Sapporo Gakuin University (SGU): Repository / 札幌学院大学学術機関リポジトリ
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主体と客体を超えたところ~生態学的アプローチとこれから~
Presentation開催:2022年度札幌学院大学総合研究所シンポジウム 開催日:2022-10-29 会場:対面とZoomによるハイブリッド開催conference pape
A Method of Continuous Correction Linked to Success Probability in Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution
半整数補正は2項分布の確率を正規分布により近似計算する方法の1つで,一定の条件下で良い近似を与える.半整数補正の考え方を踏襲した2項分布B(n, p)の成功確率pに連動する補正方法を提案する.これは真の累積確率値に対して平均2乗誤差を最小とする観点で,半整数補正の方法より近似精度が良い方法である.また,カルバック・ライブラー情報量の視点から,正規近似の条件を考察する.
Half-integer correction is one of the approximation based on the normal distribution for the probability of the binomial distribution, and gives a good approximation under certain conditions. We propose a correction method linked to the success probability p of the binomial distribution B(n, p) according to the context of half-integer correction. This is a method with better approximation accuracy than the half-integer correction method in terms of minimizing the RMSE (root of mean squared error) with respect to the true cumulative probability value. We also consider the conditions for normal approximation through the Kullback-Leibler divergence.Bulletin情報科学Information Sciences研究ノートdepartmental bulletin pape
Spreading knowledge of behavioral principles in the 21st Century ─Time-course Changes for 25 years based on KBPAC─
宮﨑(2021)は,1982~1997年の15年間において,KBPAC邦訳版(幸田他,1982)を用いて,日本の臨床心理学関係者349名に対して,経年変化を踏まえた行動理論的知識を調査した。その結果,合計得点,各項目の正答率・誤答率に経年変化は認められなかった。さらに25年が経過し,行動療法,認知行動療法が日本で目覚しい発展を遂げ,普及した2021年において,KBPACを用いて行動理論的知識の普及と経年変化について検討することを目的として,日本の臨床心理学関係者208名に対して調査を行った。その結果,宮﨑(2021)の1982~1997年の15年間に比べて,2021年では,Mann-WhitneyのU検定において合計得点が有意に低下する経年変化が認められた(U=26287.0,z=-5.46,p<.01)。この経年変化は,2021年では正答率の高い項目が1.1倍増えたが,その増加率を上回り,正答率の低い項目が1.2倍,集中誤答項目が1.6倍増加したことから生じていた。しかし,この経年変化は,合計得点の中央値が20.0から17.5と2.5低下した程度であり,臨床心理学関係者のKBPACの合計得点は,中央値17.0~20.0,得点率では50点満点中30~40%程度を示す,21世紀においても難易度の高い質問紙であることがわかった。さらに,学習心理学・行動療法・認知行動療法の学習経験無107名の中央値17.0に比べて,学習経験有101名では19.0と有意に高い値を示した(U=4217.0,z=-2.74,p<.01)が,1982~1997年よりは有意に低く(U=14825.0,z=-2.44,p<.05),行動療法,認知行動療法が日本で発展し普及が進んだとはいえ,基本的な考え方や仕組みの理解に加えて,より具体的で実践的な普及が必要であるといえる。Miyazaki(2021)examined time-course changes in the knowledge of behavioral principles from 1982 to 1997 with 349 Japanese clinical psychology-related participants, using the Japanese version of the Knowledge of Behavioral Principles as Applied to Children(KBPAC)translated by Kouda et al.(1982). The results did not indicate time-course changes in the total scores and each itemʼs correct or incorrect answer rates. In 2021, 25 years after the previous study, when behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy were significantly developed in Japan, Miyazaki surveyed 208 Japanese clinical psychology-related participants to examine the spread of the knowledge of behavioral principles and their time-course changes. The results indicated a time-course change below;the total score significantly decreased in 2021, compared to between 1982 and 1997, based on the Mann-Whitney U test(U=26287.0, z=-5.46, p<.01). In 2021, items with high correct answer rates increased by 1.1 times, whereas those with low correct answer rates increased by 1.2 times, and those with exact incorrect answer rates increased by 1.6 times, which caused the above change. On the other hand, the median of the total scores decreased from 20.0 to 17.5(the difference is only 2.5 points), indicating that KBPAC is a questionnaire with a high degree of difficulty even in the 21st Century;clinical psychology-related participantsʼ median scores were 17.0~20.0, getting 30-40% of 50 points. Moreover, the median of 101 participants having experience of learning behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, or psychology of learning was 19.0, which was significantly higher than the median of those without such knowledge(17.0;U=4217.0, z=-2.74, p<.01), whereas significantly lower than that between 1982 and 1997(U=14825.0, z=-2.44, p<.05). Although Japanese behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy developed and spread widely, more concrete and practical knowledge should be required, adding to understanding fundamental ideas and mechanisms.Bulletin論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
Noboru Jahana’s Struggle for Minchiminboku at Somayama Timber Forests(3)
謝花昇は沖縄の近代社会運動の先駆者である。明治期の沖縄では,いわゆる「琉球処分」によって琉球王国が廃止されて俸禄を失った貧窮士族の救済を目的として,「杣山」の開墾事業が開始される。沖縄県庁の高等官・技師謝花昇は,沖縄県知事奈良原繁のもとで「杣山」開墾の事務取扱主任としてこの事業を推進する立場に立っていた。しかし,謝花と奈良原との間に潜在的にあった齟齬と対立が次第に顕在化する。謝花がこの開墾事業を純粋に農民と貧窮士族の救済のために遂行しようとし,期限付き無償貸与と「杣山」の森林環境に対する配慮という条件下で推進したが,時の権力者奈良原の側はそうではなかったからである。奈良原はこの開墾事業を土地整理事業の前段階と見なし,土地整理が終了した後は開墾地を払い下げて私有化することを目論んでいた。両者の対立は,やがて土地整理事業の推進過程で,奈良原側が「官地民木」を謳い文句にして農民たちを欺瞞し,彼らの反対と抵抗を押し切って,「杣山」を官有林に組み入れる政策を行うに及んで,決定的になる。それは実質的に「杣山」を官有化した後はこれから農民たちを排除する「官地官木」論であった。これに対して謝花が主張したのが「民地民木」論である。そのために謝花は県庁を退職してこれと闘うことになる。謝花のこの「民地民木」論は敗北した。しかし,農民たちが自前で保護・管理・育成し,彼らの生活の糧でもあった「杣山」は農民たちによって共同所有されるべきだという彼の「民地民木」論は,現在のわが国の森林政策の行き詰まりと国有林の危機,これによる森林環境の国土保全力の低下,そして森林を地球的規模の公共財と考えるさいに,多くの手掛かりと暗示とを提供してくれるように思われる。本論文では,この「民地民木」をめぐる謝花昇の闘いの軌跡を追求するとともに,現在の環境論または環境思想から見た場合の彼の「民地民木」の意義を考察することにしたい。Noboru Jahana pioneered a modern social movement in Okinawa. In Okinawa in the Meiji era (1868-1912),somayama forests (mountain forests co-managed by villages or the like for producing timber) began to be cultivated as part of relief measures for poverty-stricken samurai families who could no longer receive salaries after the Ryūkyū Kingdom was abolished in the Ryūkyū Disposition. Noboru Jahana, an engineer and highranking official of the Okinawa prefectural government, promoted a somayama cultivation project as chief acting director working under Shigeru Narahara, the governor of Okinawa. In the course of a subsequent project for dividing land into government-owned land and private land, the latent conflict between Jahana and Narahara gradually became apparent. Narahara and those siding with him deceived farmers under the slogan of Kanchiminboku, an idea for mixed-ownership forests, whereby forestland would be owned by the state, while farmers would have the right to use the stumpage on the land. The rift between Jahana and Narahara became clear when Narahara overrode resistance from farmers and implemented policies for incorporating somayama forests into government-owned land. In protest against Narahara, Jahana advocated Minchiminboku, an assertion that somayama and its stumpage should be jointly owned by farmers because they had been collaborating in growing, protecting and using timber. Jahana’s idea of Minchiminboku eventually failed. Jahana insisted that somayama forests, which were grown, managed and protected by farmers, also should provide farmers with a way to make a living and thus that these forests should be jointly owned by farmers. When we think of the current forest policy gridlock and the critical situation of national forests, Jahana’s Minchiminboku seems to offer many ideas for solutions to various problems. His idea undoubtedly has major implications for how people nowadays, who regard forests as global-level public goods, see their environment. This paper traces the history of Jahana’s struggle for Minchiminboku and considers the significance of Minchiminboku from the viewpoint of contemporary environmental theory or environmental thought.Bulletin論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape