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Exploring the nexus of occupational licensing and the shadow economy: Evidence from U.S. states
No full textThis study looks at the relationship between the prevalence of state-level shadow economies and the extent of labor regulations specific to occupational licensing. Occupational licensing leads to higher prices in the formal sector and barriers to entry into formal sector employment, therefore incentivizing individuals to migrate their demand and supply to the underground sector. Using state-level panel data for the 50 U.S. states from 2001 to 2019 and two-stage least squares estimation, we find a positive relationship between occupational licensing in a state and the size of its shadow economy. These results are robust to various considerations
AI and strategic power: An analysis of AI in cyberwarfare
Full text linkArtificial intelligence (AI) is intertwined in nearly all aspects of civilian life and is becoming progressively embedded into global conflict in novel ways. AI’s role in cyberwarfare is altering the structure of strategic power. This paper explores how the weaponized application of AI in cyberwarfare, both in military and public use, work to benefit states with advanced AI capabilities in kinetic and non-kinetic forms while undermining those without. With the focus on superpowered states, such as the U.S., China, and Russia, and a representative non-superpower, Ukraine, the study examines the basic requirements for AI dominance: resources (financial and other), technological infrastructure and data dominance, human capital/expertise, and strategic partnerships. Through comparative analysis, it reveals how AI is not only an extension of traditional military power, but a new domain of strategic competition where code, not just by conventional force, determines advantage. This will exemplify how the states with the best advantage will be the ones that have the greatest resources. The findings suggest that in the 21st century, global power may be less defined by kinetic weapon development and more by algorithms—making AI supremacy central to future national security
Interprofessional collaboration to create visual supports in preschool classrooms: Perspectives of speech-language pathology graduate students
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Speech-language pathologists’ preparation to become clinical educators
Full text linkClinical education is significant in a student clinician’s educational journey to prepare them for their career after graduation. It provides the hands-on component that can only be learned and fully understood through performing. The literature regarding students’ experiences in clinical education is vast, but there is a shortage of literature that explores the perceptions of clinical educators (CEs). This thesis consists of three articles. The first article explores the perceptions speech-language pathologists’ have regarding the preparation they received to become CEs, and then the second article takes a look at how the requirements to becoming CEs differ across similar clinical disciplines. Finally, the third article takes a look at how student-CE partnerships can foster professional socialization and growth in clinical settings.
Keywords: clinical education, clinical educator, graduate students, internship
Detection of data leakage and disruption of covert timing channel in secure drone communication using machine and deep learning
No full textThe utilization of recreational drones has experienced a substantial increase in both the United States and globally. However, it is noteworthy that most drones, classified as Internet of Things devices, are produced with a limited security lifecycle. This study\u27s findings are of paramount importance, as traditional computing exploits can be applied to drones, designating them as high- value targets. This study examines the detectability and disruptability of covert timing channel traffic in secure drones. The investigation aims to ascertain the effects of multiple interarrival times, distances ranging from 1 to 330 feet, various detection algorithms, and stream sizes between 32-bit and 256-bits on the detection of covert timing channels in drones. A comprehensive dataset was meticulously generated from covert channels utilizing the secure Parrot Anafi Ai drone across varying distances, stream sizes, and interarrival times. Machine learning and deep learning models were employed to classify covert and non-covert timing channels. Additionally, a classification based on distance was conducted to assess covert timing channels. The final phase of the experiment involved disrupting the interarrival times associated with covert timing channels. The study revealed that interarrival time, machine learning, deep learning algorithms, and disruption methods significantly influenced the detection of covert timing channels in drones. This is evident from the metrics of classification models, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and percentage of correctly decoded bits. The long short- term memory, one-dimensional convolutional neural network, and adaptive boosting models achieved a remarkable classification accuracy of 100%. In contrast, network shaping disruption resulted in a 50% reduction in correctly decoded bits. These findings possess practical implications, suggesting that machine and deep learning models demonstrate reliability in detecting covert timing channels in drones. Moreover, slight network time shaping adversely affects the sensitivity of interarrival times. This research unveils the discrepancy between the rapid growth of recreational drones and their weakened security posture, offering a strategic roadmap for researchers, drone manufacturers, regulators, and corporations to enhance drone cybersecurity through an initial analysis of timing channels and network shaping
Supporting multilingualism in Michigan schools: Educator perspectives on language education and the seal of biliteracy
No full textLearning more than one language has cognitive, emotional, and social benefits. Despite evidence in favor of bi/multilingualism, and a growing multilingual American population, bilingual education programs are scarce in the United States, foreign language education programs are being eliminated at an alarming rate, and English learners often do not receive the support that they need in American schools. Historically, political positions in the United States have ranged from espousing monolingual language ideologies that enact educational policies favoring English-only education to multilingual language ideologies that create policies in support of multilingual education. Surprisingly, despite the longstanding monolingual hegemonic pull by conservative lawmakers, one multilingual educational initiative, known as the Seal of Biliteracy, has received widespread bipartisan support and has been recently enacted in all 50 states. The goal of the current study is to understand the opinions and perceptions of Michigan educators regarding multilingualism, language education, and the Seal of Biliteracy. In doing so, the hope is not only to understand Michigan’s current implementation of the Seal of Biliteracy, but also to shed light on how language ideologies can affect language education in general. In this study, eight Michigan educators and administrators were interviewed. The conversations revealed five important themes regarding ideological and practical matters in language education. The themes are as follows: Language ideologies may predict the success of the Seal of Biliteracy, there are practical barriers to robust language education programs, English learner kids have more hurdles on their language journeys, language education is changing, and foreign language learning is important, but there are other important subjects in education as well
Group Picture of Rukeyser and Others at Yaddo.
No full textDated 1934. Group picture of Rukeyser and others at Yaddo, the artist residency in Saratoga Springs, New York State
Muriel Rukeyser
No full textPhotograph of Muriel Rukeyser, “A day in Honor of Muriel Rukeyser, December 9, 1978, Sarah Lawrence College
Rukeyser at Sarah Lawrence College
No full textPhotograph of Muriel Rukeyser with Sarah Lawrence President Charles R. DeCarlo on her left. “A day in Honor of Muriel Rukeyser, December 9, 1978, Sarah Lawrence College