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The Coastal Route of Chilean Neoliberalism: Pedro Ibáñez Ojeda, the Mont Pelerin Society and the 1981 Regional Meeting
No full textThis article examines the role of Pedro Ibáñez Ojeda – a prominent Chilean politician and businessman – in the development of Chilean neoliberalism, with a focus on his international networks and the organisation of the Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) regional meeting in Viña del Mar, Chile, in 1981. I argue that Ibáñez represented a distinctive pathway within Chilean neoliberalism, here termed the ‘coastal route’, which highlights the movement’s multi-scale and polycentric nature. This route is multi-scale in Ibáñez’s promotion of liberal ideas through interconnected national, Latin American and global actors, and polycentric in showcasing independent yet complementary initiatives that collectively shaped Chile’s neoliberal trajectory. These dynamics position Ibáñez’s route as part of a broader Latin American and global community
Disrupted stemness and redox homeostasis in mesenchymal stem cells of neonates from mothers with obesity: implications for increased adiposity
No full textMaternal obesity is a risk factor for increased fetal adiposity. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, however, emerging evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are the precursors of adipocytes, from neonates of mothers with obesity exhibit enhanced adipogenic differentiation potential. We hypothesise that the MSCs of neonates from mothers with obesity have different stemness potential and redox state compared to the MSCs from mothers with normal weight. MSCs were isolated from neonates of women with obesity (BMI>30 kg/m², OB-MSCs) and women with normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m², NW-MSCs). OB-MSCs showed reduced stemness potential, as seen by a lower OCT3/4 expression and lower clonogenic capacity, than NW-MSCs (p<0.05). In addition, OB-MSCs showed higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide (O2•-), together with lower antioxidant SOD2 gene expression, compared to NW-MSCs (p<0.05). Conversely, OB-MSCs had higher levels of glutathione (GSH) compared to NW-MSCs (p<0.05). Upon exposure to H2O2 (250 μM), OB-MSCs displayed attenuated antioxidant response, with lower SOD1, SOD2 and GPX1 gene expression as compared to NW-MSCs (p<0.05). Upon exposure to higher oxidative stress (H2O2, 400 μM), total ROS levels were lower in OB-MSCs than in NW-MSCs. In contrast, when challenged for mitochondrial ROS, OB-MSCs showed higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide production as compared to NW-MSCs (p<0.05). Our results indicate that OB-MSCs have lower stemness potential, elevated mitochondrial O2•- and a different basal and oxidative stress-induced redox profile compared to NW-MSCs. These changes in OB-MSCs could predispose them to an increase adipogeneic commitment
Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in Treating Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textBackground:Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is recommended by major health organizations for trauma treatment, but its efficacy for borderline personality disorder (BPD) remains unestablished. This study aims to evaluate EMDR’s effectiveness in treating BPD through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and compare its outcomes with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Methods:A total of 76 individuals participated in the RCT, with 18 patients (78% female) completing the study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either EMDR (n = 8) or CBT (n = 10) via teletherapy sessions. Trauma symptoms were assessed using the international trauma questionnaire (ITQ), BPD symptoms were assessed using the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features Scale (PAI-BOR), and post-traumatic growth (PTG) was assessed using the post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI). Additionally, attentional evaluations were conducted at behavioral and electroencephalographic levels through an oddball paradigm. A final comparison was made between a participant who did not complete the therapeutic process and a participant who did.Results:Both EMDR and CBT treatments significantly improved trauma and BPD symptoms, as well as post-traumatic growth. The effect size was moderate for ITQ (η2 = 0.615) and PTGI (η2 = 0.610), and low for PAI-BOR (η2 = 0.147). Symptomatic participants showed a decrease in ITQ (p = 0.006) and PAI-BOR (p = 0.047) scores, and an increase in PTGI scores (p = 0.028).Conclusions:Both EMDR and CBT significantly improved trauma and BPD symptoms, as well as post-traumatic growth. Additionally, EMDR showed benefits in response accuracy and speed, with a correct response rate of 97% when comparing two participants (with and without therapy). However, completely clean electroencephalography (EEG) data were not obtained from both participants for a deeper comparison.Clinical Trial Registration:The study was registered at https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN91146045, registration number: ISRCTN91146045, registration date: 21 May 2021
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Principles and advanced techniques
