Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Series of Agrarian Sciences / Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия аграрных наук
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Series of Agrarian Sciences / Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия аграрных наукNot a member yet
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Рынок аграрного труда ЕАЭС: предпосылки формирования, тенденции развития
Get PDFConducting a scientifically based social-and-economic and migration policy aimed at the efficient use of the labour potential of countries, primarily partners in the EAEU, which is dictated by a common labour market, is currently important for the Republic of Belarus. The study of the prerequisites, trends and patterns of formation and forecasting of the agrarian labour market development in the context of Eurasian integration is of paramount importance. The results of the author's research aimed at identification of features of the agrarian labour market condition formation from the standpoint of the supply and demand, territorial size and structure of the population, the needs of business entities in the labour force are stated; directions of rural migration flows within the EAEU are estimated; the problems that lie in the lack of coordinated activities on the uniform rules of legal employment, recognition of diplomas in the creation of a coherent social and labour policy of the integration association are established; approaches to the formation of a common agrarian labour market and the social and labour policy of the agro-industrial complex in the EAEU have been proposed in the paper. Suggestions and recommendations can be used to substantiate the main directions of the formation of a coherent social and labour policy of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU member states, harmonization of interests regarding labour migration and pensions system. The scientific significance of the results is in understanding the prerequisites, the essence and objectives of the integration processes, the assessment of the economic and social effect in the labour sphere of the integrating countries. The practical significance lies in assessing the positive aspects of labour integration as a more complete use of the advantages of the international division of labour in the context of globalization by present and potential participants in an integration association.В настоящее время для Республики Беларусь важным является проведение научно обоснованной социально-экономической и миграционной политики, направленной на эффективное использование трудового потенциала стран, в первую очередь партнеров по ЕАЭС, что продиктовано единым рынком труда. В этой связи первостепенное значение приобретает изучение предпосылок, тенденций и закономерностей формирования и прогнозирования развития рынка аграрного труда в условиях евразийской интеграции. В статье изложены результаты исследования по выявлению особенностей формирования конъюнктуры на рынке аграрного труда с позиций спроса и предложения, территориальной численности и структуры населения, потребностей субъектов хозяйствования в рабочей силе; оценены направления миграционных потоков сельского населения в рамках ЕАЭС; установлены проблемы в создании согласованной социально-трудовой политики интеграционного объединения, которые заключаются в отсутствии скоординированных мероприятий по единым правилам легального трудоустройства, признанию дипломов об образовании; предложены подходы к формированию общего рынка аграрного труда и социально-трудовой политики АПК в ЕАЭС. Предложения и рекомендации могут быть использованы при обосновании основных направлений формирования согласованной социально-трудовой политики АПК государств – членов ЕАЭС, гармонизации интересов по процессам трудовой миграции и пенсионного обеспечения. Научная значимость результатов заключается в осмыслении предпосылок, сущности и целей процессов интеграции, оценке экономического и социального эффекта в трудовой сфере интегрирующихся стран. Практическая значимость заключается в оценке положительных аспектов трудовой интеграции как более полного использования преимуществ международного разделения труда в условиях глобализации действующими и потенциальными участниками интеграционного объединения
ПРОГНОЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ БИОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ТЕРРИТОРИИ БЕЛАРУСИ НА ПЕРИОД 2016–2035 гг.
