Expresní Astronomické Informace
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The criticism of celebrations of October 28th in Czech lands in 1918–1938 – an analysis of trials with press
Get PDFThe article deals with a dissent discourse against celebrations of October 28th in the era of the First Czechoslovak republic found in court records. Primarily, is researched a discourse of members of the German and Polish community in the Czech lands. Besides ways of shaping a negative image of the celebrations there are researched also attempts to create alternative festivities which could connect the citizens with certain political movements
Female protagonists in the Late Byzantine romances Livistros and Rodamni and Achilleid as seen through Greimas\u27 actantial model
Get PDFThis article deals with the development of the love relationships between the protagonists in the romances Livistros and Rodamni and Byzantine Achilleid. Focusing on the female protagonists and their characters, it pursues the potential shifts in their demeanours towards their male counterparts. The method used for the analysis of the characters is the actantial model by A. J. Greimas. Firstly, the article shows how the process of courtship transformed from an act of persuading the female protagonist in Livistros and Rodamni to the rather straightforward wooing in the Achilleid, despite the use of similar courtship methods. Second, it shows that the behaviour of the female protagonists also shifted; the complexity and craftiness of Rodamni contrasts with the much more direct and decisive character of Polyxeni. The article provides evidence of a shift in the portrayal of the love relationships in erotic fiction as well as a tendency to portray the female protagonists of such works as being more self-reliant and open-hearted
Břeclav – Pohansko X., Settlement area in the North-East Suburb : archaeological excavations between 2008 and 2016
Get PDFKniha je výsledkem mnohaletého výzkumu archeologů z Ústavu archeologie a muzeologie FF MU v prostoru Severovýchodního předhradí Pohanska u Břeclavi. Publikace přibližuje odborné veřejnosti sídlištní strukturu Severovýchodního předhradí, nálezový fond i první interpretace archeologických pramenů získaných terénními výzkumy v letech 2008–2016. Monografie obsahuje kapitoly, ve kterých jsou analyzovány a interpretovány jak nemovité, tak movité archeologické prameny. Například na základě prostorové distribuce keramiky, kuchyňského odpadu a mazanice se podařila jasná identifikace raně středověkých nadzemních staveb, které by za jiných podmínek nebylo možné odhalit. Studie obsahuje dílčí závěry a interpretace výsledků devítiletého archeologického výzkumu. Vše je doplněno podrobným textovým katalogem prozkoumaných terénních reliktů, doprovázeným bohatou obrazovou a plánovou přílohou. ,This book is the result of many years continual research of the archaeologists from Department of Archaeology and Museology FA MU in the area of the Northeast Suburb at Pohansko near Břeclav. Publication is aimed at archaeology professionals or students and describes in some detail the settlement structure of the suburb, the inventory of finds and the first interpretations of the archaeological sources gathered by excavations carried out in the 2008–2016 period. The monograph contains chapters in which immovable and movable archaeological sources are analysed and interpreted. For instance, the authors were successful of the functional interpretation of the individual excavated settlement sectors based on the using the spatial distribution of pottery, kitchen waste and daub. One of the important results of the method employed is the relatively unambiguous identification of early medieval above-ground buildings which could not have been revealed under different conditions. There is an additional detailed text catalogue of the investigated field relics accompanied by an extensive supplement with images and plans
[Jemelka, Martin; Štofaník, Jakub. Víra a nevíra ve stínu továrních komínů: náboženský život průmyslového dělnictva v českých zemích (1918-1938)]
Get PDFSaints and tradition in Coptic Orthodox Christianity in Egypt
Get PDFBased on ethnographic research, the article explores the position of saints in the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt, focusing particularly on the relationship between Copts and their saints, and on the role the saints play in the Coptic understanding of their Church past. I demonstrate that Egyptian Orthodox Copts are encouraged to model their selves on narratives about their saints, and the saints\u27 lives are turned into forma vitae, i.e., lives to be emulated. Further, I show how Coptic Orthodox saints can be considered key symbols, while their lives can be deemed key scenarios with suffering and persecution representing a root metaphor. The saints, thus, embody Coptic Orthodox values, which are socially accessible through ecclesiastical teachings on the appropriate Coptic