AGH (Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza) University of Science and Technology: Journals
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Salt geology and mining traditions: Kalush and Stebnyk mines (Fore-Carpathian region, Ukraine)
Full text linkDevelopment of industrial underground salt mining in western Ukraine has started in the mid-19th century with the discovery of large potash-magnesium salt deposits in Kalush (1854) and Stebnyk (1901). Potash salts concentrations occur within the Miocene sedimentary complexes of Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep (correlated with the successions observed in the Polish part of Carpathian Foredeep) as isolated lenses or compressed folded layers of varied extent. Thickness of exploited potash seams varies from 4 m up to 150 m and the main mineral is sylvine, accompanied also by carnallite, kainite and langbeinite. Both Kalush and Stebnyk mines, now closed, belong to the first places in the world, where exploitation of potash salts were realized. Their unique historical character, documenting the salt exploitation traditions in this region and evolution of mining techniques, ought to be widely advertised as the valid points of Ukrainian-Polish cross-border geotouristic route, named “Traces of large extinct mammals, earth wax, oil and salt”
Geotouristic excursion to selected historical mining sites developed by Slovak and German miners in the Gelnica-Smolník region, Slovakia
Full text linkThe following paper summarizes the history of Gelnica, Smolník and Rožňava gold, silver, copper and iron orefields in Eastern Slovakia, which have been mined since the Medieval ages by of Slovak and German miners. In Gelnica, where mining operations date back to the XIIth century, massive quartz-sideritechalcopyrite veins with Fe-dolomite, pyrite and tetrahedrite (with silver) cut Lower Devonian phyllites and porphyroids. In Smolník, where copper mining has commenced in the first half of the XIIIth century followed by gold, then silver and iron ore exploitation, 10-11 pyrite-chalcopyrite ore horizons are hosted in Silurian phyllites. In Rožňava mining operations for iron, silver, gold and copper ores have been known since the XIIIth century and have lasted until 1992. Over 40 ore veins discovered in this field contain mostly siderite although quartz-siderite-sulphide paragenesis with Ag-bearing tetrahedrite was also observed. In all three mining districts there are numerous objects of mining heritage and other valuable historical monuments, reflecting the wealth of old Slovak mining towns
Chosen models of ecotourism in nature value areas in Poland
Full text linkSustainable tourism is nowadays preferred by professional and informal groups concerned about nature protection and as well the tourist management sector. Moreover, tourists more often decide to choose ecologically oriented forms of leisure and holidays, what raises theirs demands toward tour-operators. Sustainable tourism and especially its core – ecotourism – is strongly orientated for both – local nature and local community. Paper contains a short review of some chosen models of developing ecotourism in protected and nature valuable areas – adapting model, sophisticated model, educational and family model. They were constructed according to the tourist attitude towards nature and heritage and also the activity of local community. Such factors like time for leisure and holidays or educational impact were also taken into consideration. However the most important was the tourist – his former experiences, level of knowledge and involvement as well as his expectations
Geotourist attractions of the Western Sudetic Geostrada // Atrakcje geoturystyczne Geostrady Zachodniosudeckiej
