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Comparison of Slovenian, German and Austrian Legal Regulations regarding Company name law
Get PDFAvtorica se v magistrskem delu ukvarja s primerjavo slovenske, nemške in avstrijske pravne ureditve
firmskega prava in predstavi celotno normaTvno ureditev firme v slovenskem Zakonu o gospodarskih
družbah (ZGD-1), nemškem Trgovinskem zakonu (Handelsgesetzbuch – HGB) in avstrijskem
Podjetniškem zakoniku (Unternehmensgesetzbuch – UGB). Primerjalno-pravno obdela slovensko,
nemško in avstrijsko ureditev firme in predstavi ugotovitve slovenske, nemške in avstrijske teorije ter
sodne prakse. V delu se osredotoča predvsem na razlike pri ureditvi firme med pravnimi sistemi.
Nemško trgovinsko gospodarsko pravo je doživelo pomembno reformo “Handelsreform” leta 1998, ki
je prinesla pomembne spremembe tudi v firmskem pravu. Podobno reformo oziroma liberalizacijo
firmskega prava je leta 2005 doživelo tudi avstrijsko firmsko pravo. Slovenska ureditev firme ostaja
dokaj nespremenjena vse od prvotnega Zakona o gospodarskih družbah (ZGD), Uradni list RS,
št. 15/05 – uradno prečiščeno besedilo in 42/06 – ZGD-1, objavljenega leta 1993. Avtorica se ukvarja s
primerjavo vseh treh pravnih ureditev firme, s poudarkom na njenih sestavinah. Predstavljena so
osnovna firmskopravna načela vseh treh pravnih sistemov in iz njih izpeljana pravila za sestavine firme
ter posledično tudi, kako je urejeno varstvo firme. Predstavljena je sodna praksa vseh treh držav, ki
zajema predvsem razlago sodišč o sestavinah firme, izključnosT in razpoznavnosT firme ter njenem
varstvu. Na kratko je opisan tudi postopek registracije in vpis firme v register. Prav tako je kot dodatna
oblika varstva firme izven primarnega zakona, ki ureja firmo, obravnavana industrijska lastnina. Na
kratko je obravnavana tudi znamka, ki je firmi podobna predvsem v njeni izključnosT ter
razpoznavnosT.
Razlika med pravno ureditvijo firme v slovenski, nemški in avstrijski ureditvi je v obveznih sestavinah
osebnih družb, kjer je v slovenski ureditvi obvezna tako navedba pravnoorganizacijske oblike družbe
kot tudi priimek vsaj enega družbenika (oz. v komanditni družbi komplementarja), medtem ko se v
nemškem in avstrijskem pravnem sistemu zahteva zgolj navedba pravnoorganizacijske oblike družbe,
brez navedbe priimkov družbenikov. Razlika je tudi pri firmi podjetnika, kjer je po slovenskem
pravnem sistemu obvezna navedba imena in priimka podjetnika skupaj z oznako, da gre za
samostojnega podjetnika, oznako dejavnosT in morebitne dodatne sestavine. V nemškem in
avstrijskem sistemu pa tudi za podjetnika velja enako kot za preostale družbe – obvezna je zgolj
navedba, da gre za podjetnika oz. trgovca (skupaj s sestavno, ki firmo individualizira). Avtorica
omenjeni razliki podrobneje opiše in se ukvarja z razlogi za takšno ureditev. Dotakne se tudi drugih
manjših razlik, kot sta nameravana in skrajšana firma.The author of the master\u27s thesis focuses on a comparaTve analysis of Slovenian, German, and
Austrian legal frameworks concerning company law, specifically firm names. The thesis presents the
complete normaTve regulaTon of firm names in the Slovenian Companies Act (ZGD-1), the German
Commercial Code (Handelsgesetzbuch — HGB), and the Austrian Enterprise Code
(Unternehmensgesetzbuch — UGB). It examines the legal provisions in these three jurisdicTons and
discusses the findings from Slovenian, German, and Austrian legal theory and case law, with a
parTcular focus on differences in firm name regulaTons across these legal systems.
