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Caregiver-reported infant motor and imitation skills predict M-CHAT-R/F
No full textAltered motor and social-communicative abilities in infancy have been linked to later ASD diagnosis. Most diagnostic instruments for ASD cannot be utilized until 12 months, and the average child is diagnosed substantially later. Imitation combines motor and social-communicative skills and is commonly atypical in infants at risk for ASD. However, few measures have been developed to assess infant imitation clinically. One barrier to the diagnostic age gap of ASD is accessibility of screening and diagnostic services. Utilization of caregiver report to reliably screen for ASD mitigates such barriers and could aid in earlier detection. The present study developed and validated a caregiver-report measure of infant imitation at 4, 6, and 9 months and explored the relationship between caregiver-reported imitation and motor abilities with later ASD risk. Participants (N = 571) were caregivers of term and preterm infants recruited as part of a large multi-site study of PediaTrac™, a web-based tool for monitoring and tracking infant development. Caregivers completed online surveys and established questionnaires on a schedule corresponding to well-child visits from birth to 18 months, including the M-CHAT-R/F at 18 months. Distinct imitation factors were derived from PediaTrac at 4, 6, and 9 months via factor analysis. The results supported validity of the imitation factors via associations with measures of infant communication (CSBS; ASQ). Imitation and motor skills at 9 months predicted 18-month ASD risk over and above gestational age. Implications for assessment of infant imitation, detecting ASD risk in the first year, and contributing to access to care are discussed
The role of cost in predicting learning outcomes in physical education: An expectancy-value-cost model
No full textPurpose: : While the expectancy-value - value theory recognizes the significance fi cance of cost as an essential component, it has garnered minimal attention in physical education. Utilizing two separate datasets, we explored the degree to which the inclusion of cost in an expectancy-value-cost - value - cost model could augment its predictive capability. Method: : Study 1 utilized a cross-sectional data set (N N = 144) to investigate the predictive roles of expectancy belief, task value, and cost on behavioral and emotional engagement. Study 2 employed a longitudinal data set (N= N = 251) to assess how these variables influenced fl uenced the hypothetical choice of attending physical education and cardiorespiratory fi tness. Results: : Cost played a significant fi cant role in explaining additional variance, surpassing what could be predicted through expectancy and value. Specifically, fi cally, cost emerged as a crucial factor in predicting emotional engagement, hypothetical choice, and cardiorespiratory fi tness. Conclusion: : Incorporating cost as an independent construct can yield valuable supplementary insights into the determinants of students\u27 \u27 learning
Expert opinions on thermal discomfort related to idiopathic scoliosis orthoses
No full textIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate expert opinions regarding the current status of and mitigation solutions for thermal discomfort associated with the use of thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses (TLSOs) in treating patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS).Materials and MethodsQualitative data were gathered via interviews with experts in a variety of fields. Three primary categories of discussion were established: current status of thermal discomfort experienced by patients with IS treated with TLSOs, current mitigation strategies, and obstacles to implementation of a hypothetical novel TLSO. Data were analyzed utilizing Pell Institute\u27s six-step method for qualitative data analysis.ResultsSix experts participated in this study: three spinal orthotics experts, who are orthotists currently treating IS with TLSOs; one thermal discomfort expert, who has been studying thermal discomfort for prosthetic devices; and two mechanical engineering experts, who conduct college courses on thermodynamics. Primary signs and symptoms of thermal discomfort identified by experts were heat rash, verbal complaint, and excessive sweating. Factors identified by experts as related to the occurrence of thermal discomfort fell into three categories: orthotic design, surrounding environment, and patient conditions. Experts also identified possible strategies used to mitigate thermal discomfort, which involved orthotic fabrication options, orthotic modification options, and patient behavioral changes.ConclusionsAnecdotally, thermal discomfort experienced by TLSO users exists to varying degrees. The orthotic design, the environment, and the patient may impact the occurrence. Factors correlating to thermal discomfort may be skin temperature, friction, and moisture. Minimizing the quantity of skin surface area covered by the orthosis may be a primary thermal discomfort mitigation strategy. However, further investigation into the relationship between skin surface area coverage and thermal discomfort is required.Clinical RelevanceThis study introduces concepts and strategies that may be used by clinicians to reduce thermal discomfort experienced by patients with IS treated with a TLSO
Katei de bairingaru torairingaru o sodateru: oya to kyōshi ga shitte okitai kiso chishiki shūgakuzen o chūshin ni = Raising children as bilinguals and trilinguals: An introduction for parents and teachers of children ages 0 to 5
No full textA geo-intelligence paradigm examining and curbing shrinking cities: Detroit as a case study
No full textCaregiver perceptions and experiences surrounding employment of their adult-aged children on the autism spectrum
No full textObjective: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences and perspectives of familial caregivers as active participants in the employment processes of their adult-aged children on the autism spectrum.Background: Many adults on the autism spectrum experience barriers to meaningful and lasting employment. Caregivers are often highly involved in their adult children\u27s employment process; however, caregiver experiences are largely absent from the literature on employment for adults on the autism spectrum.Method: This study used semistructured interviews to examine 51 caregivers\u27 experiences and perceptions related to their adult children\u27s employment process. Themes were derived using a phenomenological approach.Results: Broad themes that emerged were (a) motivation for employment and independence, (b) variability of job training experiences, and (c) negative experiences surrounding employment. Additional subthemes are identified with representative quotations.Conclusion: Findings suggest that caregivers play a key role in the employment process for many adults on the autism spectrum and that their experiences include positive feelings of support and motivation, as well as negative perceptions and interactions.Implications: Understanding caregivers\u27 experiences offers practitioners and policymakers insight into the needs of the families of individuals on the autism spectrum through a family system perspective. The results of this study have implications for policy and practice related to transition- and employment-related training and supports
Democracy in Decline: The Causations for the Collapse of Rome\u27s Democratic Institutions
Get PDFThe Roman Republic sits in the annals of history as one of the world’s first empires that boasted a representative democracy. Established in 509 B.C.E. and lasting until it was officially dissolved in 27 B.C.E., the Republic endured an incalculable amount of trials and tribulations. In the early first century B.C.E., Rome would begin to fail the tests thrust upon it. It was from these failures that a half-century of stagnation, fear, and bloodshed emerged. Starting with the age of Sulla in the 80s B.C.E. and persisting until the ousting of its democracy by Octavian in the 20s B.C.E. Rome found itself ripe with political discourse, uncertainty, and civil war. Rome, as a whole, was an empire enthralled by tradition, the one that captured the most devotion from its people was the practice and preservation of the democracy that composed its foundations. It is with this understanding that one would find themselves asking a question of the utmost importance: Why would Rome succumb to the challenges cast upon it in the first century B.C.E. and allow its most crucial tenet of democracy to be thrown to the wayside in favor of an era of emperors? This research will show that Rome’s Republic fell largely because of the escalations of political polarization and violence seen in Rome before Caesar crossed the Rubicon