No full textW artykule przedstawione zostały wybrane wyniki prac wykonanych w zachodniej części Geostrady Sudeckiej. Przeanalizowany został przebieg Geostrady Zachodniosudeckiej na tle geomorfologii i budowy geologicznej. Trasa ta okrąża szerokim łukiem od północy główne pasma Gór Izerskich i Karkonoszy oraz Kotlinę Jeleniogórską, a dalej biegnie przez wschodnią i południową część Rudaw Janowickich. Przebiega ona w większości w obrębie ekshumowanej (odsłoniętej) osłony metamorficznej (skał otaczających) batolitu Karkonoszy (ciała magmowego, powstałego w wyniku zakrzepnięcia magmy wewnątrz skorupy ziemskiej), bogatej w liczne wystąpienia mineralizacji rudnej. Przedstawiony został opis obiektów geomorfologicznych i geologicznych, pozostałości dawnej eksploatacji górniczej oraz oceniona została ich atrakcyjność turystyczna. Obszerniej opisane zostały wybrane, szczególnie atrakcyjne obiekty: formy geomorfologiczne, odsłonięcia interesujących kompleksów skalnych, struktur tektonicznych i pozostałości dawnego górnictwa złóż rud cyny w rejonie Krobicy-Kotliny-Gierczyna-Przecznicyoraz złóż uranu w Kowarach.//The paper presents selected results of the “Western Sudetic Geostrada” – a project, currently in preparation, which merges geosites, biotic nature objects, historical monuments and tourist infrastructure into a coherent tourist trail. The trail avoids main roads and famous tourist centers, leading to the less known parts of the Western Sudety Mts. and their foreland. Precisely, the “Western Sudetic Geostrada” runs around the main range of the Isera Mountains, surrounds from the north the Karkonosze Range and the Jelenia Góra Trough, and heads through the eastern and southern part of the Rudawy Janowickie Range. From geological point of view the trail runs through the exposed part of the exhumed metamorphic envelope the Karkonosze granite intrusion rich in numerous deposits and occurrences of ore mineralization. The selected geomorphological and geological objects and regions were described in details along with the relics of past mining operations and their tourist attractiveness were evaluated. Some especially attractive objects i.e. geomorphological forms, outcrops of interesting lithologic complexes, tectonic structures and remnants of past ore mining (tin mining in Krobica-Kotlina-Gierczyn-Przecznica area and uranium mining in Kowary) were described in details
Geotourist attractions of the Central Sudetic Geostrada // Atrakcje geoturystyczne Geostrady Środkowosudeckiej
No full textThe aim of the paper is presentation of a geological and landscape studies with inventarization of the objects of abiotic nature heritage located along the central part of proposed trail “The Leszek Sawicki Sudetic Geostrada”. The Central Sudetic Geostrada extends from the Kowary Pass in the west to the Płoszczyna Pass near Stronie Śląskie in the east. Total length of this sector of Geostrada is about 200 km, in which about 60 km in the Czech Republic. The principle is to run the trail in such a manner that attractive geosites and other interesting tourist destinations fall into the 10-kilometers-wide zone (± 5 km zone from both sides of the road). First of all, these are groups of sandstone monadnocks in the Table Mts., but also numerous geosites close to Lądek Zdrój: caves, including the famous ”Bear Cave”, mineral waters, gneiss tors, the famous waterfall on the Wilczka River, numerous marble and basalt quarries and relics of old mining camps.//Celem niniejszej pracy jest prezentacja studium geologiczno-krajobrazowego z inwentaryzacją obiektów dziedzictwa przyrody nieożywionej dla obszaru Sudetów, wzdłuż środkowej części proponowanej trasy turystyczno-rekreacyjnej, nazwanej Geostradą Sudecką im. Leszka Sawickiego. Geostrada Środkowosudecka ograniczona jest przełęczami: Kowarską na zachodzie i Płoszczyna na wschodzie, koło Stronia Śląskiego. Liczy łącznie ok. 200 km, w tym ok. 60 km w Czechach. Jest ona prowadzona w taki sposób, by w wąskim pasie o szerokości 10 km (5 km po obu stronach Geostrady) znalazły się atrakcyjne obiekty geoturystyczne w przypadku środkowosudeckiego odcinka Geostrady, są to przede wszystkim zgrupowania piaskowcowych ostańców erozyjnych w Górach Stołowych, a także liczne obiekty w okolicach Lądka Zdroju: jaskinie wypreparowane w marmurach, w tym najsłynniejsza Jaskinie Niedźwiedzia, wystąpienia wód mineralnych, skałki gnejsowe, sławny wodospad Wilczki, liczne kamieniołomy marmurów i bazaltów oraz ślady działalności górniczej.
