Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)
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PEMERKASAAN BAHAGIAN SOKONGAN KELUARGA JABATAN KEHAKIMAN SYARIAH NEGERI SELANGOR MENGIKUT UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIAH DI MALAYSIA: EMPOWERMENT OF THE FAMILY SUPPORT DIVISION OF THE SELANGOR STATE SYARIAH JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT UNDER SYARIAH LAW IN MALAYSIA
Full text linkThe issue of non-compliance in paying maintenance is one that often arises in marriage, especially after divorce. Ideally, such issues should not occur to the extent that intervention from the Shari‘ah Court is required to compel a father to support his own child. Due to the severity of this problem, the authorities have taken the initiative to establish the Family Support Division (BSK) under the Malaysian Shari‘ah Judiciary Department (JKSM). The BSK was established as a result of the 46th National Council Conference of Malaysian Islamic Religious Affairs held on 7 June 2007 in Putrajaya, chaired by Malaysia’s fifth Prime Minister, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. However, the question arises as to whether the BSK, along with its functions and implementation, needs to be gazetted to be effective in the Shari‘ah Courts, or whether a specific provision should be added to the Administrative Act/Enactment to demonstrate its source of authority. This study aims to identify the functions and roles of the BSK in the procedure for implementing and enforcing maintenance orders, analyse the problems faced by the BSK in enforcing current or outstanding orders, and propose solutions to these issues. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, with data collected from primary and secondary sources such as judicial books, religious texts, theses, and relevant journal articles. A total of five officials were interviewed. The findings indicate weaknesses in the legal aspects relating to the establishment of the BSK. Further studies may be undertaken to examine the need for drafting or amending laws to empower the Family Support Division in Malaysia, including the enactment of new legislation on enforcement procedures and the execution of orders in the Shari‘ah Courts, to achieve its objectives.
Abstrak
Isu pengabaian nafkah merupakan perkara yang sering berlaku sama ada dalam perkahwinan, apatah lagi setelah berlakunya perceraian. Sepatutnya, tidak wajar timbul isu pemberian nafkah sehingga memerlukan campur tangan pihak lain seperti Mahkamah Syariah untuk memerintahkan seorang bapa menyara anaknya sendiri. Melihat kepada keruncingan masalah pengabaian perintah mahkamah berkaitan pemberian nafkah, pihak berkuasa sekali lagi mengambil inisiatif dengan menubuhkan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga (BSK) di bawah Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (JKSM). BSK ditubuhkan hasil daripada Mesyuarat Majlis Kebangsaan bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia kali ke-46 pada 7 Jun 2007 di Putrajaya yang dipengerusikan oleh mantan Y.A.B. Perdana Menteri Malaysia ke-5, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Persoalannya, adakah BSK, termasuk amalan dan pelaksanaannya, perlu diwartakan bagi mengesahkan penggunaannya di Mahkamah Syariah, atau perlu diwujudkan satu peruntukan khusus di dalam Akta/Enakmen Pentadbiran untuk menunjukkan punca kuasanya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti fungsi dan peranan BSK dalam prosedur pelaksanaan serta penguatkuasaan perintah nafkah, menganalisis permasalahan pelaksanaan dan penguatkuasaan yang dihadapi BSK dalam menguatkuasakan perintah nafkah atau perintah nafkah tertunggak, serta mencadangkan penyelesaian terhadap setiap permasalahan tersebut. Metodologi kajian adalah berbentuk kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan daripada sumber primer dan sekunder seperti buku berkaitan kehakiman, jurnal, kitab turath, kajian ilmiah melalui tesis, dan artikel jurnal yang relevan. Sebanyak lima orang pegawai telah ditemu bual oleh penulis. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat kelemahan dari segi undang-undang berhubung penubuhan BSK. Kajian lanjut boleh dijalankan untuk meneliti keperluan penggubalan atau pindaan undang-undang ke arah memperkasakan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga di Malaysia, atau menggubal perundangan baharu yang melibatkan prosedur penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan perintah di Mahkamah Syariah, agar pembayaran nafkah yang diperintahkan oleh mahkamah dapat mencapai objektifnya
GARIS PANDUAN SERTU MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ISLAM – JAKIM: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Full text linkThe halal industry in Malaysia is rapidly expanding in line with the National Halal Policy 2025–2035, aiming to establish a holistic and conducive halal ecosystem globally. One of the key requirements for halal certification is the implementation of the sertu process in cases of contamination involving severe impurities (najs mughallazah) from dogs, pigs, and their derivatives. To standardize this practice, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) published the Garis Panduan Sertu menurut Perspektif Islam. More than a decade since its implementation, however, several concerns have been raised by stakeholders regarding its clarity and practicality in meeting industry needs. This study critically reviews the Garis Panduan Sertu menurut Perspektif Islam to identify key implementation issues, categorize them into related themes, and propose recommendations for improvement. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research is based on content analysis of the guideline and insights gathered through round table discussions with stakeholders and industry representatives, focusing on both fiqh and technical aspects. The data collection by content analysis is systematically reviewed, and textual data is coded by breaking it into meaningful units, which are then categorized based on predefined or emergent themes to identify patterns relevant to the research question. The round table discussions collect qualitative data by engaging stakeholders in structured dialogue, which is recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed to capture diverse perspectives and in-depth insights. Both methods rely on careful transcription, coding, and thematic analysis to produce organized, meaningful qualitative findings. The findings reveal 11 core issues and recommend five amendments: establishing mandatory conditions for sertu, refining material specifications, standardizing soil preparation methods, enhancing the sertu procedure, and incorporating post-sertu cleaning protocols. These amendments and recommendations contribute to strengthening guideline implementation and boosting compliance within the halal industry, thereby supporting integrity and consistency in halal certification processes in Malaysia
التداخلات بين مجالي القانون والتنظيم في المغرب: مقاربة سياسية مقارنة من خلال دستورانية فصل السلطات: INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN LAW AND REGULATION: A COMPARATIVE POLITICAL APPROACH THROUGH THE CONSTITUTIONALISM OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS IN MOROCCO
Full text linkيناقش البحث ظاهرة تقييد دور البرلمان في إطار دستورية قائمة على مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات، مع التركيز على التجربة المغربية مقارنة بالتجربة الفرنسية. عرض الإشكالية: يرتكز البحث على مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات كمبدأ أساسي من مبادئ الدستور، مع التأكيد على أهمية دور البرلمان في التشريع، مع التركيز على دور البرلمان في التشريع. ويشير البحث إلى تزايد هيمنة السلطة التنفيذية على حساب البرلمان في الدول الغربية، وكذلك في المغرب الذي استلهم فلسفته الدستورية من النظام الغربي. وترى الدراسة أن هذه الهيمنة تطرح إشكالية الطابع الديمقراطي والوظائف التمثيلية للبرلمان وتجعل منه مشرعا استثنائيا. منهجية البحث: اعتمدت الدراسة على المقاربة المؤسساتية القانونية المستندة إلى الدستور المغربي لتحليل التقاطع بين مجال القانون ومجال التنظيم. كما اعتمدت أيضًا على المقاربة النظامية لدراسة النظام السياسي المغربي القائم على الملكية الدستورية التي لها الأسبقية على جميع السلطات. نتائج البحث: خلص البحث إلى أن تقييد صلاحيات البرلمان في المجال التشريعي لا يعني إضعافه، وإنما حماية الغرض من إنشائه وهو التعبير عن إرادة الأمة وتمثيل السيادة، في مقابل خروجه من المسائل الجزئية والفنية إلى الصلاحيات التنظيمية للحكومة.This paper examines the phenomenon of the restriction of the role of Parliament within the framework of a constitutionalism in Morocco and French. This paper uses both the legal institutional approach of both the Moroccan and French constitutions as well as the systemic approach as its methods to analyse the intersection between the domain of law and the domain of regulation for the former, and to study the Moroccan political system based on the constitutional monarchy, which is characterized by a pre-eminent position compared to all powers as to the latter. This paper argues that the principle of separation of powers is a fundamental principle of the Moroccan constitutional system, where the legislative functions of the Moroccan Parliament, among others, in the domain of law delimits its competences in this area when intervenes by the government\u27s regulatory power. Moreover, the increasing dominance of the executive branch at the expense of Parliament in Western countries, including Morocco, drew its constitutional philosophy from the Western system which raises the issue of the democratic character and representative functions of Parliament and makes it an exceptional legislator. This paper concludes that the restriction of the functions of Parliament in the legislative domain does not mean its weakening, but rather the protection of the purpose of its creation, which is the expression of the will of the nation and the representation of sovereignty, in exchange for its withdrawal from partial and technical issues that fall under the regulatory competences of the government.
الملخص
يناقش البحث ظاهرة تقييد دور البرلمان في إطار دستورانية قائمة على مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات، مع التركيز على التجربة المغربية مقارنة بالتجربة الفرنسية. هدف الدراسة: يهدف هذا البحث إلى إبراز مكانة الوظيفة التشريعية للبرلمان المغربي، أي مجال القانون، ورسم حدوده في هذا الاختصاص مع تدخل السلطة التنظيمية للحكومة. عرض الإشكالية: يرتكز البحث على مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات كمبدأ أساسي من مبادئ النظام الدّستوري المغربي، مع التركيز على دور البرلمان في التشريع. ويشير البحث إلى تزايد هيمنة السلطة التنفيذية على حساب البرلمان في الدول الغربية، وكذلك في المغرب الذي استلهم فلسفته الدّستورية من النظام الغربي. وترى الدراسة أنّ هذه الهيمنة تطرح إشكالية الطابع الديمقراطي والوظائف التمثيلية للبرلمان وتجعل منه مشرعاً استثنائياً. منهجية البحث: اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج المؤسسي القانوني المستند إلى الدّستورين المغربي والفرنسي لتحليل التقاطع بين مجال القانون ومجال التنظيم. كما اعتمدت أيضًا على المنهج النسقي لدراسة النظام السياسي المغربي القائم على الملكية الدّستورية التي تتميز بموقع الصدارة مقارنة بجميع السلطات. نتائج البحث: خلص البحث إلى أنّ تقييد صلاحيات البرلمان في المجال التشريعي لا يعني إضعافه، وإنما حماية الغرض من إنشائه وهو التعبير عن إرادة الأمة وتمثيل السيادة، في مقابل خروجه من المسائل الجزئية والفنية التي تعد من الصلاحيات التنظيمية للحكومة
TERRORISM CRIMES IN INDONESIA: A COUNTERTERRORISM PERSPECTIVE
Full text linkTerrorism has emerged as a significant concern in contemporary societies. In Indonesia, the primary factor contributing to individual involvement in terrorism is the pervasive influence of deviant Islamic ideologies, particularly those pertaining to jihad and caliphate governance. Misinterpretations of Islamic teachings, with an inclination towards extremism, substantially increase an individual\u27s propensity to engage in terrorist acts such as suicide bombings. This study aimed to investigate terrorism in Indonesia using an anti-terrorism approach, specifically counter radicalism. This qualitative research employed normative or doctrinal methodologies to identify, explain, analyse, and systematically articulate facts, principles, concepts, theories, and laws, with the objective of generating new knowledge and ideas for legal reform. It is crucial to acknowledge that the motivations of terrorist groups in Indonesia extend beyond religious doctrine. These groups sought to fully implement Islamic law (kaffah) and establish an Islamic state (Darul Islam) through the caliphate system. Associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), these entities aimed to establish both an Islamic state within Indonesia and a global Islamic caliphate. The Indonesian government can enhance its counterterrorism initiatives by implementing more stringent penalties for those involved, as delineated in Law No. 5 of 2018, which focuses on eradicating terrorism. Furthermore, the government should augment proactive measures by instituting a counterterrorist ideological programme to cultivate a comprehensive understanding of Islamic teachings and national values, thereby ensuring accurate comprehension among individuals. The study concluded that terrorist organisations in Indonesia are motivated not only by religious fanaticism, aimed at the perfect implementation of Islamic law (kaffah), but also by political ambitions to establish an Islamic state (Darul Islam) within the country. This study is expected to enhance the comprehensive understanding of the implementation of counter-ideological and de-radicalization initiatives while also promoting nationalist values to preserve the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia
NAVIGATING FINTECH SHARIA REGULATION IN INDONESIA: LESSONS LEARNED FROM MALAYSIA
Full text linkThe purpose of this study is to analyze the regulation of Sharia financial technology (fintech) in Indonesia and conduct a comparative analysis of Sharia fintech regulations in Malaysia. The importance of studying Sharia fintech lies in Indonesia’s status as a Muslim-majority country. Establishing a legal framework to govern Sharia fintech is essential for ensuring compliance with Islamic law while encouraging innovation and economic growth. The research employs normative juridical with statutory approaches and comparative studies. Secondary data, including primary and secondary legal materials, forms the basis of the analysis. This research is significant