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Az iskolai és az iskolán kívüli élet a 16–18. században
Full text linkThe printed texts that describe students' behaviour both in school and outside of it often regulate such behaviour, resting on purely theoretical foundations. However, they raise questions—without explicitly stating what reality is—that prompt us to imagine what these pieces of advice aim to protect the youth from, if they adhere to them. In this study, we have based our analysis on two printed works: Thesaurus sanitatis inaestimabilis: Quomodo facili methodo plurimos vitae dies integer et incolumnis conservari possit (1691); and Dies vitae adolescentis studiosi (1718). Personal documents, starting from the instructions of parents or patrons sending their children on study trips, are much more concrete. They detail what the youth should avoid, what the accompanying tutor should pay attention to, and what is expressly prohibited (ranging from not visiting educational institutions of other denominations, avoiding infested bedding and prostitutes who spread disease, to refraining from excessive alcohol consumption). Unfortunately, very few diaries have survived in which students candidly wrote about how they behaved without supervision. At present, we have only analysed one such document: Album recreationis (1578). However, a rare source from the 17th century has also survived—a so-called sin catalogue. Although it is recorded as notes by a nobleman, there is no doubt that our students committed similar sins too.A nyomtatásban megjelent szövegek, amelyek a diákoknak az iskolában, illetve az iskolán kívüli viselkedését leírják, sokszor szabályozzák, csupán elvi alapokon nyugszanak, ám olyan kérdéseket vetnek fel – nem kimondva, hogy milyen a valóság –, amelyek mögé kell képzelnünk, vajon mitől is óvják, vagy óvnák meg ezek a tanácsok betartásuk esetén az ifjakat. A tanulmányban kettő nyomtatványt vettünk alapul: Thesaurus sanitatis inaestimabilis: Quomodo facili methodo plurimos vitae dies integer et incolumnis conservari possit (1691); Dies vitae adolescentis studiosi (1718). A személyes iratok, kezdve a gyermekét tanulmányútra küldő szülő vagy mecénás utasításaival, sokkal konkrétabbak. Elmondják, hogy mitől tartózkodjon az ifjú, mire figyeljen az őt kísérő nevelő, illetve hogy mi az, ami kifejezetten tilos (attól kezdve, hogy más felekezetű tanítási intézményt ne látogasson, a poloskás ágyneműt és a betegséget terjesztő kurvákat kerülje, tartózkodjon a túlzott alkoholfogyasztástól). Sajnos nagyon kevés olyan napló maradt fenn, amelyben a diákok őszintén írnak arról, miként viselték magukat felügyelet nélkül. Most csak egy ilyen dokumentumot mutatunk be: Album recreationis (1578). A 17. századból azonban fennmaradt egy ritka forrás is, egy úgynevezett bűn-katalógus. Igaz, egy főúr feljegyzéseként, azonban nem kétséges, hogy diákjaink is hasonló bűnöket követtek el
A kontrolling és a forgótőke-gazdálkodás kapcsolata
Full text linkThe study highlights that the information needs of corporate stakeholders are increasing in the global economic environment. In particular, ensuring the effectiveness of managerial decision-making makes it crucial to obtain and process information in a timely manner. Economic analysis, especially the examination of working capital efficiency, plays a key role and the application of controlling perspectives and methods is essential. It can be concluded that the concept of controlling has continuously evolved over the decades, with various international approaches developing, such as the German coordination function and the Anglo-Saxon management control perspective. The efficiency of working capital and financial controlling are closely interconnected, as the management of inventories and receivables directly impacts the company’s liquidity, thus supporting business operations and decision-making. In fact, the indicators measuring working capital efficiency are key metrics in financial controlling, particularly in relation to liquidity and cash-flow management. Another important finding of the study is that there is a significant correlation between working capital efficiency and profitability, meaning that effective working capital management is associated with higher profitability, according to numerous empirical research findings.A tanulmány rámutat arra, hogy globális gazdasági környezetben fokozódik a vállalati érintettek információs igénye. Különösen a vezetői döntéshozatal hatékonyságának biztosítása érdekében válik fontossá a megfelelő időben történő információszerzés és feldolgozás. A gazdasági elemzés, azon belül is a forgótőke-működő tőke hatékonyság vizsgálata kiemelt szerepet kap, mely során a kontrolling szemlélet és módszerek alkalmazása elengedhetetlen. Megállapítható, hogy a kontrolling fogalma az évtizedek során folyamatosan fejlődött, különböző nemzetközi megközelítések alakultak ki, mint a német koordinációs funkcióra és az angolszász menedzsment kontrollra épülő szemlélet. A forgótőke-működő tőke hatékonyság és a pénzügyi kontrolling területe szorosan összefügg, a készletek és követelések kezelése például közvetlenül befolyásolja a vállalat likviditását, így támogatva a vállalati működést és döntéshozatalt. Tulajdonképpen a forgóeszköz-működő tőke hatékonyságát mérő mutatók a pénzügyi kontrolling területének kulcsmutatói a likviditás- és cash-flow menedzsment területéhez kapcsolódóan. A tanulmány további fontos megállapítása, hogy szignifikáns összefüggés áll fenn a forgótőke-működő tőke hatékonyság és a jövedelmezőség között, azaz a hatékony forgótőke-működő tőke gazdálkodás magasabb jövedelmezőséggel is együtt jár számos empirikus kutatási eredmény alapján
Lovagregény Attiláról, trubadúrversek és szerelemtan Szepesi János zágrábi püspök (1361 k.–1410) kódexében
Full text linkAccording to a 13th-century chivalric romance written in Padua in a mixed French- Venetian language, Attila, King of Hungary – said to be born from the union of a princess and a dog – invaded Italy with the intent to destroy Christianity. However, after burning several towns, he was killed at the end of a chess game in Rimini. This story, transmitted in numerous variants, shaped the image of Attila in northern Italy for centuries. The works written in French or in a language that mixes elements of French and Veneto dialects were once dismissed as corrupt imitations of French literature. Today, however, they are recognized as a distinct corpus of northern Italian chivalric literature and have become an important subject of study. The codex preserving the earliest version of this Attila romance also includes other examples of French-Venetian chivalric literature, such as a collection of troubadour poems and an ars amandi. This codex was once owned by Joannes de Scepus (Joannes de Gara, János Szepesi), Bishop of Zagreb and later Archbishop of Naples. It is believed that other Hungarian intellectuals who studied in the Veneto region over the centuries were also familiar with this Attila tradition and the local literature, which was strongly influenced by French models. It would be worth examining the potential role of northern Italian chivalric culture as a mediator in spreading French chivalric traditions to Hungary.Egy 13. században, Padovában, francia-venetói keveréknyelven lejegyzett lovagregény elbeszélése szerint Attila magyar király, aki egy királylány és egy kutya nászából született, a kereszténység elpusztítására jött Itáliába, de több város felégetése után Riminiben egy sakkjátszma végén megölték. A történet számtalan variánsban hagyományozódott, s évszázadokra meghatározta az Attiláról alkotott képet Észak-Itáliában. Az itt franciául vagy a francia és a venetói nyelvjárás elemeit keverő nyelven lejegyzett műveket korábban a francia irodalom romlott változatának tartották, ma viszont már az észak-itáliai lovagi irodalom önálló korpuszaként tekintenek rájuk, és megkezdték a tanulmányozásukat. Az a kódex, amely az Attila-lovagregény legrégibb szövegét megőrizte, a francia-venetói nyelvű lovagi irodalom más alkotásait is tartalmazza, köztük egy trubadúrvers- gyűjteményt és egy szerelemtant. A kódex egykor Szepesi János zágrábi püspök, majd nápolyi érsek tulajdona volt. Ahogy Szepesi, úgy feltehetően a többi, a századok során Veneto területén tanult magyar értelmiségi is megismerhette az észak-itáliai Attila- hagyományt és az itteni, francia mintákat követő irodalmat. A francia lovagi kultúra magyarországi ismerete szempontjából érdemes volna megvizsgálni az észak-itáliai lovagi kultúra közvetítő szerepét
Somogyszob gazdasági változásai a két világháború között
Full text linkThis study examines what social and economic changes took place in the interwar period in a traditional rural region. From an economic geography perspective, the village of Somogyszob lies in the less favourable part of the Southern Transdanubian region. The peculiarity of this area’s land ownership was that more than two-third of the lands were owned by Prince Hohehnlohe of Germany. In this area vast forests and many swamps can be found, and only a small proportion of the land can be cultivated. The examination has shown that slowly, but progressively the economic system of the rural population was changing. Agricultural production (growing crops, raising animals, viticulture and horticulture) remained the most important, but there were increasing opportunities for industrial and trading options too. The number of self-employed businessman and their trades increased. The largest change happened in the service sector. Trade became more widespread; alongside traditional general stores the quickly expanding Hangya entitiy grew in significance. More and more cooperatives were founded in the village: in the 1930s credit and milk cooperatives were operating. Infrastructure improved too: along the good enough railway access public roads were built and electric power transmission reached the village. The analysis shows that the introduction of capitalism slowly made the rural population to adopt to the developing market realities in two decades
Vezérfonal a szintézisíráshoz II/1. A demokratikus kísérlet elbukása 1944–1948.: Első rész: A debreceni ideiglenes Nemzetgyűléstől a második köztársaság kikiáltásig, 1944. december 21–1946. február 1.
