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Exploring cognitive predictors: Examining varied impact on early number skills in a longitudinal study [Author Accepted Manuscript]
No full textThis longitudinal study investigates the role of domain-general cognitive abilities in predicting domain-specific numerical abilities across early school years. Using von Aster and Shalev's four-step developmental model of numerical cognition (2007) and Ackerman's general theory of skill acquisition (1988), we examined how cognitive abilities (e.g., phonological processing, verbal working memory) contribute to children's counting knowledge, digit magnitude comparison, and number line estimation from kindergarten through second grade. The sample comprised 296 children (50.3% girls), who began participation at approximately six years (Mage = 6.7 years).
Findings highlight the influence of domain-general cognitive functions throughout early numerical development. Specifically, phonological processes and processing speed significantly predict prior formal education, while verbal working memory and nonverbal logical reasoning become more important after starting formal education. While the importance of certain domain-general abilities increases over time, others decline. Our results align with both von Aster and Shalev's (2007) model (positing that cognitive demands increase when learning new, more complex numerical abilities) and with Ackerman's (1988) theory (suggesting that reliance on cognitive abilities decreases as skills become more automated).
Together, these frameworks complement each other, offering a comprehensive understanding of how cognitive abilities support numerical development. Our study highlights the important role of early cognitive abilities in forming the foundation for successively more complex numerical skills. While each framework provides valuable insights, integrating them may better capture the complexities of early numerical development. These findings emphasize the varying roles of domain-general cognitive abilities and the nuanced trajectories depicted by these theoretical models.Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (Grant 2008-0238); Swedish Research Council (Grant 2020-03220)reviewedacceptedVersio
Supplementary materials to "Children’s early math problem-solving: The role of parent numeracy practices, numeracy expectations, and math attitudes" [Other]
No full textSupplementary materials [Other]. The related article is Cook, O. K., Westover, A. E., & Coffman, J. L. (2025). Children’s early math problem-solving: The role of parent numeracy practices, numeracy expectations, and math attitudes. Journal of Numerical Cognition, 11, Article e16725. https://doi.org/10.5964/jnc.16725The Supplementary Material contains four tables: Table S1: The actual addition problems (stimuli) administered during the math problem-solving task, & Tables S2, S3, and S4: The original wording for all items used in our survey instruments and their corresponding descriptive statistics.unknownunknow
Code for: The Affirmative Character Scale: A Tool to explore New Forms of Authoritarianism
No full textThere are two main points of reference to Frankfurt School's authoritarianism research. On the one hand, scholars who, following Fromm (1932), seek to identify a contemporary social character under conditions of post-Fordist capitalism emphasize that the authoritarian character has been replaced by a flexible, entrepreneurial self. On the other hand, research on authoritarianism still relies on adaptations of the F-scale developed by Adorno et al. (1950) (e.g., Altemeyer, 1981; Beierlein et al., 2014; Oesterreich, 1998; Decker et al., 2022). At the same time, certain new forms of authoritarianism are being identified (Amlinger & Nachtwey, 2025). In this paper, we aim to bridge this tension by introducing a measurement tool for a contemporary “affirmative social character” adapted to flexible capitalism, and to explore the relationship between this social character and authoritarian tendencies. Based on a German sample (N = 1,196), we develop the 28-item Aff-Scale to measure the adaptive authoritarian tendencies aligned with the demands of 21st-century meritocracy. The scale captures five dimensions: affirmation, self-optimization, flexibility & mobility, solutionism, and libertarianism. Validation measures included traditional authoritarianism (KSA-3; Beierlein et al., 2014), right-wing extremism (FR-LF; Heller et al., 2020), and sociodemographic variables. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the multidimensionality (CFI = 0.927; RMSEA = 0.048) but showed a need for further validation. Internal consistency was good (Cronbach's α = .83; ω = .64) and the expected correlations with RWA and educational-, social status and age were significant. Despite its limitations, the Aff-scale is a useful tool for examining a 21st century social character and contributes to a better understanding of modernized forms of authoritarianism.unknownunknow
KLARpsy-Text: Kann man durch Neurofeedback die Theta-Wellen im Gehirn beeinflussen?
No full textKLARpsy-Texte sind kurze, lai:innengerechte, allgemeinverständliche und richtlinienbasierte Zusammenfassungen psychologischer Übersichtsarbeiten. Dieser KLARpsy-Text hat den Titel “Kann man durch Neurofeedback die Theta-Wellen im Gehirn beeinflussen?”. Er wurde von Mitarbeitenden des Leibniz-Instituts für Psychologie verfasst. Der KLARpsy-Text befasst sich mit folgenden Inhalten: Im Gehirn lassen sich verschiedene elektrische Wellenformen messen, die sich in ihrer Frequenz unterscheiden. Jede dieser Wellen steht in Verbindung mit bestimmten kognitiven Funktionen. Besonders die sogenannten Theta-Wellen spielen eine Rolle beim Arbeitsgedächtnis und beim episodischen Gedächtnis. Eine Möglichkeit, die Wellen zu beeinflussen, ist gezieltes Neurofeedback: Dabei lernen die Teilnehmenden in mehreren Sitzungen, ihre eigenen Theta-Wellen durch Rückmeldungen im EEG gezielt zu verstärken oder zu verringern. Wie wirksam Neurofeedback tatsächlich ist, ist allerdings noch umstritten. Mit ihrer Übersichtsarbeit wollten die Forschenden herausfinden: Kann man Theta-Wellen durch Neurofeedback gezielt verändern? Durch gezieltes Training mit Neurofeedback können die Theta-Wellen im Stirnbereich des Gehirns verstärkt oder verringert werden.https://klarpsy.de/hintergrundunknownunknow
KLARpsy-Text: Fördert Musik die Leistung im Denken und die Gesundheit von älteren Erwachsenen?
No full textKLARpsy-Texte sind kurze, lai:innengerechte, allgemeinverständliche und richtlinienbasierte Zusammenfassungen psychologischer Übersichtsarbeiten. Dieser KLARpsy-Text hat den Titel “Fördert Musik die Leistung im Denken und die Gesundheit von älteren Erwachsenen?”. Er wurde von Mitarbeitenden des Leibniz-Instituts für Psychologie verfasst. Eine anonyme testlesende Person war beteiligt. Der KLARpsy-Text befasst sich mit folgenden Inhalten: Selbst zu musizieren und Musik zu hören gelten als förderlich für die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden. Da die Bevölkerung immer älter wird, steigt auch die Anzahl der Personen, die gesundheitliche Probleme haben. Ziel der Übersichtsarbeit war es, zu untersuchen, ob Musik die Leistung im Denken und die psychische und körperliche Gesundheit von gesunden Erwachsenen ab 40 Jahren fördert. Mit ihrer Übersichtsarbeit wollten die Forschenden herausfinden: Kann Musik die Leistung im Denken und die psychische und körperliche Gesundheit verbessern und damit einen Beitrag zu gesundem Altern leisten? Selbst Musik zu machen hatte keinen bedeutsamen Einfluss auf die Leistung im Denken. Einzelne Studien weisen darauf hin, dass sich aktives Musizieren bei Erwachsenen über 40 Jahren positiv auf die psychische Gesundheit auswirken kann. Allerdings gibt es bisher nicht genug vergleichbare Studien, um diese Hinweise zu belegen.https://klarpsy.de/hintergrundunknownunknow
KLARpsy-Text: Wie stark erleben LGBTQ+-Jugendliche mit selbstverletzendem oder suizidalem Verhalten Diskriminierung und psychische Belastungen?