as it addresses the protection of Sharia fintech users in Indonesia, with a focus on key aspects such as business activities, management, and dispute resolution. These research questions are crucial, as they delve into fundamental areas that define the operational integrity and user trust in Sharia-compliant financial technologies. Currently, the regulation of Islamic fintech in Indonesia lacks dedicated legal instruments. Sharia fintech regulations are often intertwined with those governing conventional fintech, resulting in ambiguity for both non-bank financial services institutions and consumers. Notably, one of the instruments of Sharia law, namely the Fatwa issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulema Indonesia, MUI) serves as a basis for the application of Sharia principles in fintech, it lacks binding legal force under the hierarchy of Indonesian laws and regulations. Consequently, it cannot effectively govern Sharia principles regulations within the fintech sector. In contrast, Malaysia’s Sharia fintech regulations provide a well-structured framework covering both companies and users. These regulations encompass supervision, implementation, and protection of Sharia principles in fintech. Therefore, drawing insights from Malaysia’s regulatory framework, there is a pressing need to reform Sharia fintech regulations in Indonesia. Such reforms would establish comprehensive legal instruments to ensure clarity and enforceability for both fintech service providers and users
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN IRAQ: AN OVERVIEW
Full text linkIt is common for many injured individuals to file lawsuits against the automobile industry based on civil liability when a traffic accident occurs due to a defect. However, in this article, we examine the role of criminal liability in providing an effective deterrent to uphold legal standards, ensure consumer protection, and promote accountability. Navigating manufacturer liability within Iraq’s evolving legal and regulatory landscape—shaped by decades of economic and political reform—requires balancing outdated laws with newer policies and enforcement mechanisms in a transitional economy. This study employs a narrative synthesis of the literature, a qualitative method used to summarize and explain existing research on a particular topic. However, research on the subject may be limited, or researchers may have a specific focus on certain aspects of the literature. Key findings suggest that corporate accountability can be ensured by implementing strong laws and regulations effectively. This study\u27s contribution is acknowledging the gaps in Iraq\u27s legal system governing criminal liability for automobile producers, and providing empirical recommendations for legislative reform and policy development in furtherance of consumer safety and legal accountability. Successful reform requires stronger legal protections, improved regulatory enforcement, and increased consumer advocacy
PENGURUSAN JENAZAH TIDAK SEMPURNA DALAM SITUASI PERANG, BENCANA DAN WABAK: TINJAUAN DARIPADA PERSPEKTIF ISLAM DAN SAINS FORENSIK: MANAGEMENT OF INCOMPLETE REMAINS IN WAR, DISASTER AND PANDEMIC SITUATIONS: AN APRAISAL FROM ISLAMIC AND FORENSIC SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES
Full text linkThe management of deceased bodies in emergency situations such as war, major disasters, and infectious disease outbreaks presents extraordinary challenges from both Shariah and operational perspectives. In Islam, the management of the dead is a collective obligation (fardu kifayah). However, its implementation may be hindered when remains are incomplete, severely damaged, or mixed between Muslims and non-Muslims or in an emergency situation such as war. The issue becomes more complex in the presence of limited resources, chaotic environments and politics, and uncertainty in identifying the deceased. Therefore, a contextual and integrative approach that combines Islamic principles with forensic science is urgently needed. This article aims to analyse the management of incomplete remains in emergency contexts, particularly during conflict and large-scale disasters. It explores the management of remains during wartime, Islamic perspectives on handling incomplete bodies, differing scholarly views across the four major Sunni schools Hanafi, Maliki, Syafie, and Hanbali and forensic challenges in