contemporary international law literature, due to the relatively novelty of the idea on the one hand, and the limited application of it by a limited number of national courts on the other hand. This study aims, mainly, to monitor the practices and applications of the national judiciary of states for this idea, as well as an attempt to search for its legal basis and the most important techniques used by national judges in order to justify their resort to the implementation of international treaties not ratified by their countries. This study concluded that despite the discussion raised by scholars about the idea of judicial application of unratified international treaties, and the extent to which it affects the constitutional powers of the executive authority in the state and even the powers of the national legislator in the field of international treaty-making, we can rightly see that the judiciary is directed towards the generalization of this idea would enhance the supremacy of the international treaties, which would inevitably be reflected on the expansion and guarantee of the effectiveness of the rules of international law.
ملخص البحث
تعالج هذه الدراسة موضوع تطبيق المعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها من قبل المحاكم الوطنية للدول. وركزت في مضمونها على محاولة البحث في التقنيات الجديدة المبتكرة من قبل القضاة الوطنيين في سبيل تطبيقهم للمعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها من قبل دولهم. وتبرز أهمية الدراسة في أنها تتناول فكرة جزئية مهمة قلما تم التطرق إليها في أدبيات القانون الدولي المعاصر، لحداثة الفكرة نسبياً من جهة وانحصار تطبيقها على عدد محدود من المحاكم الوطنية للدوّل من جهة أخرى. تهدف الدراسة، بشكل أساسي إلى رصد ممارسات وتطبيقات القضاء الوطني للدوّل لهذه الفكرة فضلًا عن محاولة البحث عن أساسها القانوني وأهم التقنيات التي استعملها القضاة الوطنيون في سبيل تبرير لجوئهم لإعمال للمعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها من طرف دولهم. وقد لا يتحدد نطاق هذه الدراسة بدولة بحدّ ذاتها، نظراً لحداثة فكرة البحث من جهة وتشتّت الأحكام القضائية الوطنية التي أعملت فكرة تطبيق المعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها بين عدة دوّل، من جهة أخرى. فالبحث يرمي بالأساس لتتبع مسار المحاكم الوطنية للدوّل في مجال تطبيقها للمعاهدات الدوليّة غير النافذة من خلال الأحكام التي تصدرها.خلصت الدراسة إلى أنه ورغم ما أثاره الفقه من نقاش حول فكرة التطبيق القضائي للمعاهدات الدولية غير المصادق عليها، ومدى مساسه بالاختصاصات الدستوريّة للسلطة التنفيذية في الدولة بل وبسلطات المشرع الوطني في مجال إبرام المعاهدات الدوليّة، إلّا أنه يمكن أن نلمس بحقّ أن توجّه المحاكم الوطنية نحو تعميم هذه الفكرة من شأنـه تعزيز سمّو القانوني الدولي الاتفاقي وهو ما سينعكس حتما على توسيع وضمان فعالية قواعد القانون الدولي.كما جادلت الدراسة بأن المحاكم الوطنية ظهرت في مجال إنشاء وتطويـر حقوق الإنسان كفاعلٍ جديدٍ ومنافس قويّ للجهازين التشريعي والتنفيذيّ؛ المخوّل لهما دستورياً الالتزام باسم الدولة بقواعد القانون الدولي الاتفاقي كل في حدود اختصاصاته
GELATIN IN HALAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
Full text linkConcomitantly, with the increase of the Muslim population in the world, halal awareness has been on the rise. A lot of halalindustries have emerged nowadays, and among them are halal pharmaceuticals. However, with the advancement of technology, gelatin-based products have been widely developed and are being used in the pharmaceutical industry. Its halal status can thus be questionable (mashbooh). This paper aims to study the Islamic perspective on gelatin-based products in pharmaceuticals. The study uses a qualitative method which involves literature review from al-Quran, as-Sunnah, articles in journals, and other references from the internet that can be trusted as credible data sources. In addition, the methodology of this study includes researching the istihalah method and fatwa in Malaysia to determine the halal status of gelatin in pharmaceutical products. This paper also focuses on the Malaysian Standard of Halal Pharmaceuticals-General Requirements (MS 2424:2019) and the Malaysian Halal Certification Procedure Manual- Domestic 2020 (MPPHM 2020). The findings of this study show that gelatin mostly originate from animal sources. Therefore, its halal status can be questionable even if it comes from permitted animals such as cows or chickens. This is because the animals are only considered halal if they are slaughtered according to the precepts of Islamic law. In order to address such religious concerns, there have been a lot of research on the alternatives to animal gelatin such as from marine sources and plant-based sources. From the Islamic perspective, the use of gelatin from marine sources and animals that have been slaughtered according to Islamic rules is halal. However, gelatin which are sourced from pork and its derivatives are still haram after going the process of istihalah because its chemical substances remain the same and unchanged even after istihalah. Nevertheless, during an emergency, it may be permissible to consume medication containing pork gelatin if there is no replacement or alternative for pork gelatin even if it is from haram sources
