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Fast Comprehension of embedded geometrical Primitives and Rules in human Adults and Preschoolers
No full textStudies of sequence learning have outlined one possible mechanism by which complex mental representations are constructed out of simpler primitives: the human ability to extract complex nested structures from sequential inputs. Experiments in infants, preschoolers, and adults without access to education have demonstrated the existence of innate “core knowledge” for space, endowing humans with spontaneous intuitions of geometry. The question therefore arises whether a capacity for the internal representation and manipulation of nested sequences also underlies the acquisition of mathematics. We propose to formalize the human sensitivity to mathematical rules through a “language of thought” that allows the formation of complex structuresunknownunknow
L’architettura genetica dei disturbi del comportamento: Esplorare il ruolo dell’epigenetica in psichiatria
No full textBehavioral disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorders represent a significant challenge in psychiatry due to their complex and multifactorial nature. While traditional models have focused on genetic predispositions, emerging research highlights the critical role of epigenetics in modulating gene expression in response to environmental factors. This literature review explores the genetic architecture of behavioral disorders, emphasizing the influence of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. We delve into how these processes contribute to the onset, progression, and transgenerational transmission of psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these findings for personalized treatment strategies and future research directions, underscoring the potential for epigenetic therapies in reshaping psychiatric practice. This review aims to bridge the gap between genetics and environment, offering a comprehensive understanding of how epigenetics can inform the future of psychiatric care.I disturbi comportamentali come la depressione, la schizofrenia, l’ADHD e i disturbi dello spettro autistico rappresentano una sfida significativa per la psichiatria a causa della loro natura complessa e multifattoriale. Mentre i modelli tradizionali si sono concentrati sulle predisposizioni genetiche, le ricerche emergenti evidenziano il ruolo critico dell’epigenetica nel modulare l’espressione genica in risposta ai fattori ambientali. Questa rassegna della letteratura esplora l’architettura genetica dei disturbi comportamentali, sottolineando l’influenza dei meccanismi epigenetici come la metilazione del DNA, la modificazione degli istoni e gli RNA non codificanti. Si analizza il modo in cui questi processi contribuiscono all’insorgenza, alla progressione e alla trasmissione transgenerazionale delle patologie psichiatriche. Inoltre, discutiamo le implicazioni di questi risultati per le strategie di trattamento personalizzate e le future direzioni di ricerca, sottolineando il potenziale delle terapie epigenetiche nel rimodellare la pratica psichiatrica. Questa rassegna mira a colmare il divario tra genetica e ambiente, offrendo una comprensione completa di come l’epigenetica possa informare il futuro delle cure psichiatriche.reviewedpublishedVersio
The Impact of Perceived Stress on Work Engagement of Young Cadres
No full textEstablishing a service-oriented government to promote national governance systems and capacities fundamentally relies on the sustained and efficient contributions of young cadres. Enhancing their motivation and promoting work engagement have become important challenges for governmental agencies. Based on the empirical analysis of 711 samples, this research examines the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions through which perceived stress influences young cadres’ work engagement. Results reveal that perceived stress significantly and negatively affects work engagement. Public service motivation is a mediating factor between internal perceptions and external behaviors, partially mediating this relationship. Furthermore, psychological resilience (i.e., the cognitive-emotional competence) can alleviate the adverse influence of perceived stress on work engagement and diminish the mediating effect of public service motivation. This study enriches current research on young cadres’ work engagement and provides a theoretical foundation for improving engagement levels in the Chinese governmental context.Support for this reseach was provided by Jiangxi Province Education Science "14th Five-Year Plan" Funded Project (23YB010).unknow