The Ignacy Łukasiewicz Memorial Museum of Oil and Gas Industry in Bóbrka and historical monuments of petroleum and salt industries in the vicinity of Krosno (the Polish Outer Carpathians)
Full text linkThe beginnings of petroleum industry in Poland are connected with the opening of the first “rock oil mine” in Bóbrka village near Krosno, in 1854, thanks to the initiative of three gentlemen: Tytus Trzecieski, graduated farmer and miner, and investor, Karol Klobassa-Zrencki, landowner and Ignacy Łukasiewicz, pharmacist and inventor of oil distillation. In 1961, at the site of this first “oil mine” the Ignacy Łukasiewicz Memorial Museum of Oil Industry was opened in Bóbrka. The exhibition includes: the Open-Space Museum with a number of valuable pieces and the outline of museum history and development plans, the outline of geological setting of the Bóbrka Fold, the short geotouristic trail named “The Birthplace of the World Petroleum Exploitation”, which connects the localities important for the early history of the oil industry (Bóbrka, Chorkówka, Krosno, Rogi, Wietrzno and Równe) as well as the sites known for exploitation of mineral waters (Iwonicz Zdrój and Rymanów Zdrój spas). Both the Open- Space Museum in Bóbrka and the educational trail in the vicinity of Krosno will be the part of trans-border geotourist trail Starunia-Boryslav-Lviv-Bóbrka-Wieliczka-Kraków named: “Traces of large extinct mammals, earth wax, oil and salt”
Historic salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia
Full text linkHistoric salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia are situated by the old trade road from Kraków to the east, in the region well known from salt-making from brines since the Neolith (ca. 3500 BC). In Bochnia the rock salt was discovered in 1248, whereas in Wieliczka production of the rock salt was confirmed in the town charter in 1290. At the end of the 13th century both mines were united into the Kraków Saltworks. In the 16th century it was the biggest production centre in Poland and one of the biggest in Europe. The rock-salt exploitation ended in Bochnia in 1990 and in Wieliczka in 1996. Both deposits are situated within the Miocene (Badenian – M4) folded strata of the salt-bearing complex, consisting of the Skawina Formation (at the bottom), the Wieliczka Formation (containing the evaporites), and the Chodenice beds (at the top). The Wieliczka deposit consists of the upper boulder deposit and the lower stratiform one. The boulder deposit was formed as a result of submarine flows in southern part of the evaporite basin. Both the boulder and the stratiform deposits were finally shaped by the overthrust movements of the Outer Carpathians. The Bochnia deposit is limited to the northern limb of the Bochnia anticline, at the northern edge of the Outer Carpathians. The Wieliczka Salt Mine is written into the first UNESCO List of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1978) and recognised as a National Monument of History (1994). Since 2000 the Bochnia Salt Mine is the National Monument of History as well. In 1997 the Małopolska voivode issued a decree comprising legal protection of 40 documentated sites, important for geology of the Wieliczka deposit, and in 2000 the Natural Reserve “Crystal Caves” in Wieliczka was established. In 2005, twenty seven documentated sites were established and provided with legal protection in the Bochnia Salt Mine
How to find a gold on the touristic path – a gold-mining in the Tatra Mts.
Full text linkGold mineralization is known in the Tatra Mts from the 15th century. The historical mining places could be indentified along the present-day touristic paths, which were used in the past as miner’s roads. Both gold occurrence and genetically connected antimony mineralization are located in the flat-lying mylonitic zones, dipping 5–100 to NW, cutting the Tatra granite. Mylonites are mineralized by quartz and albite. The famous gold-mining galleries are known from Krywań Mt., where gold and antimonite could be found inside quartz veins straight on the touristic path until now. The important sources of gold were also the secondary fluvioglacial deposits. Gold from the Tatra Mts, regardless its origin – both primary and secondary – is of good quality, with Ag content in the range of 1.2–14.8 wt.%. Locally the veinlets of electrum are also observed. Gold in the Tatra Mts. is associated with antimonite. Its crystals are usually coated with secondary antimony oxides and hydroxides. The historical gold-mining places could be of special importance for geotouristic purposes, as they bring the information about both histories of human mining activity in the mountains and about the geological processes, forming the ores, which released the people’s strongest emotions for a few thousand years
The Las Gościbia – land of cascades and waterfalls
Full text linkThe “Las Gościbia” includes the northern slopes of Babica Mt. (Beskid Makowski) in the catchment area of a mountain stream called Gościbia. It is located within the Magura Nappe in the Siary Zone (Outer Carpathians). In the deeply cut valleys there is exposed continuously profile of the flysch deposits of Eocene-Oligocene age (Pasierbiec Sandstone, Zembrzyce Shale, Wątkowa Sandstone). The special value of the “Las Gościbia” are cascades and waterfalls, which are numerous here in stream valleys. Their abundance, the heterogeneous nature and high aesthetic values determined a high educational and geotourist potential