تطبيقات التمويل بالتقسيط في المصرف الإسلامي الإندونيسي: دراسة تحليلية مقاصدية: FINANCING BY INSTALMENT IN INDONESIAN ISLAMIC BANK: A MAQASIDIC ANALYTICAL STUDY
No full textThis study aims to shed light on the issue of the instalment system in Islamic banking finance. The instalment system in Islamic banking revolves around the method of financing on multiple scales in order to meet the people’s needs, in addition to achieving the goals of Islamic Sharia and its lofty purposes for the protection of money. The instalment formula can affect the existence of non-compliance with instalment payments, delays in instalment payments by customers, and bad debts, and thus the research problem is represented. This study employed a set of scientific methodologies that were relevant to the subject. Through the inductive approach, the researcher extrapolated the main sources of the research material regarding the issue of financing in instalments, and applied previous studies related to the topic. This study also used the analytical method to clarify the concept of financing in instalments, its legitimacy, its varied forms, and the researcher used the analytical method to achieve the purposes of each form in saving money. Then through a field study, the researcher worked on conducting personal interviews and dialogue with employees and officials of the Finance Department in Indonesian Islamic bank and conducting a field study in them, then benefiting from them in research issues. This study concluded that the instalment formula is one of the most important methods used in financing in Indonesian Islamic bank. Specifically, the forms of instalment financing that are implemented in Indonesian Islamic bank are mudhārabah, musyārakah muthanāqisah, murābahah, and ijārah mutahiah bittamlik. This is due to the fact that financing cannot be separated from the instalment system. These forms of financing achieve the specific objectives of the Sharia which are to preserve wealth through the development and circulation of funds as well as to achieve the goal of justice and eliminate difficulties in order to make it easier for people to obtain welfare. At the end of the study, the researcher proposed that in order for Islamic banks and financial institutions to perform effectively, there is a need for more effective Sharia supervision on the application of instalment financing in all stages.
ملخص البحث
يهدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على تطبيقات صيغ التقسيط في التمويل المصرفي الإسلامي الإندونيسي، حيث أن التقسيط يدور حول أسلوب التمويل على نطاقات مختلفة ومتعددة، لأجل تلبية حاجات الناس وتحقيق سعادتهم. وذلك من خلال تحليل يستند إلى غايات الشريعة الإسلامية ومقاصدها السامية الخاصة بحماية المال. فصيغ التقسيط في التمويل المصرفي منها ما يؤثر تأثيراً إيجابياً على الالتزام بدفع الأقساط ومماطلة العميل في سداد الأقساط وغيره في القطاعات الإنتاجية مثلا، ومنها ما يؤثر تأثيراً سلبياً على الأفراد والمجتمع مثلا وليس على المصارف الإسلامية فقط. وقد اتبع الباحثان مجموعة من المنهجيات العلمية التي تناولا بها موضوعهما، فمن خلال المنهج الاستقرائي قام الباحثان باستقراء المصادر الرئيسة لمادة البحث فيما يتعلق بقضية التمويل بالتقسيط، والاستفادة من البحوث والدراسات التطبيقية السابقة التي لها علاقة بالموضوع. كما استخدما المنهج التحليلي لبيان مفهوم التمويل بالتقسيط وتوضيح مشروعيته وبيان صوره وتحقيق مقاصد كل منها لحفظ المال. ثم من خلال دراسة ميدانية عمل الباحثين على إجراء مقابلات شخصية مع المسؤولين والموظفين بقسم التمويل في المصرف الإسلامي والحوار والتحدث معهم للاستفادة منهم في قضايا هذا البحث. وخلصت الدراسة أن صيغ التقسيط قد تُطبق بعدة صور في التمويلات المصرفية الإسلامية، ومن أهم صور التمويل بالتقسيط التي تكون على صورة تمويل المضاربة، والمشاركة المتناقصة، والمرابحة، والإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك؛ وكلها لا يمكن أن تستغني عن صيغة التقسيط خلال عمليتها، وتحقق هذه الصور مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية في حفظ المال، وذلك يظهر في تنمية الأموال وتداولها، وتحقيق مقصد العدل ورفع الحرج والمشقة عن الناس حيث يسهل عليهم تحقيق مصالحهم الدنيوية. وفي النهاية يوصي الباحثان بالمصارف الإسلامية مع الالتزام بالضوابط والمعايير الشرعية خلال تنفيذ وأداء عمليات التمويل بالتقسيط، والحرص على جعلها خالية من المخالفات والتجاوزات، وتعزيز ذلك بوجود الرقابة الشرعية بصورة أكثر فاعلية على تنفيذ عمليات التمويل بالتقسيط في جميع مراحله وأقسامه
JUXTAPOSITION OF RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION AND TERRORISM UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