German commercial law underwent a significant reform, the "Handelsreform," in 1998, which also
brought notable changes to firm name regulaTons. Similarly, Austria experienced a reform or
liberalizaTon of firm name law in 2005. In contrast, the Slovenian regulaTon of firm names has
remained relaTvely unchanged since the original Companies Act (ZGD), Uradni list RS, št. 15/05 –
uradno prečiščeno besedilo in 42/06 – ZGD-1, published in 1993. The author compares the three legal
frameworks, emphasizing the components of firm names. The fundamental principles of firm name
law in all three systems are outlined, followed by an analysis of the rules governing the components
of firm names and their legal protecTon.
The thesis also examines case law from Slovenia, Germany, and Austria, focusing on courts\u27
interpretaTon of firm name components, exclusivity and disTncTveness of firm names, and their
protecTon. It briefly describes the process of registering and entering a firm name in the commercial
register. AddiTonally, the thesis discusses industrial property rights as an auxiliary form of firm name
protecTon outside the primary company law. Trademarks, which share similariTes with firm names in
terms of exclusivity and disTncTveness, are also briefly addressed.
The key differences between the Slovenian, German, and Austrian regulaTons lie in the mandatory
components of firm names for partnerships. In Slovenia, it is compulsory to include both the legal
form of the company and the surname of at least one partner (or the general partner in a limited
partnership), whereas in Germany and Austria, only the legal form of the company is required,
without specifying partners\u27 surnames. Differences are also evident in the regulaTon of sole
proprietorship firm names. Under Slovenian law, the firm name must include the proprietor\u27s first
and last name, an indicaTon that the enTty is a sole proprietor, the type of acTvity, and any
addiTonal components. In Germany and Austria, sole proprietors follow the same requirements as
other companies — only the indicaTon that it is a sole proprietorship (along with a component that
individualizes the firm) is mandatory.
The author delves into these disTncTons in greater detail, analyzing the reasons behind such
regulaTons. The thesis also touches upon minor differences, such as abbreviated and intended firm
names
Punishing juvenile offenders in Europe
Get PDFMladoletni storilci kaznivih dejanj so bili skozi zgodovino različno obravnavani. V preteklosti so bili obravnavni kot odrasli storilci kaznivih dejanj, šele v 16. in 17. stoletju pa so jih začeli obravnavati drugače kot odrasle storilce. V magistrski nalogi smo za predstavitev zgodovine in opisa kaznovanja mladoletnih storilcev v Evropi uporabili deskriptivno metodo. Opravili smo pregled tujih in domačih znanstvenih del in tako preučili kaznovanje mladoletnikov v Evropi ter nato še podrobno analizirali kaznovanje mladoletnikov v Avstriji, Sloveniji, na Madžarskem in na Hrvaškem. Z uporabo primerjalne statistične analize smo iz podatkov iz SPACE I poročil določili trende kaznovanja mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj v Evropi. Ugotovili smo, da se trend kaznovanja mladoletnikov ne zaostruje, saj se je stopnja zaprtih mladoletnih oseb povečala v treh državah, upadla pa je v 35 državah, od skupno 40 primerjanih. Ugotovili smo, da v evropskih državah za kaznovanje mladoletnikov prevladujeta pravičnostni in zaščitni model, v katera dva se različno vključujejo elementi restorativne pravičnosti (poravnava, mediacija, družinske konference), minimalne intervencije (diverzije, družbeno koristna dela) ter tudi elementi neo-poravnalnega systema. Primerjava med štirimi izbranimi državami pokaže, da je najstrožja kaznovalna politika prisotna v Avstriji, saj smo na podlagi stopenj zaprtih mladoletnikov ugotovili, da je ta v zadnjih letih najvišja v Avstriji. Povprečen delež mladoletnikov v zaporski populaciji je bil v obdobju 2000–2023 najvišji v Avstriji, nato na Hrvaškem, na Madžarskem in najmanjši v Sloveniji.Juvenile offenders have been treated differently throughout history. In the past, they were treated as adult offenders. Only in the 16th and 17th centuries that they begin to be treated differently from adult offenders. In the master\u27s thesis, we used the descriptive method to present the history and description of the behaviour of juvenile offenders in Europe. Conducted a review of foreign and domestic scientific works and thus studied in detail the punishment of juvenile offenders in Europe and then further analysed the punishment of juvenile offenders in Austria, Slovenia, Hungary and Croatia. Using comparative statistical analysis, we