Publicaciones Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz
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Identidad de lugar en usuarios de teleasistencia: un análisis conversacional
Get PDFEste artículo presenta un análisis discursivo de la identidad de lugar en usuarios de teleasistencia domiciliaria. Dicho análisis es parte de los resultados de dos proyectos de investigación interesados por el cuidado de las personas mayores y dependientes en España. Los datos analizados se extraen de un conjunto de diez grupos de discusión llevados a cabo en Cataluña durante 2009 (n=62). A partir del rastreo del uso que los participantes hacen de una frase hecha (“no hay lugar como el hogar”), se propone un examen secuencial y detallado de los datos inspirado en el análisis conversacional y la psicología discursiva. Este examen resalta el carácter co-producido de la identidad de lugar y llama la atención sobre diferentes herramientas discursivas que los participantes emplean para enfrentar las amenazas que la conversación le plantea a dicha identidad. El resultado es la descripción del contexto en el que se produce una identidad de hogar que da sentido a la preferencia que los participantes muestran por envejecer en casa. Dicha identidad de hogar se presenta como un recurso de orden explicativo y retórico
Evaluation of the therapeutic process in cases of sexual abuse
Get PDFSexual abuse can trigger cognitive and behavioral problems which require psychotherapeutic intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic process of two clinical cases. Participants were two sexually abused girls who participated in cognitive behavioral group therapy. The cases were selected based on the different responses to group therapy. One of them showed a reduction in the symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and stress while in other these same symptoms were not reduced. Results showed that factors influencing the therapeutic process and that were related to the different responses to group therapy included the onset age of sexual abuse; the form of abuse; the perception of the experience in the care institution; criminalization of the offender; and persistence of guilt when faced with stress inoculation techniques. Case studies can contribute to the understanding of individual responses to effective intervention models based on evidence.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/rlp.v45i2.105
Características psicológicas y desempeño académico en universitarios de profesiones de pronta ocupación
Get PDFEl rendimiento académico hace evidentes contrastes entre las condiciones que enfrentan los alumnos y estados de bienestar y malestar psicológico. En México las principales razones de la deserción escolar son económicas, la necesidad de la inserción temprana en el campo laboral y bajo desempeño académico. El propósito del presente trabajo fue identificar los factores que impactan la salud mental y su relevancia respecto del desempeño académico de alumnos de administración y contaduría de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Participaron 249 estudiantes que respondieron instrumentos sobre bienestar y su desempeño académico reflejado en sus calificaciones. Se observaron niveles altos de intolerancia y rigidez, relacionados con comportamientos que denotan incapacidad de adaptarse a personas distintas a sí mismos. Respecto a Actividades de Estudio los resultados revelaron deficiencias relativamente importantes en la posesión y dominio de las estrategias dirigidas al aprendizaje eficaz. La más notable fue el manejo y búsqueda de la información que requiere en su aprendizaje el alumno. Las variables psicológicas también guardaron una relación con las estrategias de estudio, con antecedentes de circunstancias vulnerables y con relaciones de pareja. Éstas a su vez, se relacionaron con agresividad, la cual acusó altos valores de malestar y se asoció con habilidades como la asertividad y la autorregulación.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/rlp.v45i2.73
Emmons, Robert A.; McCullough, Michael E. (Eds) (2004). The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp 368. ISBN 978-0-19-515010-0.