Get PDFActive temperature increase, trends in atmospheric precipitation changes and other indicators necessitates compilation of climate forecasts both for the near future and for distant period. Development of such prospective scenarios is essential for successful adaptation of agricultural production in the prevailing agro-climatic conditions. The aim of the paper is prediction of changes of bioclimatic potential (BCP) in the territory of Belarus for the near future, to determine general patterns of BCP changes in the future and to assess the favorable bioclimatic conditions for growing specific crops. Forecast of BCP changes is developed for the period of 2016–2035 based on the global climate model HadCM3. The method of D. I. Shashko was used for BCP calculation. Based on the data on optimal heat and moisture resources for growth and development of agricultural crops, the optimal BCP values were calculated. Prediction showed further significant increase in BCP values during the forecast period, while maintaining the trends of changes peculiar of the period of modern climate warming. It is determined that the general patterns of spatial BCP changes, including optimal BCP for growing specific crops, will be relevant in the future
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЯ БАКТЕРИОФАГОВ ЛАКТОКОККОВ, ВЫДЕЛЕННЫХ ИЗ ФЕРМЕНТИРОВАННЫХ МОЛОЧНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ, С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ
Get PDFFor production of fermented milk products in the territory of the Republic of Belarus, lactic acid bacteria related to p. Lactococcus are used more often. Continuous phage monitoring makes it possible to limit economic losses due to phagolysis at production of fermented milk products, as well as to reduce the risk of contamination of finished products with pathogenic microbiota. It is necessary to identify and determine the properties of bacteriophages for that circulating at enterprises, considering that at each individual enterprise there are no specific types (kinds) of phages, which is due to the assortment of products, types of ferments used and hygiene conditions. The article dwells on studies on isolation and characterization of lactococci bacteriophages. Of the 51 phagocontaining samples of products selected in the territory of the Republic of Belarus, 68 bacteriophages have been isolated. The spectrum of their lytic activity was determined. Based on the results of PCR with species specific primers, 39 bacteriophages are classified as C2 type. One bacteriophage was identified as P335 according to PCR results. 939 type bacteriophages were not detected among the isolated viruses. Differentiation of C2 type lactococcal phages was carried out. A selection of the restriction enzymes allowing to distinguish phages inside the C2 type is carried out. A scheme of intraspecific differentiation of lactococci bacteriophages was developed using RFLP analysis. RFLP-analysis allowed to divide 39 lactophages of type C2 into six groups. Acknowledgements. The work was carried out within the framework of research under task 9.5.50 “Study of species diversity of lactic acid bacteria obtained from natural sources, variability of lactococci phages obtained at milk processing plants, depending on season and region” of GPNI “Innovative technologies in agro-industrial complex”.
ПОСТУПЛЕНИЕ 137Сs В ЗЕРНО ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ РАЗНЫХ УРОВНЯХ АЗОТНОГО И КАЛИЙНОГО ПИТАНИЯ НА АНТРОПОГЕННО-ПРЕОБРАЗОВАННОЙ ТОРФЯНОЙ ПОЧВЕ
Get PDFAnthropogenic-transformed peat soils occupy significant areas in the territory of the Republic of Belarus in composition of agricultural land contaminated with radionuclides. A number of studies have been carried out in recent years where diagnostic features, properties and fertility, regimes of mineral nutrition of plants on these soils have been studied. However, studies on radionuclides migration, impact of various agricultural practices on penetration into agricultural crops have not been carried out. The article dwells on study of 137Cs penetration into spring wheat grain depending on the levels of nitrogen and potassium nutrition of plants when various rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied on anthropogenic-transformed peat soil. It has been determined that N120P60K120 application reduces 137Cs level in grain by 15–22 % compared to the control, and when combined with mineral fertilizers, copper-containing fertilizer and plant growth regulator – by 34 %. The minimum accumulation of 137Cs in spring wheat is determined at nitrogen-potassium ratio of 1:(1.0–1.2). At the ratio of 1:(0.2–0.6) nitrogen deficiency and increase in radionuclide concentration in grain are observed due to yield decrease. Increase in accumulation of radionuclide in grain is observed at the ratio above 1:1.5. The results of researches make it possible to determine the allowable contamination density values of the anthropogenic-transformed peat soil with 137Cs and optimal doses of mineral fertilizers for cultivation of food and forage purpose spring wheat.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ДОСТОВЕРНОСТИ ОЦЕНКИ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ПОЛЕВОГО АГРОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ОПЫТА
Get PDFThe programming (simulation) of yield in the area of “risky farming” that Belarus belongs to according to data from a single-factor experiment considering only the food mode, can lead to unacceptably large errors in the calculations. These errors can easily be avoided by increasing the factorality of agronomic experiment by using standard meteorological data processed using mathematical model of crop yields. A mathematical model of environmental factors effect on crop yields is proposed and tested. It is shown that the accuracy of yield simulation (calculation) increases with the growing number of crop-forming factors taken into account. The possibilities of mathematical simulation allowing to switch from one-factor to multifactorial agronomic research are demonstrated, involving meteorological data characterizing the moisture and heat availability of the vegetation period when analyzing the results of the experiment as additional information. The moisture supply conditions can be characterized quite accurately by atmospheric precipitation during the vegetation period, and the heat supply – by the maximum daily air temperatures in the same period. Inclusion in analysis of additional water and heat factors of yield makes it possible not only to increase the factorality of field experiment, but also to substantially increase the conclusions validity according to the results based on the proposed mathematical model.