No full textCardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is an established non-invasive tool for the assessment of cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death globally. CMR provides dynamic and static multi-contrast and multi-parametric images, including cine for functional evaluation, contrast-enhanced imaging and parametric mapping for tissue characterization, and MR angiography for the assessment of the aortic, coronary and pulmonary circulation. However, clinical CMR imaging sequences still have some limitations such as the requirement for multiple breath-holds, incomplete spatial coverage, complex planning and acquisition, low scan efficiency and long scan times. To address these challenges, novel techniques have been developed during the last two decades, focusing on automated planning and acquisition timing, improved respiratory and cardiac motion handling strategies, image acceleration algorithms employing undersampled reconstruction, all-in-one imaging techniques that can acquire multiple contrast/parameters in a single scan, deep learning based methods applied along the entire CMR imaging pipeline, as well as imaging at high- and low-field strengths. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of CMR imaging, covering both established and emerging techniques, to give an overview of the present and future applications of CMR.Department of HealthNational Institute for Health ResearchTechnical University of MunichInstitute for Advanced StudyBiomedical Research CentreIMPACTEPSRCEPSRCCenter of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular TherapyWellcome EPSRC Centre for Medical EngineeringWellcome EPSRC Centre for Medical EngineeringBHFBHFFONDECYTFONDECY
Viajeros, quedados, errantes: literatura de viaje y relatos de supervivencia en el extremo sur de América
No full textTesis (Doctor en Literatura )--Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2025Los estudios sobre literatura de viajes y exploración en el extremo sur de Chile se han abordado principalmente a partir de los diarios y bitácoras de navegantes y exploradores que, desde el paso inaugural de Hernando de Magallanes por el estrecho homónimo en 1520, asimilaron la región patagónica desde la mirada hegemónica de “un sujeto ahistórico mundial europeo, masculino, laico e instruido, cuya conciencia planetaria es el resultado de su contacto con la cultura de la imprenta” (Pratt 2011). A contrapelo de esa tradición que privilegió la literatura letrada y sedentaria, esta investigación cartografía testimonios de viajeros provenientes de corrientes nómadas y ágrafas (Aguilera & Tonko 2013), aquellos que permanecieron en una alteridad tan radical que los volvió, en parte, ilegibles para la literatura de viajes canónica de Fuego-Patagonia.De ese modo, se rastrean estos “mitos latentes” (Durand 2013) que persisten a lo largo de 5 siglos de viajes y exploración, reconociendo las ficciones y autorías de viaje anómalas al canon, aquellas que en su “vagabundeo significativo” (Le Guin 1996) sugieren una forma de desplazarse alternativa, con agencia propia, lejos de la victimización.ANI
Governance and Drought Management Policies in Chile
No full textThis chapter analyzes the current institutional, governance and drought management situation in Chile, identifying the main authorities and agencies that are legally entrusted with competences in this area, and specifying the main characteristics of these functions. The most pertinent and applicable tools are subsequently reviewed, conducting a thorough conceptual and practical analysis of the declarations of water scarcity zones due to severe drought and agricultural emergency resulting from water deficit. Finally, it examines the existing gaps and challenges in addressing extreme hydrological events that are generally occurring and continue to be managed as emergencies or disasters.ANID No. FSEQ21001
Droughts in Chile: Impacts, Monitoring, and Adaptation (Management) Policies
No full textThe case of Chile is illustrative of a transition from command and control to market-based management policies, where economic incentives play a significant role in water management. This book deals with drought policy in Chile and other countries. It offers a detailed examination of drought management and policies. It describes, analyzes and evaluates the performance of drought policies, laws and institutions, identifies the main challenges that Chile faces and derives lessons learnt. Expert contributors discuss such topics as Chile’s drought water policy, and the reasoning which explains present challenges
Pilgrimage ‘in between’: Religious pilgrims in main Chilean shrines
No full textDrawing on interviews and observation conducted at three shrines across Chile, this article examines the motivations of pilgrims in the context of the persistent vitality of religious pilgrimage in the country. While the literature on religious change in Latin America has focused on the rise of Evangelical pluralism or the increasing religious disaffiliation, this article explores the reasons behind the continuity of popular Catholicism in a changing context. Our findings reveal that, while Chilean pilgrims demonstrate motivations beyond institutionalized religion, their ties to familial community and focus on reaching a destination moderate the journey’s centrality, diverging from post-secular pilgrimage. Both the manda (religious vow) and custom integrate pilgrimage within a framework of religious obligation tied closely to familial community, thus challenging its liminoid character based on the description of pilgrimage as a journey, as well as its perceived features of voluntariness and individual autonomy.ANID Fondecyt 122112