人格结构--客体关系视角
No full textIn this paper, I analyze character structures based on Object Relations Theory. I discuss three phases of object relating, 1) an undifferentiation phase, 2) an incorporating phase, 3) pre-object relating phase, and 4) a full object relating phase, resulting in internalization. This approach naturally lends itself to identifying the schizophrenic character, and early and late borderline organizations. It is seen that the early and late borderline organizations are related to transitional periods between object relating stages. I also introduce treatment approaches, notwithstanding somatic interventions, based on Object Relations Theory and the theory that I present in this paper. I discuss a possible origin of certain types of auto-immune disorders which may be related to early trauma. I point out the difference between incorporation and internalization, as defenses related to early and late infancy. I present the implications of incorporation vs internalization in character formation as well as in auto-immune disorders vs psychological disorders manifested by attacks by the internalized bad objects. In this paper, I refer to the child as a boy, instead of a girl or they.Dans cet article, j’analyserai les structures du caractère basées sur la théorie des relations d’objet. Je discuterai de quatre phases de relation d’objet, 1) une phase d’indifférenciation, 2) une phase d’incorporation, 3) une phase de pré-relation d’objet, et enfin, 4) une phase de relation d’objet complète, qui aboutit à l’intériorisation. Cette approche se prêtera naturellement à l’identification du caractère schizophrénique et des organisations borderline précoces et tardives. On verra que les organisations borderline précoces et tardives sont liées à des périodes de transition entre les étapes de la relation objet. Je présenterai également des modalités de traitement, et des interventions somatiques, basées sur la théorie des relations d’objet et sur la théorie que je présenterai dans cet article. Je discuterai d’une origine possible de certains types de maladies auto-immunes qui peuvent être liées à un traumatisme précoce. Je mettrai l’accent sur la différence entre l’incorporation et l’intériorisation, en tant que défenses liées à l’enfance précoce et tardive. Je présenterai les implications de l’incorporation en ce qui concerne l’intériorisation dans la formation du caractère, ainsi que dans les troubles auto-immuns en ce qui concerne les troubles psychologiques manifestés par des attaques par de mauvais objets intériorisés. Dans cet article je vais parler de l’enfant en utilisant toujours le masculin singulier.In questo articolo analizzerò le strutture del carattere basate sulla teoria delle relazioni oggettuali. Discuterò quattro fasi della relazione oggettuale, 1) una fase di indifferenziazione, 2) una fase di incorporazione, 3) una fase di pre-relazione oggettuale e, infine, 4) una fase di relazione oggettuale completa, che si traduce nell’interiorizzazione. Questo approccio si presterà naturalmente all’identificazione del carattere schizofrenico e delle organizzazioni borderline precoci e tardive. Si vedrà che le organizzazioni borderline precoci e tardive sono correlate a periodi di transizione tra le fasi di relazione oggettuale. Presenterò anche modalità di trattamento, che comprendono interventi somatici, basati sulla teoria delle relazioni oggettuali e sulla teoria che presenterò in questo articolo. Discuterò una possibile origine di alcuni tipi di disturbi autoimmuni che possono essere correlati a traumi precoci. Sottolineerò la differenza tra incorporazione e interiorizzazione, come difese correlate all’infanzia precoce e tardiva. Presenterò le implicazioni dell’incorporazione rispetto all’interiorizzazione nella formazione del carattere, così come nei disturbi autoimmuni rispetto ai disturbi psicologici manifestati da attacchi da parte degli oggetti cattivi interiorizzati. In questo articolo, mi riferirò al bambino al maschile.In diesem Aufsatz betrachte ich Charakterstrukturen von der Objektbeziehungstheorie her. Dabei werden vier Phasen der Objektbeziehung untersucht: 1) eine Phase der Undifferenziertheit; 2) eine Phase der Inkorporation; 3) eine Phase der Vor-Objektbeziehung und schließlich 4) die Phase der voll entwickelten Objektbeziehung, welche in der Internalisierung resultiert. Dieser Ansatz bietet sich natürlich zur Bestimmung des schizophrenischen Charaktertyps an sowie für frühe und entwickelte Borderline-Verfassungen. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass diese frühen und voll entwickelten Borderline-Verfassungen auf Übergangsperioden zwischen Phasen der Objektbeziehungen bezogen sind. Ich stelle auch Behandlungsformen dar, die trotz körperlicher Interventionen auf der Objektbeziehungstheorie beruhen sowie auf der Theorie, die ich im vorliegenden Aufsatz entwickle. Daraufhin behandle ich einen möglichen Ursprung bestimmter Formen von auto-immunen Störungen, die möglicherweise mit frühen Traumata zusammenhängen. Dann stelle ich den Unterschied zwischen Inkorporation und Internalisierung dar, und zwar als auf die frühe und spätere Kindheit bezogenen Verteidigungsmechanismen. Abschließend werden die Implikationen der Inkorporation gegenüber der Internalisierung in der Charakterformation untersucht, sowie bei auto-immunen Störungen im Vergleich zu psychischen Störungen, die durch den Angriff internalisierter böser Objekte auftreten. In diesem Aufsatz verwende ich das Wort «Kind” in seiner männlichen Form, statt in der weiblichen Form bzw. im Plural.En este artículo, analizaré las estructuras del carácter desde la perspectiva de la Teoría de las Relaciones Objetales. Examinaré cuatro fases fundamentales en la relación con los objetos: 1) la fase de indiferenciación, 2) la fase de incorporación, 3) la fase pre-relacional con el objeto, y 4) la fase de relación plena con el objeto, que da como resultado la internalización. Este enfoque resulta especialmente útil para identificar tanto el carácter esquizofrénico como las organizaciones borderline tempranas y tardías. Cabe destacar que estas últimas están vinculadas a períodos de transición entre las distintas fases de la relación con los objetos. Asimismo, propondré enfoques terapéuticos que integran intervenciones somáticas, desarrollados a partir de la Teoría de las Relaciones Objetales y los conceptos introducidos en este artículo. Analizaré un posible origen de ciertos tipos de trastornos autoinmunes que podrían estar vinculados a traumas en etapas tempranas de la vida. Haré énfasis en la distinción entre incorporación e internalización, entendidas como defensas características de la infancia temprana y tardía, respectivamente. Exploraré las implicaciones de estas dinámicas tanto en la formación del carácter como en la diferenciación entre trastornos autoinmunes y trastornos psicológicos asociados con ataques de objetos internos negativos. En este artículo, se utiliza el término masculino («boy”) de manera genérica para referirse a jóvenes de cualquier género, reconociendo y respetando la diversidad de identidades.Neste artigo, vou analisar as estruturas de caráter com base na teoria das Relações de Objeto. Serão apresentadas as quatro fases descritas nessa teoria: 1 – Fase de indiferenciação, 2 – Fase de Incorporação, 3 – Fase de pré-relação de objeto, 4 – Fase de relação se objeto plena, que resulta na internalização. Esta abordagem conduzirá, naturalmente, à identificação do caráter esquizofrênico e organizações borderline – precoces ou tardias. Veremos que essas organizações estão relacionadas com períodos transicionais entre estágios das relações objetais. Serão introduzidas abordagens de tratamento, que, apesar de intervenções somáticas, são baseadas na teoria das Relações de Objeto e na teoria que apresentarei neste artigo. Haverá a discussão sobre a possível origem de certos tipos de desordens auto-imunes – que podem estar relacionadas aos traumas precoces. Mostrarei, também, a diferença entre incorporação e internalização na formação do caráter, assim como nas desordens auto-imunes vs desordens psicológicas manifestadas em função de ataques de objetos maus internalizados.