Моделирование процесса колебаний штанги с независимой маятниковой навеской и системой стабилизации в вертикальной плоскости
Get PDFContinuous improvement of field sprayer design aimed at performance increase by increasing the working width, requires a special approach to ensure reliability of the supporting rod structure and quality of technological process. The question of rod vibrations, which arise when the driving systems copy field rough surface and abrupt changes in speed of the unit, remains topical. At the design stage of supporting structures of the rods, special attention is paid to the substantiation of its geometrical parameters in the longitudinal and transverse sections; studies of changes in the characteristics of vertical and horizontal vibrations, taking into account the method of the rod hanging and the system used for its stabilization. This allows to ensure the reliability of the rod design and the required quality of the technological process. The article proposes construction of the rod independent pendulum suspension on the sprayer frame and its stabilization system based on the use of damping elements. The analytical studies sequence system was developed for rod vibrations analysis, depending on initial conditions, parameters and characteristics of the used damping elements, under which they are effectively damped. It is shown that at certain numerical values of the geometrical parameters of the rod, the suspension and vibrations damping methods, not only the numerical values of the functions are changed, but also the functions themselves that describe the process of the rod's vertical movement, including cases of resonance. The obtained theoretical results can be used for design and testing of machines with rod working units and allow, at design stages, to simulate the process of movement of various rod structures from external excitatory forces, and to determine patterns of changes in the characteristics of damped vibrations using different damping elements and their installation parameters.Постоянное совершенствование конструкций полевых опрыскивателей, направленное на повышение производительности путем увеличения рабочей ширины захвата, требует особого подхода к обеспечению надежности несущей конструкции штанги и качества выполнения технологического процесса. Актуальным остается вопрос колебаний штанги, возникающих при копировании ходовыми системами неровностей поля и резкими изменениями скорости движения агрегата. На стадии проектирования несущих конструкций штанг особое внимание уделяется обоснованию ее геометрических параметров в продольном и поперечном сечениях; исследованиям изменения характеристик колебаний в вертикальной и горизонтальной плоскостях с учетом способа подвешивания штанги и используемой системы ее стабилизации. Это позволяет обеспечить надежность конструкции штанги и требуемое качество выполнения технологического процесса. В статье предложена конструкция независимой маятниковой подвески штанги на раму опрыскивателя и система ее стабилизации, основанная на использовании демпферных элементов. Для нее разработана последовательность проведения аналитических исследований процесса колебаний штанги в зависимости от начальных условий, параметров и характеристик используемых демпфирующих элементов, при которых обеспечивается эффективное их гашение. Показано, что при определенных числовых значениях геометрических параметров штанги, способа навешивания и гашения ее колебаний происходит изменение не только числовых значений функций, но и самих функций, описывающих процесс движения штанги в вертикальной плоскости, включая случаи резонанса. Полученные теоретические результаты могут быть использованы при конструировании и испытаниях машин со штанговыми рабочими органами и позволяют на стадиях проектирования смоделировать процесс движения различных конструкций штанг от возникающих внешних возбуждающих сил и определить закономерности изменения характеристик затухающих колебаний при использовании различных демпфирующих элементов и параметрах их установки
ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ НАУЧНОЙ И ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВЕ БЕЛАРУСИ
Get PDFHighly developed livestock breeding in Belarus is the basis for ensuring the country’s food security, as soon as this industry produces over 65% of the gross agricultural produce value, and economic wellbeing of the majority of agricultural organizations of the republic largely depends on its efficiency. The paper dwells on the latest achievements in the livestock sector in Belarus, further ways to increase production and improve quality of livestock products based on advanced resource-saving technologies and improvement of resource support of the industry are determined. A set of joint measures with other sciences is proposed to solve new challenges in livestock breeding, and special attention is paid to strengthening of research and development to improve large-scale breeding system, and problems of animal reproduction. The proposed priority directions cover the field of biotechnology of farm animals, gene and cell engineering as well. The necessary measures have been identified to increase the efficiency of the country’s livestock sector in conditions of increasing regional and sectoral competition. Estimated levels of technological development of livestock sectors have been developed. Analysis of the current state and prediction of development of the main livestock sectors showed that research and production work carried out by the Research and Production Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Livestock Breeding contributes to raising the efficiency of the livestock sector and livestock products produced in the republic