Full text linkAt the end of 1944, at the beginning of 1945, the Red Army conquered Hungary. By the summer of 1948, the Hungarian communist emerging from domestic illegality or returning from emigration is Moscow built up their dictatorship. All this happened on Stalin’s order, and with the help of the Soviet Union. In this study, we present a firs stage of this process. The starting point of the section we are examining is December 21 of 1944, when Provisional National Assembly began his deliberations. In while its end point is Februray 1 of 1946, when the second Hungarian Republic was proclaimed.At the end of 1944, at the beginning of 1945, the Red Army conquered Hungary. By the summer of 1948, the Hungarian communist emerging from domestic illegality or returning from emigration is Moscow built up their dictatorship. All this happened on Stalin’s order, and with the help of the Soviet Union. In this study, we present a firs stage of this process. The starting point of the section we are examining is December 21 of 1944, when Provisional National Assembly began his deliberations. In while its end point is Februray 1 of 1946, when the second Hungarian Republic was proclaimed
Gondolatok Máthé Áron „Farkas esz meg, medve esz meg”: a totalitárius szinergiák című tanulmányával kapcsolatban
Full text linkThis article responds to Áron Máthé’s study entitled “The wolf eats, the bear eats: totalitarian synergies.” The article examines the usefulness of the concept of totalitarian synergies and the room for maneuver and opportunities available to small countries in the region between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union, highlighting some of the peculiarities of Hungarian–Soviet relations at that time and Soviet ambitions in relation to Central and Eastern Europe.This article responds to Áron Máthé’s study entitled “The wolf eats, the bear eats: totalitarian synergies.” The article examines the usefulness of the concept of totalitarian synergies and the room for maneuver and opportunities available to small countries in the region between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union, highlighting some of the peculiarities of Hungarian–Soviet relations at that time and Soviet ambitions in relation to Central and Eastern Europe
A gazdaságfejlesztés egy lehetséges útja: termékkiálítások Pécsett a két világháború között
Full text linkIn this study we examined Hungary’s Southern Transdanubia region’s largest city’s economic development. For centuries, Pécs had been the region’s industrial and commercial centre. However, WWI and the subsequent thirty-three month long Serbian occupation set back the city’s development. From the end of 1921 trade and distribution regained its importance once again. One potential for that was the organisation of trade exhibitions and fairs. The six, later twelve national fairs per year yielded increasing turnovers – except for the period of the Great Depression (1929-33). Trade exhibitions covered all industries: at first, the agricultural and horticultural expos, and later the industrial ones grew in numbers. The biggest trade exhibitions were held in the second part of the 1930s, when not only local and regional, but distant and even nationally significant companies brought their products to demonstrate and sell. The trade exhibitions were mostly paired with purchasing opportunities; meanwhile, they generated huge attention. In this study we present that these trade exhibitions greatly contributed to the fact that Pécs quickly became a developing city again prior to WWII.In this study we examined Hungary’s Southern Transdanubia region’s largest city’s economic development. For centuries, Pécs had been the region’s industrial and commercial centre. However, WWI and the subsequent thirty-three month long Serbian occupation set back the city’s development. From the end of 1921 trade and distribution regained its importance once again. One potential for that was the organisation of trade exhibitions and fairs. The six, later twelve national fairs per year yielded increasing turnovers – except for the period of the Great Depression (1929-33). Trade exhibitions covered all industries: at first, the agricultural and horticultural expos, and later the industrial ones grew in numbers. The biggest trade exhibitions were held in the second part of the 1930s, when not only local and regional, but distant and even nationally significant companies brought their products to demonstrate and sell. The trade exhibitions were mostly paired with purchasing opportunities; meanwhile, they generated huge attention. In this study we present that these trade exhibitions greatly contributed to the fact that Pécs quickly became a developing city again prior to WWII
„Hagyományos, önkéntes és kényszerkisebbségek.”: A nemzeti kisebbségek Teleki-féle kategorizálásának hazai német fogadtatása