В этой статье я проанализирую структуры характеров, основываясь на теории объектных отношений. Я расскажу о четырех фазах объектных отношений: 1) фаза недифференцированности, 2) фаза включения, 3) фаза предобъектного отношения и, наконец, 4) фаза полного объектного отношения, результатом которой является интернализация. Этот подход, естественно, пригодится для выявления шизоидного характера, а также ранних и поздних пограничных организаций. Будет видно, что ранние и поздние пограничные организации связаны с переходными периодами между стадиями установления объектных отношений. Также расскажу о подходах к лечению, независимо от соматических вмешательств, основанных на теории объектных отношений и теории, которую я представлю в этой статье. И расскажу о возможном происхождении некоторых типов аутоиммунных расстройств, которые могут быть связаны с ранними травмами. Укажу на разницу между инкорпорацией и интернализацией как защитами, связанными с ранним и поздним младенчеством. Я расскажу о влиянии инкорпорации и интернализации на формирование характера, а также об аутоиммунных расстройствах и психологических расстройствах, проявляющихся в нападениях со стороны усвоенных плохих объектов. В этой статье я буду писать о ребенке в мужском поле, а не в женском (девочка) или множественном (они).在本文中，我将根据客体关系理论分析人格结构。将讨论客体关系的四个阶段：1）未分化阶段；2）融入阶段；3）前客体关系阶段；最后，4）导向内化的完整客体关系阶段。这个方法自然地可以用来识别精神分裂症人格，以及早期和晚期的边缘组织。我们将看到，早期和晚期边缘组织与客体关联阶段之间的过渡阶段有关。我还将介绍基于客体关系理论和我将在本文中介绍的理论的一些治疗方法，而不是常设的躯体干预。我将讨论某些类型的自身免疫性疾病的可能起源，这些疾病可能与早期创伤有关。我将指出与婴儿早期和晚期防御有关的融入和内化之间的区别，介绍融入与内化对人格形成的影响，以及对自身免疫性疾病与由内化的坏客体攻击所表现出的心理失调的影响。在本文中，我将把孩子称为男孩，而不是女孩或她们。peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Projektevaluation: Bunter Ball – Einfluss einer sportpädagogischen Intervention auf die emotionale Kompetenz von Grundschulkindern
No full textDie Master Thesis soll zu Evaluation der Wirksamkeit einer Intervention beitragen. Es wird getestet, ob die emotionale Intelligenz von Kindern, die an der Intervention teilnehmen größere Zuwächse erreicht, als die der Kontrollgruppe.
*Die Präregistrierung wird hiermit zu einem Zeitpunkt eingereicht, an dem mir die Daten der Studie nicht vollumfänglich vorliegen. Ich war lediglich bei der Erhebung einzelner Probanden (schätzungsweise n = 10) beteiligt.unknownothe
Dataset for: Bad Beauty: The Impact of Affect and Biospheric Values on Beauty Judgments of Environmental Pollution Photography
No full textAesthetic judgments are influenced by both integral and incidental feelings, yet the relative strength of these influences remains unclear. We investigated how incidental mood, integral affect, and biospheric values affect beauty judgments of photographs depicting environmental pollution. Participants (N = 501) were randomly assigned to a positive, neutral, or negative mood condition before rating the beauty of images paired with neutral or negative descriptive texts. Results replicated the moral framing effect: negative descriptive texts led to significantly lower beauty ratings (p < .001, d = 0.5). While a good mood led to higher beauty ratings than a bad mood (p = .011, d = 0.25), the overall incidental mood effect was only marginally significant. Biospheric values negatively predicted beauty ratings in the negative text condition, but not in the neutral condition, suggesting that value-driven responses depend on contextual cues. In conclusion, our findings highlight the role of integral affect in aesthetic judgments and suggest that incidental mood effects were overshadowed. Future research should examine whether aesthetic judgments are inherently resistant to incidental affect or if stronger manipulations could produce more robust effects.peerReviewe
Supplementary materials to "Structured diagnostic interviews in psychotherapy training: Trainees’ beliefs about interviews and their relationship to overall interview satisfaction" [Other]
No full textSupplementary materials [Other]. The related article is Palmer, S., Walter, B., Hermann, C., Stark, R., & Hermann, A. (2025). Structured diagnostic interviews in psychotherapy training: Trainees’ beliefs about interviews and their relationship to overall interview satisfaction. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 7(4), Article e17321. https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.17321This supplementary material contains Supplement 1: Survey Introduction, Supplement 2: Beliefs About Structured Diagnostic Interviews, Supplement 3: Predictor Intercorrelations and Multicollinearity Statistics for Multiple Linear Regression of Overall SDI Satisfaction on Beliefs About SDIs, Supplement 4: Descriptive Statistics for the Patient Acceptance Questionnaire – Therapist Version, & Supplement 5: Correlations Between Psychotherapy Trainees’ Overall SDI Satisfaction, Personality, and Adherence to Theoretical Orientations.unknownunknow
Dataset for: Exploring the Relationship Between Prosocial Tendencies and Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behavior
