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Hrad Collalto ve válce : sociální struktura posádky a obranný systém v roce 1373
No full textThis paper focuses on a unique and yet overlooked source which offers an interesting insight into the daily life of a late-medieval Italian castle during a time of war. It is a list of the guards as well as the other defenders of the castle of Collalto (north of Treviso) from 1373, which also contains a set of rules for them. After a short introduction to the history of the Collalto family and a description of the source, the author offers some theories as to what circumstances and motives may have led the lord of the castle, Count Rambaldo IX di Collalto, to drawing up the document in question. Subsequently, the source is used to analyse the social structure of the garrison and the defence system of the castle of Collalto
The miraculous and Coptic Orthodox Christianity in Egypt : power relations in operation
Get PDFThis article, based on data gathered during long-term ethnographic fieldwork, presents an ethnographic account of the miraculous discourse among Coptic Orthodox Christians in Egypt with an analysis of the communicative aspect of miraculous narratives, specifically from the perspective of power relations between Orthodox Copts and the Other. The study argues that the narratives of miracles convey authenticity, veracity, legitimacy and authority of the Coptic Orthodox Church, thus providing a strong basis for individual and group identity
Tertium non datur : theses on methodological schism in the field of religious studies
No full textThe article summarizes the main tenets of the monograph Naturalismus a protekcionismus ve studiu náboženství (Naturalism and Protectionism in the Study of Religions), published in Czech by Masaryk University Press in 2017. The monograph, to be published in English by Bloomsbury in 2020, identifies a serious methodological schism between naturalism and protectionism in the modern (19th and 20th century) Study of Religions, tracks the earliest roots of these competing paradigms to Pre-Socratic philosophy and early Christian literature, and evaluates the contribution of the Cognitive Science of Religion to the renewal of the naturalist approach
Regere animas : Bernard of Clairvaux\u27s ways of handling heresy as a technology of power
Get PDFBernard of Clairvaux\u27s engagement in the struggle against heresy in the 12th century has so far been understood as a logical result of his ecclesiology. In his effort to defend the unity of Christianity, the abbot fought against heresy, as, for him, it represented a major threat to the Church. However, the reverse question of what Bernard\u27s anti-heretical writing brings to the understanding of his ecclesiology has remained almost entirely unexplored, despite the importance of these polemical writings for the "discovery" of Bernard. This article seeks to fill this gap by placing Bernard\u27s anti-heretical discourse at the centre of inquiry in order to understand a crucial aspect of his ecclesiology and to follow how this ecclesiology was realized through specific means against heresy, these functioning as disciplinary practices. Using the theoretical works of Michel Foucault and Talal Asad and insights of modern sociology, the goal is to examine both the way in which the means against heresy operated and the logic behind them. In this way, the article demonstrates the process through which a discourse is articulated and imposed on society and, at the same time, through which a specific subjectivity is shaped and regulated
Illicit Christianity : Guillaume Postel, Kabbalah and a "transgender" Messiah
Get PDFLike so many other individuals – particularly in his time –, the French Humanist G. Postel (1510-1581) felt convinced that he was invested with a prominent spiritual role to play. His 1546 chance-meeting in Venice with an elderly visionary woman, he interpreted as a providential confirmation of his mission, the more so as he rapidly came to identify her with the Christian messiah come again as a woman. Their common – and entirely self-appointed – task was to herald publicly the incoming Era of the "Restitution" of mankind, a last period of merciful leniency granted to mankind by the divine Providence before the end of time. For this announcement to be made credible, Postel developed some complex theories about the feminine messiah, and about himself as being her and Jesus\u27 progeny, after having been submitted to a process of internal transmutation culminating in early 1552. Certain Kabbalistic speculations played an important part in shaping Postel\u27s outlook, and constituted the pattern against which he modelled the new version of Christianity he felt compelled to advertise. The present article attempts to give an analysis of his disclosures and examines the degree of awareness and (dis?)ingenuity Postel eventually manifested when confronted with the theological and political scandals resulting from his "revelations"