Orthodox Self. In this way, Copts are made a part of the same series as the saints, and this seriation, as Bandak calls it, authorizes certain social actions, and social agency is thus challenged to follow such comportment (and particular social values). Further, the saints are crucial for understanding the Coptic concept of tradition, an indispensable element of Orthodox faith, as they represent its constituting elements. I point out that tradition in the Coptic Orthodox Church is defined as a lived experience (anchored in the experience of suffering) that can be lived again (it is not a historical moment located exclusively in the past) and is directly linked to the past. I link this understanding of the past with Simon Coleman\u27s notion of historiopraxy to illuminate the Coptic disposition towards the past, and I argue that in the Coptic Orthodox Church the existence of the past without tradition is meaningless
The pluralist answer to the question of the content of folk psychology
Get PDFLidová psychologie coby základ naší schopnosti vysvětlovat a předvídat jednání je významné téma filozofie mysli. Debaty, které ji obklopují, se nicméně v minulosti zaměřovaly primárně na otázky jejího statusu v rámci vědeckého zkoumání mysli a formy ji zakládajících mechanismů (teorie, simulace aj.). Relativně menší pozornost byla věnována otázce obsahu lidové psychologie – tedy tomu, které koncepty či schopnosti pod označení "lidová psychologie" řadit. V článku se zabývám právě otázkou obsahu a možné odpovědi na otázku obsahu předloženou pluralistickým pojetím lidové psychologie. Nejdříve uvádím některé argumenty zpochybňující standardní pojetí lidové psychologie a následně představuji pojetí pluralismu rozšiřující lidovou psychologii o řadu sociálně kognitivních schopností. V závěru se krátce věnuji tomu, jaké dopady by takto šířeji pojímaná lidová psychologie mohla mít pro otázky jejího statusu a formy.Folk psychology as the basis of our capacity to explain and predict behavior is one of the main topics of the philosophy of mind. However, the discussions surrounding it have focused primarily on the questions of its status in the scientific study of the mind and the form of its constitutive mechanisms (theory, form, etc.). Relatively less attention has been paid to the question of its content – which concepts or abilities to sort under the label "folk psychology". I will focus on the question of content and one possible answer to it given by the pluralist view of folk psychology. First, I will provide some arguments questioning the standard view of folk psychology and then I will introduce the pluralist view, which broadens folk psychology by a number of social cognition abilities. Finally, I will briefly focus on the consequences of this broader construal of folk psychology for the questions of status and form
A philosophy of first contact : Stanisław Lem and the myth of cognitive universality
Get PDFWithin science fiction the topic of \u27first contact\u27 is a popular theme. How will an encounter with aliens unfold? Will we succeed in communicating with them? Although such questions are present in the background of many science fiction novels, they are not always explicitly dealt with and even if so, often in a poor way. In this article, I will introduce a typology of five dominant types of solutions to the problem of first contact in science fiction works. The first four solutions are the more dominant, but also the least interesting ones. There is a fifth category that addresses the question of first contact in a more interesting way, exemplified by the work of Stanisław Lem. This fifth option defines itself as a critique of the four previous categories, or of their shared assumption of what Lem (1967) has called \u27the myth of cognitive universality\u27. Lem is sceptical of the common optimism that first contact will always be successful. In books such as Solaris (1961), His Master\u27s Voice (1967) and Fiasco (1986), humanity makes first contact with an alien phenomenon, but fails to comprehend the phenomenon. Fundamentally, it will be argued that Lem\u27s work shows that in such an encounter we will typically not only lack the right answers to our questions, but that we also often lack the correct questions: we simply do not have the right categories or instruments to even recognize, let alone meaningfully interrogate, the alien phenomenon. The article ends with an exploration of the implications of Lem\u27s pessimism and whether it is the most plausible option for first contact. Moreover, the article will draw some lessons for philosophy of science, by exploring the parallel with the confrontation of novel or deviant phenomena in science. Lem\u27s work is helpful here because it succeeds in articulating what has not always been appreciated in the philosophy of science, namely that the right questions by which to interrogate scientific phenomena are not given, but that their articulation always requires work