the identification and treatment of remains, especially where procedural conflicts arise between modern forensic protocols and Shariah principles. This study adopts a qualitative methodology using document analysis of both primary and secondary sources. The collected data are analysed thematically and presented according to key subthemes. Findings reveal significant differences in the legal opinions of the four schools regarding the minimum body part that necessitates funeral rites such as bathing, shrouding, and prayer. Forensic science plays a vital role in the ethical and systematic identification and disposal of remains, especially in cases involving unidentified or mixed bodies. This research underscores the importance of harmonising Islamic legal frameworks with modern forensic needs to preserve higher objectives of Islamic law (Maqasid Syariah) and Islamic religious sensitivity. Collaborative efforts between religious authorities and forensic institutions are proposed as essential to ensuring dignified management of the deceased, even under the most challenging conditions.
Abstrak
Pengurusan jenazah dalam situasi darurat seperti peperangan, bencana besar, dan wabak penyakit berjangkit menimbulkan cabaran luar biasa dari sudut Syariah dan operasi. Dalam Islam, pengurusan jenazah adalah suatu kewajipan fardu kifayah. Namun, pelaksanaannya boleh terhalang apabila jenazah berada dalam keadaan tidak sempurna, hancur, atau bercampur antara Muslim dan bukan Muslim ataupun dalam keadaan darurat seperti perang. Isu ini menjadi lebih kompleks apabila terdapat kekangan sumber, kekacauan lokasi dan politik, serta ketidaktentuan identiti jenazah. Oleh itu, pendekatan yang kontekstual dan integratif antara prinsip Islam dan sains forensik amat diperlukan. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis isu berkaitan pengurusan jenazah tidak sempurna dalam konteks darurat, khususnya semasa konflik dan bencana besar. Kajian ini memperincikan pengurusan jenmazah dalam situasi perang, konsep pengurusan jenazah tidak sempurna menurut Islam, perbezaan pandangan ulama mazhab utama berkaitan jasad yang tidak lengkap, serta cabaran dari perspektif forensik dalam proses pengecaman dan pengurusan jasad, termasuk konflik antara prosedur forensik moden dan prinsip Syariah. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, pengkaji menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, iaitu analisis dokumen terhadap data primer dan sekunder. Data yang dikumpulkan kemudiannya dianalisis secara tematik dan disusun mengikut subtema kajian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan wujud perbezaan signifikan antara pandangan empat mazhab utama iaitu Hanafi, Maliki, Syafie, dan Hanbali berhubung tahap minimum jasad yang mewajibkan pelaksanaan mandi, kafan, dan solat jenazah. Manakala forensik pula memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pengecaman dan pengurusan jenazah secara sistematik dan beretika, terutamanya bagi kes jenazah yang tidak dikenali atau bercampur. Kajian ini dilihat sangat penting untuk menyatukan prinsip hukum Islam dengan keperluan forensik moden agar pengurusan jenazah kekal terpelihara dari segi Maqasid Syariah dan sensitiviti agama Islam. Kerjasama antara institusi agama dan forensik dicadangkan sebagai kunci utama bagi memastikan penghormatan terhadap jenazah terus dijunjung, walaupun dalam keadaan paling mencabar
APOSTASY PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT
Full text linkThis study explores the current academic debate on the punishment for apostasy within Islamic scholarship, focusing specifically on the Malaysian context. Traditionally, classical fiqh literature has prescribed the death penalty for apostasy, based on the view that renouncing Islam is both a theological error and a threat to community security and political stability. However, modern Muslim scholars are increasingly questioning this stance, arguing that it contradicts Qur’anic principles of freedom of belief and human dignity. The issue addressed in this study is the tension between classical legal positions, emerging reformist perspectives, and the existing legal framework in Malaysia, where laws vary from punitive measures in some states, such as Pahang, to counselling-based approaches in Negeri Sembilan. This research aims to analyse contemporary reinterpretations of the punishment for apostasy and assess their implications