No full textKLARpsy-Texte sind kurze, lai:innengerechte, allgemeinverständliche und richtlinienbasierte Zusammenfassungen psychologischer Übersichtsarbeiten. Dieser KLARpsy-Text hat den Titel “Wie stark erleben LGBTQ+-Jugendliche mit selbstverletzendem oder suizidalem Verhalten Diskriminierung und psychische Belastungen?”. Er wurde von Mitarbeitenden des Leibniz-Instituts für Psychologie verfasst. Der KLARpsy-Text befasst sich mit folgenden Inhalten: LGBTQ+ -Jugendliche berichten häufiger von suizidalen Gedanken oder selbstverletzendem Verhalten als nicht-LGBTQ+-Jugendliche. Weniger bekannt ist jedoch, ob auch die Gründe, die zu solchen Erfahrungen beitragen können, wie etwa Diskriminierung, Anfeindungen oder psychische Belastungen, bei LGBTQ+-Jugendlichen häufiger auftreten. Mit ihrer Übersichtsarbeit wollten die Forschenden herausfinden: Inwiefern treten die Gründe, die zu selbstverletzendem Verhalten oder suizidalen Gedanken führen können, bei LGBTQ+-Jugendlichen auf? LGBTQ+-Jugendliche, die Erfahrung mit Selbstverletzung oder suizidalen Gedanken gemacht haben, haben vor diesen Erfahrungen häufig Diskriminierung, Anfeindungen oder psychische Belastungen erlebt. Davon sind sie häufiger betroffen als nicht-LGBTQ+-Jugendliche, die auch solche Erfahrungen gemacht haben.https://klarpsy.de/hintergrundunknownunknow
Norming of IQ tests on a ratio scale
No full textIn this article, we present a solution to one of the central problems of psychometrics over
the past 100 years: a method for norming cognitive tests by producing scores on a ratio
scale. This new approach is accompanied by many other complementary solutions,
including the ability to accurately determine consistent values for the test ceilings, even
when the theoretical rarity level at the top is much larger than the sample size. For example,
in a sample of 3,000 subjects from a non-selective population, we can accurately determine
the ceiling at the rarity level of 1 in 3 million by grouping the lower scores to compose a
metric that allows us to estimate the higher scores while preserving the scale’s internal
consistency. The higher the ceiling and the more difficult it is to norm using traditional
methods, the greater the benefits of this method. In a non-selective sample of 50,000
people, we can determine the ceiling down to the level of 1 in 1 billion. Alternatively, with a
sample of only a few hundred people with significantly above-average IQs, heavily biased
by self-selection, we were able to determine the ceiling down to the level of 1 in a few billion
even without knowing the parameters of this sample’s distribution. In samples severely
contaminated by self-selection, we were able to neutralize this effect naturally, without the
need for epicycle. We corrected for distortions in the dense tails and obtained a series of
other advantages compared to traditional methods based on IRT and TCT [10], in addition
to combining all the typical conceptual advantages inherent in ratio scales. We also opened
the possibility of measuring animal and artificial intelligence on the same scale as human
intelligence, among other possibilities yet to be discovered. We call this new procedure the
“HM Method”.notReviewedothe
Data for "The Acquisition of Tonal Hierarchies in Western Music During School Years: A Re-Analysis of 40 Years of Research"
No full textUnderstanding the relationships between different pitches as a form of tonality is a key element of listening skills in Western tonal music. Tonal hierarchies (i.e., genre-dependent differing prominence of tones) are reflected in the internal representations of tonal hierarchies (IRTH) in long-term memory. Over the past 40 years, research on how individuals — primarily students aged 6 to 15, as well as adults — acquire IRTH has yielded varied and sometimes contradictory conclusions about the timeline and underlying mechanisms of this process. This review aims to synthesize the evidence and critically examine potential reasons for the heterogeneity in prior findings. To this end, two approaches were applied. First, a Bayesian three-level meta-analysis of 60 effect sizes from 16 studies, reported in 13 articles, revealed a medium difference in IRTH sensitivity between younger and older participants. Second, a model comparison analysis based on cross-sectional data from a single study revealed a non-linear growth dynamic, with a larger increase during adolescence as the best model solution to describe the relationship between sensitivity and age. We also examined the considerable heterogeneity observed within and between studies, particularly how task-specific features of the operationalizations might account for these differences. These findings contribute to the development of theoretical models of music-related skill acquisition and suggest directions for future research.unknow
An Implicit Measure of Surrender to God: Validation and Relation with Addiction among Christian Patients
No full textSpiritual recovery programs for addiction often advocate Surrender to God (StG) as an essential element in recovery. However, the assessment of StG is generally limited to explicit questionnaires, which have methodological and theoretical limitations. This study tested an Implicit Association Task (IAT) related to StG in patients with substance use disorder (N = 210) during clinical treatment. Therefore, an implicit measure of StG could be assessed that places less emphasis on self-report and reflective processes. Results provided initial test validity by demonstrating group differences (Christian vs. Non-religious), associations with more explicit StG, religiosity, meaning in life, and lower levels of craving. Combining the implicit and explicit assessments of StG improved the prediction of meaning in life and private religious activities. This study provides initial support for the use of the surrender-IAT for addiction and health research.notReviewedothe