Full text linkThe right to self-determination is one of the jus cogens law under the international law which denotes the legal right of people to decide their political, economic and social affairs within their borders of a territory. The right essentially gives a license for the people to use force legally in exercising their right to self-determination. However, with the absence of a universally accepted definition on the term terrorism, an issue has been raised on designing National Liberation Movement as terrorist. Therefore, this study is conducted to examine how designing National Liberation Movement as terrorist impacted the exercising of the right to self-determination. The study analyses relevant legal laws and jurist opinions on the issues at hand using a library-based methodology. The result of this study reveals that despite provision for countering international terrorism, the current counterterrorism law is influenced by States municipal law. With a liberal power to define, states have been recorded to design National Liberation Movement as terrorist group to allow them to used municipal law against National Liberation Movement. In short, whilst use of force in exercising the right to self-determination is govern under the international humanitarian law, the lack of universally accepted definition of terrorism caused National Liberation Movement to be designated as terrorist, thus criminalising the liberation movement of the whole group
إحياءُ واستثمارُ الأراضي الْمَوات في ماليزيا من خلال التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي: REVITALIZING AND INVESTING ABANDONED LAND IN MALAYSIA THROUGH ISLAMIC MICROFINANCE
No full textThis study aims to identify the revitalization and investment of abandoned land through Islamic microfinance in Malaysia, with a specific emphasis on the state of Negeri Sembilan. It discusses the concept of abandoned lands, examining methods for their revitalization and investment in accordance with the principles of Islamic law. In this regard, revitalizing and investing in abandoned land is posited as a solution to the financing problems faced by small and medium enterprises as well as enhance opportunities to increase the income of poor people in the Malaysian society. The study employed the descriptive analysis approach in demonstrating the importance of revitalizing and investing the abandoned land through Islamic microfinance approach which will boost the efforts of microfinance institutions in reducing poverty and overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. A key finding is that investing in abandoned land, in line with Shariah principles, offers an innovative approach to utilizing these lands for productive projects and reflects the importance of Islamic microfinance and its response to the requirements of revitalizing the abandoned land efficiently and effectively.
ملخص البحث
تهدّفُ هذه الدَراسة إلى التعريف بإحياء الأرض الموات واستثمارها من خلال التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي في ماليزيا؛ وعلى وجه الخصوص في ولاية نجري سمبيلان، وتحاول مناقشة مفهوم الأرض الموات في الفقه وطرق إحيائها واستثمارها وفقاً للضوابط الشرعية في الفقه الإسلامي، وبهذا الاعتبار فإنَّ إحياء الأرض الموات واستثمارها سيوفر حلاً لمشكلات التمويل التي تواجهها المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، ويعزز من فرص زيادة دخل الفئات الفقيرة في المجتمع الماليزي، تعتمد الدّراسة على منهج التحليل الوصفي في بيان أهمية إحياء الأرض الموات واستثمارها ، والدور الذي يمكن أن تقوم به صيغ وأساليب التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي في إحياء الأرض الموات وتهيئتها للاستخدام الإنتاجي الذي سيعزز من جهود مؤسسات الإقراض الصغيرة أو صناديق دعم الفقراء الأهلية والرسمية في التقليل من الفقر، وتجاوز تداعيات ما بعد جائحة كوفيد-19 على محدودي الدخل. ومن النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدِّراسة أن استثمار الأراضي الموات وفقاً لمبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية يمثل مدخلاً بديلاً لتوظيف الأراضي واستغلالها في مشروعات إنتاجية، ويعكس أهمية التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي وتلبيته لمتطلبات إحياء الأرض الموات واستغلالها بكفاءة وفاعلية.This study aims to identify the revitalization and investment of abandoned land through Islamic microfinance in Malaysia, with a specific emphasis on the state of Negeri Sembilan. It discusses the concept of abandoned lands, examining methods for their revitalization and investment in accordance with the principles of Islamic law. In this regard, revitalizing and investing in abandoned land is posited as a solution to the financing problems faced by small and medium enterprises as well as enhance opportunities to increase the income of poor people in the Malaysian society. The study employed the descriptive analysis approach in demonstrating the importance of revitalizing and investing the abandoned land through Islamic microfinance approach which will boost the efforts of microfinance institutions in reducing poverty and overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. A key finding is that investing in abandoned land, in line with Shariah principles, offers an innovative approach to utilizing these lands for productive projects and reflects the importance of Islamic microfinance and its response to the requirements of revitalizing the abandoned land efficiently and effectively.