Full text linkThe decade following the Treaty of Trianon witnessed a hardening of Hungarian nationality policy. As a result, populations that had come under the jurisdiction of successor states – including the ethnic German minority – openly expressed that they had no intention of returning to Hungary as long as they enjoyed more favorable conditions in their new homes within the Little Entente states. Hungary’s appeal was not enhanced by the reasoning put forward by the scholar-politician Pál Teleki who publicly elaborated his views on the minority question. Teleki categorized national minorities into three types (traditional, voluntary, and forced minorities) and accordingly envisioned differentiated approaches to their treatment and to the international minority protection they should be entitled to. His theory was sharply criticized by contemporaries who felt that the criteria he proposed were biased and served exclusively Hungarian national interests. Even leading figures of the ethnic German minority in Hungary – such as Gustav Gratz and Jakob Bleyer – voiced strong opposition to Teleki’s framework, despite their patriotic loyalty to Hungary.The decade following the Treaty of Trianon witnessed a hardening of Hungarian nationality policy. As a result, populations that had come under the jurisdiction of successor states – including the ethnic German minority – openly expressed that they had no intention of returning to Hungary as long as they enjoyed more favorable conditions in their new homes within the Little Entente states. Hungary’s appeal was not enhanced by the reasoning put forward by the scholar-politician Pál Teleki who publicly elaborated his views on the minority question. Teleki categorized national minorities into three types (traditional, voluntary, and forced minorities) and accordingly envisioned differentiated approaches to their treatment and to the international minority protection they should be entitled to. His theory was sharply criticized by contemporaries who felt that the criteria he proposed were biased and served exclusively Hungarian national interests. Even leading figures of the ethnic German minority in Hungary – such as Gustav Gratz and Jakob Bleyer – voiced strong opposition to Teleki’s framework, despite their patriotic loyalty to Hungary
Testfragmentumok. Berhidi Mária korai munkáiról
Full text linkThe work of Mária Berhidi can be considered a forerunner of feminist art in the Hungarian art of the 1970s and 1980s. My study focuses on her early creative years and the works she produced as a result of her experiences at the Academy of Fine Arts, which reflect her difficult relationship to the patriarchal art establishment. She dealt with her negative experiences during her studies in her diploma work, Modell, which was considered by her contemporaries as a work of institutional critique. Her work reflected the subordinate role of women artists in male-centric artistic discourse and reflected on the social position of women artists without explicitly working with feminist theories. Berhidi's sculptural attitude already in the 1980s was radically different from the classical, heroic male sculptural tradition. Works based on organic, delicate forms and respect for the material, such as stone sculptures and body fragments, were aimed at redefining the role of the female creator. In doing so, she provided an artistic response to the subversion of patriarchal artistic norms and to the question of female art and the presence of the female body. Berhidi thus established an artistic practice before the formation of the women's art discourse that anticipated the emerging theories of feminist art and female self-representation in Hungary and facilitated the emergence of later feminist art discourses.
Berhidi Mária munkássága a 70-es és 80-as évek magyar művészetében a feminista művészet előfutárának tekinthető. Tanulmányomban elsősorban a korai alkotóéveket és a Képzőművészeti Főiskolán szerzett tapasztalatok nyomán született műveket dolgozom fel, amelyek a patriarchális művészeti intézményrendszerhez való nehezen elfogadható viszonyt tükrözik. Tanulmányai során szerzett negatív tapasztalatait diploma munkájában, a Modell-ben összegezte, amelyet kortársai intézménykritikus műként értékeltek. Munkássága tükrözte a női művészek alárendelt szerepét a férficentrikus művészeti diskurzusban, és a női alkotók társadalmi helyzetének kérdéseire reflektált, anélkül, hogy az explicit feminista elméleteket ismerte volna. Berhidi szobrászati attitűdje már a 80-as években is radikálisan különbözött a klasszikus, heroikus férfi szobrászati hagyományoktól. Az organikus, finom formák és az anyag tiszteletén alapuló munkák, mint a kőszobrok és testfragmentumok, a női alkotó szerepének újraértelmezésére irányultak. Ezzel olyan művészeti válaszokat adott, amelyek a patriarchális művészeti normák aláásására, illetve a női művészet és a női test jelenlétének kérdésére irányultak. Berhidi tehát a női művészeti diskurzus formálódása előtt olyan művészeti gyakorlatot alakított ki, amely megelőlegezte a feminista művészet és a női önreprezentáció kialakuló elméleteit Magyarországon, s elősegítette a későbbi feminista művészeti diskurzusok megjelenését