have determined trends in the punishment of juvenile offenders in Europe based on the data from SPACE I reports. We found that the trend of punishing juvenile offenders is not worsening, as the rate of juvenile incarceration increased in three countries, but decreased in 35 countries, out of a total of 40 compared. We found that the justice and protection model prevails in European countries for punishing juvenile offenders, in which the two differently include elements of restorative justice (settlement, mediation, family conferences), minimal interventions (diversions, community service) and also elements of the neo-settlement system. A comparison between the four selected countries shows that the strictest punishment policy is present in Austria as the rate of incarcerated juveniles is the highest in recent years. The average share of juvenile offenders in the prison population in the period 2000–2023 was the highest in Austria, followed by Croatia and Hungary and the lowest in Slovenia
Development of a low-code web application using oracle apex
Get PDFV današnjih dinamičnih poslovnih okoljih se potreba po prilagodljivih in učinkovitih programskih rešitvah iz leta v leto povečuje. S hitrim razvojem tehnologije in digitalizacijo poslovnih procesov se podjetja srečujejo z vedno večjimi izzivi, ki zahtevajo inovativne rešitve. Hkrati pa število ustrezno kvalificiranih programerjev ne zadošča potrebam na trgu. Podjetja se morajo zato zanašati na alternativne pristope za dosego svojih ciljev. Za to obstajajo na trgu rešitve, s pomočjo katerih lahko z malo znanja o programiranju razvijemo ustrezno programsko rešitev, ki jo podjetje potrebuje. Take rešitve omogočajo hiter razvoj aplikacij z uporabo preprostih in intuitivnih orodij, ki jih je mogoče preprosto razviti, vzdrževati, ponovno uporabiti in razširiti. Z rastjo podjetja se povečuje tudi število dokumentov, kar otežkoča iskanje in dostop do informacij. Iskanje postane zamudno in nepregledno, kar lahko negativno vpliva na učinkovitost in produktivnost zaposlenih. V magistrskem delu se bomo osredinili na rešitev Oracle APEX, ki omogoča preprosto in hitro razvijanje aplikacij. Oracle APEX se izkaže kot ustrezna izbira za podjetja, ki iščejo hitro in učinkovito pot do razvoja svojih lastnih programskih rešitev. Prvi dejanje bo oblikovanje relacijskega podatkovnega modela, ki bo strukturiralo podatke in omogočil učinkovito upravljanje informacij. Na podlagi pripravljenega modela bomo razvili aplikacijo, ki bo omogočila preprosto spremljanje in upravljanje standardov v podjetju. Aplikacija bo omogočala lažji dostop do dokumentov, iskanje po različnih kriterijih (npr. po imenu, tipu, oznaki, jeziku) ter preprosto urejanje in vnašanje standardov. Z razvojem aplikacije bomo implementirali centralizirano upravljanje podatkov, kar pomeni, da bodo vsi standardi in njihovi dokumenti dostopni po principu »vse na enem mestu«. Z razvojem aplikacije bomo dosegli naslednje koristi: s preprostim dostopom do podatkov bo iskanje, dodajanje in urejanje postalo hitrejše in manj zamudno, učinkovit razvoj in vzdrževanje aplikacij bosta pripomogla k zmanjšanju operativnih stroškov ter omogočala bo varno shranjevanje in upravljanje podatkov, kar je ključnega pomena za občutljive informacije v podjetju. Oracle APEX je zmogljivo orodje, ki podjetjem omogoča, da na preprost, hiter in stroškovno učinkovit način modernizirajo svoje poslovne procese in dosežejo učinkovito digitalno transformacijo, usmerjeno v dolgoročni uspeh.In today\u27s dynamic business environments, the need for flexible and efficient software solutions is increasing year by year. With the rapid development of technology and the digitalization of business processes, companies face ever-increasing challenges that require innovative solutions. At the same time, the number of properly qualified programmers does not meet the needs of the market. Companies must therefore rely on alternative approaches to achieve their goals. For this purpose, there are solutions on the market, with the help of which, with a little programming knowledge, we can develop the appropriate software solution that the company demands. Such solutions enable rapid application development using simple and intuitive tools that are easy to develop, maintain, reuse and extend. As the company grows, so does the number of documents, which makes it difficult to find and access information. The search becomes time-consuming and opaque, which can negatively affect the efficiency and productivity of employees. In the master\u27s thesis, we will focus on the Oracle APEX solution, which enables easy and fast application development. Oracle APEX proves to be the right choice for companies