for Malaysia’s pluralist legal system. It particularly evaluates the viewpoints of three influential reformist scholars, Abdul Mutaal al-Soidi, Taha Jabir Al-Alwani, and Ahmad al-Raisūnī, who oppose capital punishment by emphasising the principles of Maqasid al-Shariah, including the protection of intellect, dignity, and freedom of belief. Methodologically, the study employs qualitative content analysis of primary legal texts, complemented by semi-structured interviews with officials from the Federal Territories Mufti Office and practising Syariah lawyers. Findings reveal a strong theoretical basis for reinterpreting apostasy as a matter of personal conscience rather than political rebellion, and for advocating a shift from coercive legal measures to education and dialogue. While classical jurists linked apostasy to political treason due to the sociopolitical realities of early Muslim societies, contemporary nation-states operate within different legal, constitutional and human rights frameworks. This makes a punitive approach less compatible with modern governance and more aligned with historical contingencies rather than universal principles. The study makes a global contribution by proposing an Islamic legal reform framework aligned with constitutional rights and international human rights standards, demonstrating how Islamic jurisprudence can evolve while maintaining its ethical foundations
دور العقوبات التكميلية في حماية الضحايا في القانون العراقي: دراسة مقارنة: THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARY SANCTIONS IN PROTECTING VICTIMS UNDER IRAQI LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
No full textتعتبر العقوبات التكميلية إحدى الأدوات القانونية المستخدمة في منظومة العدالة الجنائية الحديثة، والتي تتجاوز النطاق التقليدي للعقوبة الجنائية، والتي يمكن ان تعزز حماية الضحايا من الجرائم المرتكبة. فالعقوبات التكميلية لا تنحصر فقط في جزاءات رادعة بل تؤدي دورًا مضاعفا في تقوية شعور الضحية بالأمان، من خلال فرض قيود قانونية على الجاني تضمن الحدّ من احتمالية إعادة الفعل الإجرامي مرة اخرى. وتبرز في هذا السياق الخبرة الفرنسية بوصفها نموذجًا رائدًا، حيث تناول القانون الفرنسي نصوص صريحة، كحظر الاتصال بالضحية أو الاقتراب منها، فضلًا عن استخدام أدوات تقنية حديثة كالمراقبة الإلكترونية عن بعد. وفي المقابل هناك قصورٍ تشريعي واضح في القانون العراقي، الذي لا يزال يفتقر إلى نصوص مباشرة تتناول حماية الضحايا عبر العقوبات التكميلية، مقارنة بما أحرزته القوانين المصرية والإماراتية الحديثة من تقدم جزئي في هذا المجال اذ لا تزال التحديات العملية مستمرة في تطبيق هذه العقوبات. فهذا البحث المقارن يقدم رؤية إصلاحية للمشرّع العراقي، متضمنا اقتراحات لنصوص قانونية للعقوبات التكميلية بشكل يضمن اتساقها مع المعايير الدولية في حماية حقوق الضحايا ويُسهم في بناء نظام متوازن للعدالة الجنائية.Complementary penalties are regarded as one of the law instruments applicable in the contemporary criminal justice systems that lie beyond the conventional parameters of criminal punishment since it can supplement the security of the victims of the crimes inflicted on them. Such punishments are not confined to deterrence punishment, but they serve a two-fold purpose of enhancing the victim feelings of security since the legal actions of restricting the offender help minimize chances of reoffending. In this regard, the French experience is leading the way, with explicit clauses in French law including banning contact with the victim or coming close to them, the use of new technological devices, like remote electronic monitoring. Conversely, the Iraqi law does have a distinct legislative weakness that is pointed out in the fact that it still does not directly cover victim protection by imposing complementary penalties, comparatively to the partial development of the recent Egyptian and Emirati legislations in the same area. This is where the significance of the given research lies because the practical difficulties in implementing these punishments have not yet been resolved. This study, using a comparative analytical method, aims to present a global reformist vision for complementary sanctions, with a focus on the Iraqi legislator. The paper ends with the results and recommendations on the legal provisions that may be included to complementary penalties in Iraq in a way that it guarantees that they are compatible with the international standards regarding the protection of the rights of those who have been harmed and help in establishing a balanced criminal justice system.