Пастырь-король воинов и ведьма-королева остальных : карго-культ и охота на ведьм в индоевропейском мифе и реальности
Get PDFKniha přináší interpretaci dvojice indoevropských mytologických témat s důrazem na jejich komplexní historický a sociálně-kognitivní kontext. Zvolený přístup umožňuje jak přehodnotit tradiční interpretaci všeobecně známého mytologického cyklu, tak i zároveň uvést mytologické téma dosud neuchopené. V první časti knihy je diskutována látka indoevropského stvořitelského mýtu. Závěrem je tvrzení, že protoindoevropský kulturní prostor pravděpodobně vznikl jako důsledek předhistorického kargo kultu. Předprotoindoevropští lovci-sběrači reagovali na příchod afroasijských farmářů způsobem připomínajícím chování moderních domorodých populací, náhle konfrontovaných s přítomností západního industriálního světa. Z toho důvodu jsou stěžejní témata a motivy indoevropského stvořitelského mýtu interpretovány jako možné relikty ideologie předprotoindoevropského kargo kultu. Druhá část knihy je věnována vymezení nové indoevropské mytologické struktury, takzvaného mýtu o honu na čarodějnice. Prostřednictvím analýzy rozličných lokálních podob příběhu o konfliktu elity s démonickým vojskem vedeným čarodějnicí je identifikován základní vzorec tohoto narativu. Jeho sémantika je následně interpretována jako produkt sociálních a rodových nastavení archaických indoevropských společností. ,In this book an interpretation of two Indo-European mythological themes within their complex context is presented. Especially historical and socio-cognitive aspects of their background are considered. By means of this approach an innovative interpretation of an otherwise traditional mythological structure is proposed as well as a new one introduced. In the first part of the book the matter of well-known Indo-European creation myth is discussed. It is hypothetically concluded that Proto-Indo-European cultural area originated in prehistoric Cargo Cult. Pre-Proto-Indo-European hunters-gatherers reacted to the appearance of technologically advanced Afro-Asiatic farmers in a way similar to a response of traditional societies abruptly confronted with the presence of the western industrial world. Certain motives and themes of Indo-European creation myth are then interpreted as possible semantic relics of Pre-Proto-Indo-European Cargo Cult ideology.In the second part an attempt to present the brand new Indo-European mythological structure, so called witch-hunting myth, is made. Various local manifestations of narrative dealing with the conflict of elites with the demonic army led by a female witch are analyzed. A basic sujet pattern is identified and then interpreted as an outcome of archaic Indo-European societies\u27 social and gender setting
Criticism in motion literary criticism and metacriticism of the 1990s
Get PDFMonografie Kritika v pohybu. Literární kritika a metakritika 90. let 20. století vychází z autorovy stejnojmenné dizertační práce obhájené v r. 2018 na Filozofické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity: zabývá se českou literární kritikou 90. let 20. století, zejména v té podobě, v jaké se projevovala v literárních a kulturních časopisech dané doby. V osmi kapitolách (včetně metodologické úvodní a syntetizující závěrečné) v širokém kontextu představuje nejvýraznější tendence tehdejšího, značně dynamického myšlení o literatuře, včetně jeho soudobé reflexe (metakritiky). Konkrétně se předmětem zkoumání stávají např. retrospektivní a anticipační pohledy na českou literaturu, kritika "postmoderní", kritika katolická, křesťanská, resp. spirituální a tzv. spory o autenticitu; samostatně jsou analyzovány také ohlasy vybraných prozaických knih. Ve svém celku tak publikace předkládá ucelený, plastický obraz literárněkritických a metakritických snah sledované periody, přičemž mnohá z témat identifikovaných v dobové diskuzi, jsou - jak se ukazuje - směrodatná dodnes. ,The monograph Criticism in Motion. Literary Criticism and Metacriticism of the 1990s is based on the author\u27s dissertation of the same name defended in 2018 at the Faculty of Arts of Masaryk University: it deals with the Czech literary criticism of the 1990s, primarily in the form in which it was present in literary and cultural journals of the period. In eight chapters (including methodological introductory and synthesizing conclusion) it represents the most significant tendencies of the then, extremely dynamic thinking about literature, including its contemporary reflection (meta-criticism). In particular, it focuses on the retrospective and anticipatory views of Czech literature, "postmodern" criticism, Catholic, Christian, and eventually spiritual criticism as well as so-called authenticity disputes; reflections of selected prose books are also analyzed. As a whole, the publication presents a comprehensive, plastic picture of the literary-critical and metacritical endeavors of the period; many of the topics identified in the relevant discussion are, as it turns out, highly topical up to now