looking for a fast and efficient way to develop their own software solutions. The first step will be the creation of a relational data model that will structure the data and enable efficient information management. Based on the prepared model, we will develop an application that will enable easy monitoring and management of standards in the company. The application will allow easier access to documents, search by various criteria (e.g. by name, type, label, language) and easy editing and entering of standards. With the development of the application, we will implement centralized data management, which means that all standards and their documents will be accessible according to the "all in one place" principle. By developing the application, we will achieve the following benefits: with easy access to data, searching, adding and editing will become faster and less time-consuming, efficient development and maintenance of applications will help reduce operational costs and will allow secure storage and management of data, which is crucial for sensitive information in the company. Oracle APEX is a powerful tool that enables companies to modernize their business processes in a simple, fast and cost-effective way and achieve effective digital transformation aimed at long-term success
New Development Bank: risk analysis
Get PDFNew development bank (NDB) je večstranska finančna institucija, ki so jo leta 2015 ustanovile države BRICS. Njen namen je financiranje infrastrukturnih projektov in projektov trajnostnega razvoja v državah BRICS in drugih nastajajočih tržnih gospodarstvih ter državah v razvoju. Kar zadeva glavne razloge za ustanovitev skupine in tudi za začetek izvajanja NDB, gre v bistvu za skupni interes za reformo arhitekture globalnega upravljanja. Po njihovem mnenju uveljavljene mednarodne organizacije, ki jih vodijo zahodne sile, predvsem tiste, ki so vključene v brettonwoodsko strukturo, tj. Mednarodni denarni sklad in Svetovna banka, ne predstavljajo več trenutne globalne porazdelitve moči. Namen NDB je torej odpraviti pomanjkanje infrastrukturnih naložb in financiranja, ki ogroža svetovno gospodarstvo, zlasti države v razvoju, hkrati pa povečati njihov glas v globalnih zadevah.
Tri največja tveganja, ki jih prevzemajo banke, so kreditno tveganje, tržno tveganje in operativno tveganje. Strategije za ublažitev vključujejo diverzifikacijo, prakse upravljanja tveganj in regulativne zahteve za zagotavljanje stabilnosti in odpornosti bančnega sistema. Banke so torej izpostavljene različnim tveganjem. Zaradi velikosti bank, kot je na primer New development Bank, lahko prevelika izpostavljenost tveganju povzroči propad banke in vpliva na milijone ljudi. Zato želimo v nalogi predstaviti in analizirati glavne dejavnike tveganj, ter kako se lahko te prepreči.The New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral financial institution established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. Its purpose is to finance infrastructure projects and sustainable development projects in BRICS countries, other emerging market economies, and developing nations. The main reasons for the establishment of the group and the initiation of the NDB are essentially rooted in a shared interest in reforming the architecture of global governance. According to them, established international organizations led by Western powers, particularly those involved in the Bretton Woods system, namely the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, no longer reflect the current global distribution of power. The purpose of the NDB is thus to address the lack of infrastructure investment and financing that threatens the global economy, especially in developing countries, while also increasing their voice in global affairs
The three main types of risk faced by banks are credit risk, market risk, and operational risk (Bank of England, 2020). Mitigation strategies include diversification, risk management practices, and regulatory requirements to ensure the stability and resilience of the banking system. Banks are therefore exposed to various risks. Due to the size of banks, such as the New Development Bank, excessive exposure to risk can lead to the collapse of the bank and affect millions of people. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to present and analyze the main risk factors and how they can be prevented
Pravi hrčki (poddružina Cricetinae) Palearktične regije