No full textMagnitude and valence of outcomes as determinants of causal judgments
Get PDFThis study examines if the blocking effect paradigm predicts causal judgments when consequences of events vary in valence and magnitude. The procedure consists on presenting participants with reports describing the positive or negative effects produced by different substances, when these are consumed either separately or simultaneously with others. Two groups of participants were exposed to high and low magnitude consequences, respectively. The extent to which behavior with respect to causal judgments is consistent with the predictions of the blocking effect was evaluated in both groups using two types of questions. One of themasked whether or not substance X produced the effect, while the other one asked about the probability of substance X producing the effect. Differences in causal judgments as a product of logical or intuitive reasoning were examined. Even though the blocking effect was not observed, a significant interaction was obtained between the factors valence and experimental condition (blocking and control). Findingsare discussed in terms of the differences between associative learning in humans and in non-human animals, and in terms of the theoretical differences between evaluative conditioning and predictive or causal conditioning
The importance of studying prosody in the comprehension of spontaneous spoken discourse
Get PDFThe study of the role of prosodic breaks and pitch accents in comprehension has usually focused on sentence processing, through the use of laboratory speech produced by both trained and untrained speakers. In comparison, little attention has been paid to their role in the comprehension and production of spontaneous discourse, or to the interplay between prosodic cues and pitch accents and the generation of inferences. This article describes studies which have focused on the effects of prosodic boundaries and pitch accents in sentence comprehension. Their results suggest that prosody has an early influence in the parsing of sentences as well as the processing of the information structure of a statement. It also presents a new model of spontaneous discourse comprehension that can accommodate paralinguistic factors, like pitch andprosody, and other communication channels and their relation to cognitive processes. Stemming from the model presented, future research directions are suggested as well as the importance of including spontaneous spoken discourse materials and examining the role of prosodic cues and pitch accents in the establishment of connections among spoken statements is highlighted
Prediction of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms via Comorbid Disorders and other Social and School Problems in Earthquake Exposed Turkish Adolescents
Get PDFOn May 3rd, 2003, a strong earthquake hit the eastern part of Turkey at 03:27 a.m. and lasted 20 seconds. It destroyed a regional boarding school killing 83 students and 1 teacher. Disaster-exposed children are at risk for a variety of mental health, social, and academic problems. This research was designed to investigate the extent of comorbidity among adolescent earthquake survivors. One hundred and ninety-one adolescents were given the Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index and the Behavior Assessment Systems one year after the earthquake. Theadolescents were divided into PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) positive and non PTSD groups. Multivariate ANOVAs were then conducted to test group and gender differences on the BASC subscales. Correlation analysis revealed some significant associations between the CPTSD RI and BASC subscales. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to predict the contribution of each of the BASC SRP A subscales. Depression was the strongest contributor, accounting for 23% of the total variance. The Braunnext most significant contributing variable was atypicality, at 6%. This was followed by sensation-seeking, with a 4% variance. Finally, attitude to school added another 2% to the prediction for PTSD. These four variables, together, explained 35% of the variance in the CPTSD RI total score (r.585, r²=.35 p<.05). Those variables also correlated with the CPTSD RI subscales of re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Cross- cultural implications were also discussed in reference to the disaster and other disorders
A new framework to measure intuitiveness in decision problems
Get PDFIntuition in decision-making is often seen as a set of heuristic or holistic mental processes applied to decision problems hen they exceed cognitive capacity, or whenever there is a will to achieve a solution that does not exhaust cognitive resources. In this regard, to date it has been solely treated as a ersonal and frequently solipsist tendency. This paper tests whether different types of problems carry different degrees of intuitiveness’ and whether it would be possible to produce a realistic experimental model of such problems. To cope with both demands, standardized stimuli (mostly IAPS figures) were used to model decision problems as conflicts (approach-avoidance, approach-approach, and avoidanceapproach conflicts). Intuitiveness was argued to be inversely related to arousal, as measured by GSR levels. several solutions to methodological problems involving decision-making designs in the environment of the software BioExplorer were created. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to rank problems. According to our analyses, ap-av conflicts are by far less intuitive than av-ap, and av-av (p <.0001). The latter two are not very different in this regard (p = .5712).
Reconocimiento de indicadores de alienación parental en operadores de justicia de Bogotá
Get PDFAnte los múltiples debates sobre la existencia o no de la Alienación Parental en Bogotá, se realizó este estudio para identificar el reconocimiento de indicadores de Alienación Parental (AP) por operadores judiciales y comparar los resultados según sexo, profesión e institución. Para este efecto se diseñó y validó por jueces un cuestionario que registró la observación empírica de indicadores de interferencias parentales, independientemente de que los participantes conocieran el constructo teóricamente. El instrumento alcanzó fiabilidad con el alfa de Cronbach ? =.946 y unidimensionalidad con el índice de Tanaka =.985. Los resultados de los 263 profesionales judiciales permiten apreciar puntajes altos, promedio = 40.74 de un máximo de 55, por lo que se infiere que la alienación parental es frecuente y observable, aunque lamentablemente pone en evidencia una grave problemática social. También se realizó un análisis comparativo de los resultados según sexo, profesión e institución y se encontró que quienes observaron significativamente más indicadores de alienación fueron las mujeres y no hubo diferencias según la profesión, ni la institución.
Price anchoring in Online Markets: an Empirical Assessment
Get PDFThere is a large literature in behavioral economics contradicting the empirical prediction of rational choice theory once applied to auctions. The issue is of particular relevance due to the large use of auctions in mechanism design. One of the heuristics that may induce biased behavior is anchoring, namely the possibility that uninformative information influences choices. In this article we assess the impact of the anchoring effect in bidding for online auctions. Our aim is to isolate the anchoring effect of fixed price listing from the strategic bidding effect. Our empirical strategy is to use market segmentation induced by the presence of counterfeit products. Our results confirm the importance of behavioral heuristics and associate biases in auction. In particular we find price effects on auctions from upper and lower bounds(ceiling and floor) of the fixed price distribution and across run time. The results are robust with regard to various formulations of the baseline regression.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/rlp.v45i2.139