[Josef Dobrovský : Hungarologist and Finno-Ugrist]
No full textMonografie Josef Dobrovský - hungarista a ugrofinista se nezabývá pouze úzce jazykovými otázkami hungaristických a ugrofinistických studií zakladatele vědecké slavistiky a bohemistiky Josefa Dobrovského, nýbrž jeho celkovým vztahem k ugrofinským národům, zvláště k jejich jazyku a historii a kultuře. Autor vychází ze svého širšího kulturně-politického a kulturně-historického přístupu k hungaristice a ugrofinistice. Na rozdíl od jejich výlučně lingvistického pojetí v nich spatřuje obory, jež se zabývají jazykem, kulturou a dějinami ugrofinských národů, ať už v užším středoevropském rámci (hungaristika), anebo v širokém rámci eurasijském (ugrofinistika). ,The monograph Josef Dobrovský - Hungarologist and Finno-Ugrist deals not only with the strictly philological aspects of the Hungarologic and Finno-Ugric research of the founder of modern Slavic and Bohemistic studies Josef Dobrovsky, but also with his relations to the Finno-Ugric peoples in general, that is to say, to their languages, history and culture. The author\u27s starting point in his approach to Hungarology and Finno-Ugristics is a wider conception, based on the comprehensive culture, politics and history of the peoples in question. In contrast to an exclusively linguistic view, he sees in this branch of science a line of investigation that deals with the languages and with all other essential manifestations of the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples alike, whether it be in reference to the Central European sphere only (Hungarology) or to the wider Eurasian area (Finno-Ugristics)
[Under the protection of Clio : historical disciplines at the Faculty of Arts of Masaryk University in Brno]
Get PDFPři založení Masarykovy university byly na její filozofické fakultě nejsilněji zastoupeny historické obory. Letošní sté výročí nabízí jedinečnou příležitost ohlédnout se za proměnami, jimiž historické obory během prvního století existence univerzity prošly. Z historického semináře se postupně oddělovaly a vedle něj také vznikaly další semináře a ústavy s úzkou vazbou k historii i jejím postupům – dějiny umění, archeologie, muzeologie, archivnictví a pomocné vědy historické, etnologie. Autory předkládané publikace vedla snaha odpovědět na otázky, jaký byl význam jmenovaných brněnských seminářů v dějinách vědy a vzdělanosti v domácím a mezinárodním kontextu, jaké osobnosti v Brně vyrostly či jaké vnější vlivy působily na institucionální utváření historických oborů na Filozofické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity. Publikace je proto rozdělena do tří částí: Institucionální vývoj; Osobnosti; Tradice, inovace a projekty. V této perspektivě sledují autoři vývoj dnešního Historického ústavu, Semináře dějin umění, Ústavu pomocných věd historických a archivnictví, Ústavu evropské etnologie a Ústavu archeologie a muzeologie v proměnách dějin českých zemí od vzniku samostatného Československa až do současnosti. ,When Masaryk University was first established, the disciplines related to historical study were most strongly represented. This year\u27s 100th anniversary of the founding of Masaryk University offered a unique opportunity to look back on the changes that these fields of historical study have undergone in the university\u27s first century. Over time, they gradually separated from the history seminary, and other seminaries and institutes were established which were closely connected to history and its processes, such as those pertaining to the history of art, archaeology, museology, archival and auxiliary historical sciences, and ethnology. The authors of this publication endeavoured to answer questions concerning the significance of these Brno seminaries for the history of science and learning in both domestic and international contexts, the personalities who emerged in Brno, and what external influences were at work in the creation of fields of history as institutions at Masaryk University Faculty of Arts. The publication is divided into three parts: Institutional Development; Personalities; and Traditions, Innovations and Projects. It is from this perspective that the authors look at the development of today\u27s Department of History, the Department of the History of Art, the Department of Auxiliary Historical Sciences and Archive Studies, the Department of European Ethnology and the Department of Archaeology and Museology throughout the twists and turns of Czech history from the founding of independent Czechoslovakia to the present day