Get PDFTrue hamsters are a small subfamily (Cricetinae) containing only 19 species which are endemic to the Palaearctic region. Despite such low species richness, general public is well familiar with hamsters, primarily knowing them as pets, experimental laboratory animals and species of conservation concern. The present work is a compilation integrating achievements of the genomic era with the traditional taxonomy. The aim was to provide an authoritative and up-to-date taxonomic guide to the animal group, which is of great interest to experts engaged in medical zoology, epidemiology, biostratigraphy, zooarchaeology, evolutionary research, population ecology, animal systematics, biodiversity conservation, museum collection management and many more biological subdisciplines. The most significant original contribution is perhaps revision of the family-group taxa with naming 2 new subtribes and 2 new tribes. The text is supplemented by 120 illustrations and over 700 references. Morphological details of skull and dentition of each of the 19 species are depicted, and their distributions are mapped in detail. The book will allow the user to interpret intelligently the taxonomic system of Cricetinae and to follow taxonomic progress with a critical eye.Knjiga je zasnovana kot referenčno delo za taksonomijo, nomenklaturo in geografsko razširjenost hrčkov (poddružina Cricetinae) Paleaktične regije. Združuje dognanja genomike s tradicionalno taksonomijo in predstavlja avtoritativen in aktualen taksonomski vodnik za živalsko skupino, ki je predmet zanimanja medicinskih zoologov, epidemiologov, biostratigrafov, zooarheologov, evolucionistov, populacijskih ekologov, zoosistematikov, varstvenih biologov, muzejskih kuratorjev in zaposlenih v mnogih drugih bioloških disciplinah. Besedilo dopolnjuje 120 ilustracij in več kot 700 referenc. Razširjenost vsake od 19 vrst je natančno kartirana, podane pa so tudi morfološke podrobnosti lobanje in meljakov. Knjiga bo omogočila uporabnikom razumevanje taksonomskega sistema poddružine Cricetinae in kritično spremljanje bodočega taksonomskega razvoja
Uvod v knjižnico React
Get PDFV gradivu je obravnavan uvod v React, kjer je najprej predstavljena zgodovina knjižnice in
ugotovljeno, da igra React pomembno vlogo pri razvoju uporabniških vmesnikov z
uporabo komponent. Predstavljeni so ključni koncepti, kot so komponente, JSX in
lastnosti (props). Razvojno okolje je postavljeno z orodjem Vite, ki omogoča hiter razvoj,
za bolj varno in strukturirano pisanje kode pa je uporabljen jezik TypeScript. Na koncu je
implementirana preprosta komponenta, sestavljena iz pod-komponent, kjer so
uporabljeni vsi pridobljeni koncepti. Vsi predstavljeni koncepti so podkrepljeni s primeri
za lažje razumevanje
Lossless raster image compression using genetic algorithm
Get PDFV magistrskem delu je predstavljena uporaba genetskega algoritma za brezizgubno stiskanje rastrskih slik. Poudarek je na kombiniranju genetskega algoritma z različnimi tehnikami stiskanja podatkov, vključno z aritmetičnim kodiranjem, metodo RLE (angl. Run Length Encoding) in Huffmanovim kodiranjem. Podrobno je opisano teoretično ozadje genetskega algoritma in njegovih osnovnih postopkov, kot so selekcija, križanje in mutacija. Prav tako je predstavljena implementacija genetskega algoritma, kodirnika in dekodirnika. Opravljene so bile analize vhodnih parametrov kodeka, stiskanja splošnih in risanih slik, vpliva napovedi genetskega algoritma na stopnjo stiskanja, vpliva pretvorbe barvnega prostora na stopnjo stiskanja ter analiza časovne zahtevnosti. Rezultati so pokazali, da predlagan kodek doseže stopnjo stiskanja primerljivo z izbranimi formati, njegova učinkovitost stiskanja pa se izboljša z uporabo pretvorbe barvnega prostora.The thesis explores the application of a genetic algorithm for lossless compression of raster images. It focuses on integrating the genetic algorithm with various data compression techniques, including arithmetic coding, RLE (Run Length Encoding), and Huffman coding. The theoretical foundations of the genetic algorithm are discussed in detail, covering key processes such as selection, crossover, and mutation. Additionally, the implementation of a genetic algorithm, encoder, and decoder is presented. Analyses were conducted on the codec\u27s input parameters, the compression of general and cartoon images, the impact of the genetic algorithm\u27s prediction on compression rates, the impact of color space conversion on compression rates, and the algorithm\u27s time complexity. The results demonstrate that the proposed codec achieves a compression rate comparable to selected formats, with its efficiency further improving when color space conversion is applied
Ohranjanje gozdnih genskih virov s semenarskim praktikumom
Get PDFThe textbook is intended for students and professionals in the field of conservation of biotic diversity with an emphasis on the conservation of genetic diversity, silviculturers and forest seed dealers and responsible in forest nurseries. It includes the basics of forest genetics, presents the importance and theoretical basis for the conservation of forest genetic resources, the Strategy for conservation of forest genetic resources in Europe, EUFORGEN and SIFORGEN programs (Slovenian program for the conservation of forest genetic resources). Botanical rpesentations of seed structure and germination physiology. Technologies of collection, processing and storage, and germination of seeds of forest tree species. Basics of seedlings production in forest nurseries. European and Slovenian legislation in the field of forest reproductive material. Examples of documents used in the approval of forest seed objects (basic material) and certification of forest reproductive material.Učbenik je namenjen študentom in izvajalcem strokovnih nalog s področja ohranjanje biotske raznolikosti s poudarkom na ohranjanju genetske pestrosti, gojiteljem gozdov ter gozdnim semenarjem in drevesničarjem. Predstavitev osnov gozdne genetike, pomena in teoretičnih izhodišč za ohranjanje gozdnih genskih virov, Strategije za ohranjanje gozdnih genskih virov v Evropi in programa EUFORGEN in SIFORGEN (Slovenski program za ohranjanje gozdnih genskih virov). Predstavitev botaničnih osnov o strukturi semena in fiziologiji kalitve. Tehnologije pridobivanja, dodelave in shranjevanja ter kalitve semena gozdnih drevesnih vrst. Osnove vzgoje sadik v gozdnih drevesnicah. Evropska in slovenska zakonodaja s področja gozdnega reprodukcijskega materiaala. Primeri dokumentov, ki se uporabljajo pri odobritvi gozdnih semenskih objektov in certificiranju gozdnega reprodukcijskega materiala
Intelligence failures and their causes
Get PDFObveščevalna dejavnost vključuje pridobivanje informacij, ki so ključnega pomena za strateške odločevalce. Kasneje so te informacije z namenom razumevanja podvržene analizi, tako da so v pomoč odločevalcem pri oblikovanju njihovih stališč in odločitev. Odločevalci s svojimi zahtevami po informacijah usmerjajo obveščevalni proces, ki vključuje več ključnih faz. Kljub temu se lahko skozi te faze pojavijo napake, ki vodijo do obveščevalnih neuspehov. Ti neuspehi nastanejo, kadar odločevalci, čeprav so imeli na voljo dovolj informacij, niso ustrezno ocenili verjetnosti ali posledic določenega dejanja ali incidenta. Vzroki obveščevalnih neuspehov so kompleksni in pogosto prepleteni. Politični dejavniki, kot je politični pritisk na obveščevalni proces, lahko vodijo do prilagajanja analiz v podporo političnih namer. Notranji dejavniki, kot so organizacijska kultura, struktura in pomanjkljivosti vodenja, prav tako prispevajo k neuspehu. Kognitivni dejavniki, kot so pristranskosti, pa otežujejo pravilno razumevanje in interpretacijo informacij. Ključni izziv ostaja zagotavljanje, da analitična poročila dosežejo strateške odločevalce in spodbudijo pravočasno ukrepanje. Največje tveganje pri tem predstavljajo osebne preference, politične namere in kognitivne pristranskosti odločevalcev. Zato sta učinkovita koordinacija vseh faz obveščevalnega procesa in skupno razumevanje situacije med analitiki in odločevalci ključnega pomena za preprečevanje obveščevalnih neuspehov.Intelligence activities involve gathering information that is crucial for policy makers. This information is subsequently analyzed to provide understanding and assist policy makers in shaping their perspectives and decisions. Through their information requirements the intelligence process is guided and involve several key stages. However, errors can occur throughout all stages, leading to intelligence failures. These failures arise when policy makers, despite having sufficient information, fail to accurately assess the likelihood or consequences of a particular action or incident. The causes of intelligence failures are complex and often interconnected. Political factors, such as pressure from political decision-makers on the intelligence process, can lead to adjustments in analyses to support political objectives. Internal factors, such as organizational culture, structure, and leadership deficiencies, also contribute to failures. Additionally, cognitive factors, such as biases, hinder the accurate understanding and interpretation of information. The primary challenge lies in ensuring that analytical reports reach strategic policy makers and prompt timely action. The greatest risks in this process stem from the personal preferences, political intentions, and cognitive biases of decision-makers. Therefore, effective coordination across all stages of the intelligence process and a shared understanding of the situation between analysts and policy makers are crucial for preventing intelligence failures