No full textThis research explores how prosocial behavior relates to environmentally responsible consumer choices. Prosocial behavior—actions aimed at supporting others—can extend to ecological concern, shaping decisions that prioritize sustainability. In this study, adult participants completed assessments measuring both tendencies, and their scores were compared to identify patterns of association. The analysis revealed that prosocial orientations of all types showed a positive relationship with environmentally conscious purchasing, with the strongest connections appearing among individuals motivated by empathy, urgency, and deeply held moral beliefs. Acts driven by social recognition, obligation, or altruism also demonstrated notable links, though the associations were somewhat weaker. These results highlight that sustainable consumption is more strongly influenced by internalized, emotionally grounded motivations than by external pressures or conformity. Overall, the findings align with theoretical perspectives that emphasize moral responsibility and personal values as key forces in shaping pro-environmental behavior.unknow
A Matter of Preparation: Investigating the Differential Effects of Disassembling and Cooking on Meat-Related Perceptions and Conflict
No full textFood preparation plays a key role in shaping how people perceive meat: It helps people to dissociate meat from its animal origin and allows them to eat meat without experiencing conflict. However, experimental research in this area mostly disregards or confounds two food preparation steps: disassembling and cooking. To test how disassembling and cooking affect perceptions about meat dishes, we conducted secondary analyses of a sample of omnivores from a U.S.-representative dataset (N = 1,189). In this study, participants indicated meat perceptions (self-report) in response to a picture of one meat dish that varied in the degree of disassembling (i.e., whole parts vs. chopped/minced) and cooking (i.e., raw vs. cooked). Leveraging this experimental setup, multi-level analyses revealed that disassembling and cooking reduced compassion elicited by meat dishes. Disassembling also decreased general emotional arousal, while cooking reduced negative evaluations, conflict experiences in felt ambivalence, and specific negative emotions such as disgust and anger, while increasing valence perceptions more generally and the desire to eat the dish. Moreover, psychological network analyses showed that the relations of meat-related perceptions with each other do not differ significantly between food preparation steps. By offering nuanced insights into how food preparation affects conflict experiences as well as other affective and attitudinal meat-related perceptions, this research offers various theoretical and practical implications. We therefore discuss key considerations for future research on meat-related perceptions and identify when and which interventions may be most necessary and effective in encouraging reduced meat consumption.Code for: Buttlar, B., Hahn, L., & Chambon, M. (2025). A Matter of Preparation: Investigating the Differential Effects of Processing and Cooking on Meat-Related Perceptions and Conflict. Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations, 4, e17919. https://doi.org/10.5964/phair.17919unknownunknow
Using Sand Timers as a Self-Regulation Strategy for Students with Special Needs: A Case Study of Ryan's Progress in Staying Seated During Class and Achieving His Learning Goals
No full textThis case study explores the use of sand timers as a self-regulation strategy to support a 6-year-old student, Ryan (pseudonym), with speech and language difficulties, weak concentration, and below-average motor skills in an inclusive educational setting. Ryan struggled to remain seated during class activities, which impacted his learning engagement. An intervention using a 5-minute sand timer, paired with positive reinforcement and sensory-based rewards, was implemented to help Ryan understand time limits and stay seated for gradually increasing durations. Over several weeks, Ryan demonstrated significant improvement in his ability to remain seated, complete tasks, and regulate his behavior independently, ultimately reducing his reliance on the timer. Additionally, his fine motor and pre-writing skills improved through sensory play and tracing activities. The study highlights the effectiveness of simple visual and sensory tools like sand timers in enhancing self-regulation, focus, and learning outcomes among students with special educational needs.unknownunknow