ملخص البحث
تهدّفُ هذه الدَراسة إلى التعريف بإحياء الأرض الموات واستثمارها من خلال التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي في ماليزيا؛ وعلى وجه الخصوص في ولاية نجري سمبيلان، وتحاول مناقشة مفهوم الأرض الموات في الفقه وطرق إحيائها واستثمارها وفقاً للضوابط الشرعية في الفقه الإسلامي، وبهذا الاعتبار فإنَّ إحياء الأرض الموات واستثمارها سيوفر حلاً لمشكلات التمويل التي تواجهها المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، ويعزز من فرص زيادة دخل الفئات الفقيرة في المجتمع الماليزي، تعتمد الدّراسة على منهج التحليل الوصفي في بيان أهمية إحياء الأرض الموات واستثمارها ، والدور الذي يمكن أن تقوم به صيغ وأساليب التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي في إحياء الأرض الموات وتهيئتها للاستخدام الإنتاجي الذي سيعزز من جهود مؤسسات الإقراض الصغيرة أو صناديق دعم الفقراء الأهلية والرسمية في التقليل من الفقر، وتجاوز تداعيات ما بعد جائحة كوفيد-19 على محدودي الدخل. ومن النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدِّراسة أن استثمار الأراضي الموات وفقاً لمبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية يمثل مدخلاً بديلاً لتوظيف الأراضي واستغلالها في مشروعات إنتاجية، ويعكس أهمية التمويل الأصغر الإسلامي وتلبيته لمتطلبات إحياء الأرض الموات واستغلالها بكفاءة وفاعلية
EVALUATION OF SHARI\u27AH GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IN SAUDI ARABIAN BANKS
No full textIslamic banking is witnessing a significant increase in worldwide demand for its products alongside the increased interest in Sharīʿah governance, which is an essential means of ensuring that the products and activities of Islamic banking institutions fully comply with Sharīʿah (Islamic law), meet customer needs, and increase their competitiveness in both local and international markets. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Sharīʿah governance practices in Saudi Arabian banks and also examine the level of adherence to Sharīʿah governance principles, institutional frameworks, regulatory standards, and procedures within Saudi banks. This paper employs a descriptive analysis approach, while the data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 95 members of Sharīʿah advisory boards, Sharīʿah groups, and Sharīʿah governance committees in 11 banks operating in Saudi Arabia. A regression analysis was performed to estimate relationships between the level of compliance and commitment to Sharīʿah governance in Saudi banks as a dependent variable, and the implementation of Sharīʿah governance, its dimensions, and the availability of implementing procedures of Sharīʿah governance as independent variables. The findings confirm the existence of variations between banks at the level of implementing Sharīʿah governance principles and standards. The dimensions of Sharīʿah governance received varying levels of attention in the banks, with organizational structure ranking first, followed by the dimensions of responsibility and disclosure, and finally, control, auditing, and accountability. The study reveals disparities in the implementation levels of Sharīʿah governance between banks with full-fledged Sharīʿah compliance and conventional banks that offer Islamic windows. Additionally, the study indicates differences in the adequacy of implementing procedures for Sharīʿahgovernance principles and standards in both types of Saudi banks, attributed to variations in bank size, product type, and organizational structure. The results of the regression analysis demonstrate that the implementation of Sharīʿah governance dimensions and the availability of implementing procedures have a statistically positive effect on the level of commitment to Islamic banking and Sharīʿah governance. The paper suggests a necessity for training personnel in Islamic banking, activating the role of Sharīʿah compliance units, and developing the Sharīʿah governance framework in Islamic banking operations in Saudi Arabia
THE CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION OF CONTINENTAL SHELF IN MALAYSIA: IN THE CASE OF THE MALAY STATES
Full text linkThe Malay states remain sovereign from the pre-Federation of Malaya in 1957 until today. They acquired external sovereignty through international recognition via membership of Malaya in the United Nations. International law recognises Malaysia\u27s continental shelf, a federation comprising a few coastal states under UNCLOS 1982. A local issue close to this subject is the Malay states’ rights in the Federation of Malaysia over petroleum production within the continental shelf adjacent to their territorial waters. Hence, this paper examines a Malay state\u27s rights over Malaysia\u27s continental shelf. This study is a qualitative legal analysis using a case study design promoting the method of watanic jurisprudence. Therefore, the Federal Constitution, UNCLOS 1982, and various statutes are analysed to answer many related issues beforehand. This paper has found that the territorial waters of the Malay states cannot be limited to three nautical miles from the low tide line in pursuance of the Territorial Sea Act 2012 without strict compliance with Article 2 of the Federal Constitution. The legitimacy of the territorial limits of the Malay states\u27 waters is essential as it determines their rights to the continental shelf and its petroleum production