ملخص البحث
تعتبر العقوبات التكميلية إحدى الأدوات القانونية المستخدمة في منظومة العدالة الجنائية الحديثة، والتي تتجاوز النطاق التقليدي للعقوبة الجنائية، إذ إنّها ممكن أن تعزز حماية الضحايا من الجرائم المرتكبة. فالعقوبات التكميلية لا تُنحصر فقط في جزاءاتٍ رادعة بل تؤدي دورًا مضاعفا في تقوية شعور الضحية بالأمان، من خلال فرض قيود قانونية على الجاني تضمن الحدّ من احتمالية إعادة الفعل الإجرامي مرة أخرى. وتبرز في هذا السياق الخبرة الفرنسية بوصفها نموذجًا رائدًا، حيث تناول القانون الفرنسي نصوصا صريحة، كحظر الاتصال بالضحية أو الاقتراب منها، فضلًا عن استخدام أدوات تقنية حديثة كالمراقبة الإلكترونية عن بعد. وفي المقابل هناك قصورٍ تشريعي واضح في القانون العراقي، الذي لا يزال يفتقر إلى نصوص مباشرة تتناول حماية الضحايا عبر العقوبات التكميلية، مقارنة بما أحرزته القوانين المصرية والإماراتية الحديثة من تقدم جزئي في هذا المجال, وهنا تأتي أهميةُ هذهِ الدراسةِ؛ إذ لا تزال التحديات العملية مستمرة في تطبيق هذه العقوبات. فهذهِ الدراسةُ، وباستخدامِ المنهجِ التحليليِّ المقارن، تهدفُ إلى تقديمِ رؤيةٍ إصلاحيةٍ عالميةٍ للعقوباتِ التكميلية، مع التركيزِ على المُشرِّعِ العراقي، وتنتهي هذهِ الدراسةُ بنتائجٍ واقتراحاتٍ لنصوصٍ قانونيةٍ للعقوباتِ التكميليةِ في العراق، بشكلٍ يضمنُ اتساقَها مع المعاييرِ الدوليةِ في حمايةِ حقوقِ الضحايا ويُسهمُ في بناءِ نظامٍ متوازنٍ للعدالةِ الجنائية
RESEARCH TREND IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY AND BLOCKCHAIN: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Full text linkBlockchain\u27s expansion in the Islamic financial industry has prompted researchers to examine the topic from various angles. Using VOSviewer software, this study focuses on analysing the relevant research and published articles indexed in Scopus by employing bibliometric methodology. The data were obtained from search results of documents indexed by Scopus until 2023. There are 67 publications consisting of 24 book chapters, 18 articles, 11 conference papers, eight books, five reviews, and one conference review. The results indicate that the number of publications on blockchain in Islamic finance increased significantly in the year 2022. Employing Network Visualization, the study identifies five distinct clusters within this field. Cluster one investigates the integration of blockchain and smart contracts in Islamic crowdfunding, while cluster two delves into blockchain integration in financial services. Cluster three explores the role of fintech in advancing financial inclusion, cluster four focuses on Islamic fintech innovations, and cluster five centres on the geographic distribution of studies. These clusters align with the principles and challenges of Islamic finance and their implications for key stakeholders, including financial institutions, regulators, and technology providers, as well as connect to discourse on technological innovation and Sharia-compliant financial solutions. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first to use bibliometric analysis to assess blockchain in Islamic finance. The findings and suggested areas for future research can guide academics and researchers in their efforts to advance the field of Islamic finance