Biosystems Diversity (E-Journal - Dnipro National University)
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New species of Sorbus (Rosaceae) for the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijan)
Get PDFAs a result of perennial researches conducted, as well as the analysis of the herbaria materials and literature sources during expeditions to the various areas of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic during 2004–2017, the following new species of rowans, Sorbus albovii Zinserl., S. armeniaca Hedl., S. buschiana Zinserl., S. caucasica Zinserl., S. fedorovii Zaikonn., S. kusnetzovii Zinserl., S. migarica Zinserl. and S. tamamschjanae Gabr., were identified for the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The article includes information about the synonyms of the types, regularity of distribution depending on altitude zones, bloom and ripening duration.As a result of perennial researches conducted, as well as the analysis of the herbaria materials and literature sources during expeditions to the various areas of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic during 2004–2017, the following new species of rowans, Sorbus albovii Zinserl., S. armeniaca Hedl., S. buschiana Zinserl., S. caucasica Zinserl., S. fedorovii Zaikonn., S. kusnetzovii Zinserl., S. migarica Zinserl. and S. tamamschjanae Gabr., were identified for the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The article includes information about the synonyms of the types, regularity of distribution depending on altitude zones, bloom and ripening duration
Impact of cadmium and lead on Megaphyllum kievense (Diplopoda, Julidae) in a laboratory experiment
Get PDFAfter accumulating in plants, lead and cadmium of technogenic origin concentrate in forest litter, thus inhibiting the speed of its microbiological decomposition and causing chronic intoxication of saprophage millipedes which feed on it. The 20-day laboratory experiment described in this article determined the toxic impact of lead and cadmium (at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 300, 3,000 and 30,000 mg/kg of litter) on the body weight of Megaphyllum kievense (Lohmander, 1928) and microbiological decomposition of forest litter. The death rate of M. kievense increased from 10–20% to 40% at 3 and 30 g/kg of lead and to 100% at 30 g of cadmium per 1 kg of litter. Gain in body weight of M. kievense reliably decreased only at 3 g/kg of cadmium (0.71 to 0.20 mg/24-hours). Under the influence of lead, gain in body weight reliably decreased compared to the control already at 100 times smaller concentration (30 mg/kg of substrate – 0.74 to 0.10 mg/24-hours). Under the influence of both cadmium and lead, the decomposition of litter by microorganisms is slowed down only under the highest of the studied concentrations (30 g/kg). The results of the laboratory experiment showed high resistance of M. kievense to lead and cadmium, at levels significantly higher than natural concentrations of heavy metals in technogenically transformed ecosystems
Species-specific morphological characteristics of adult and embryonic Capillariа obsignata roundworms (Nematoda, Capillariidae)
Get PDFThe abundance of Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945, the causative agent of chicken capillariasis, was studied in the central region of Ukraine. Differential morphometric characters are determined for adult males and females of C. obsignata. The species-specific variability of its morphological parameters is characterized. New data is received on the meristic characters of C. obsignata eggs extracted from different substrates. The stages of embryonic development are determined in laboratory cultures of these nematodes, taking into account their meristic and morphological changes. Capillaria obsignata parasites are very common at the poultry farms of Poltava and Kyiv regions of Ukraine. Their abundance index is 3.4, and the intensity of infection varies from 3 to 317 specimens. Differential morphometric species-specific characters of adult C. obsignata males are the shape and size of the pseudobursa, spicule, spicule sheath. Adult females of the species can be identified by the shape and size of the vulva, the distance from the esophagus end to the vulva, and the length of the vagina. The meristic characters of nematode eggs, though typical for the species, may change depending on the sampled substrate. The parasite’s embryonic development involves five morphologically and meristically different stages. The invasive larvae of this species developed in the eggs before the 12th day of culturing in laboratory conditions at 25 °С. The invasive larvae’s viability was 90.3 ± 1.5%.The abundance of Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945, the causative agent of chicken capillariasis, was studied in the central region of Ukraine. Differential morphometric characters are determined for adult males and females of C. obsignata. The species-specific variability of its morphological parameters is characterized. New data is received on the meristic characters of C. obsignata eggs extracted from different substrates. The stages of embryonic development are determined in laboratory cultures of these nematodes, taking into account their meristic and morphological changes. Capillaria obsignata parasites are very common at the poultry farms of Poltava and Kyiv regions of Ukraine. Their abundance index is 3.4, and the intensity of infection varies from 3 to 317 specimens. Differential morphometric species-specific characters of adult C. obsignata males are the shape and size of the pseudobursa, spicule, spicule sheath. Adult females of the species can be identified by the shape and size of the vulva, the distance from the esophagus end to the vulva, and the length of the vagina. The meristic characters of nematode eggs, though typical for the species, may change depending on the sampled substrate. The parasite’s embryonic development involves five morphologically and meristically different stages. The invasive larvae of this species developed in the eggs before the 12th day of culturing in laboratory conditions at 25 °С. The invasive larvae’s viability was 90.3 ± 1.5%.The abundance of Capillaria obsignata Madsen, 1945, the causative agent of chicken capillariasis, was studied in the central region of Ukraine. Differential morphometric characters are determined for adult males and females of C. obsignata. The species-specific variability of its morphological parameters is characterized. New data is received on the meristic characters of C. obsignata eggs extracted from different substrates. The stages of embryonic development are determined in laboratory cultures of these nematodes, taking into account their meristic and morphological changes. Capillaria obsignata parasites are very common at the poultry farms of Poltava and Kyiv regions of Ukraine. Their abundance index is 3.4, and the intensity of infection varies from 3 to 317 specimens. Differential morphometric species-specific characters of adult C. obsignata males are the shape and size of the pseudobursa, spicule, spicule sheath. Adult females of the species can be identified by the shape and size of the vulva, the distance from the esophagus end to the vulva, and the length of the vagina. The meristic characters of nematode eggs, though typical for the species, may change depending on the sampled substrate. The parasite’s embryonic development involves five morphologically and meristically different stages. The invasive larvae of this species developed in the eggs before the 12th day of culturing in laboratory conditions at 25 °С. The invasive larvae’s viability was 90.3 ± 1.5%
Биотические связи в сообществе обрастания Одесского залива Черного моря
Get PDFThis paper reveals the character of the biotic links between the various organisms that compose the fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea). The fouling community of solid substrates is formed by 62 species of invertebrates and 12 species of macrophytes. The edificator species of the community is the Black Sea mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. The environment-forming role of the mussel, which is represents the core of the corresponding consortia, was examined. The leading role of sessile organisms in the formation of a superorganismic structure that significantly modifies the properties of the environment was revealed. Together with the mussel, this structure is formed by the bivalve mollusc Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) and the barnacle crustacean Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854). The proportion of sessile organisms accounts for 24.6% of the total number of species in the community. In this case, they significantly dominate in relative abundance and biomass (78.9% and 98.8%, respectively). The mussels during the process of growth form complexly organized druses, which are peculiar three-dimensional formations, consisting of mussels of different sizes, fastened together with a substrate by an entire network of strong byssus threads. These formations increase the level of heterogeneity of the substrate and increase the variety of available habitats for other animals. The aggregate of these druses is a kind of sedimentary trap in which particles of nutritive detritus accumulate. The availability of accessible habitats, convenient shelters and food reserves attracts various species of invertebrates to the community. Around the core of the consortia a cluster of organisms formed associated with edificator species. An important role is played by trophic links between different mobile organisms and the phyto-component of the community. The ability of the Black Sea mussel to condition the environment, creating favourable conditions for the development of other organisms, characterizes it as an autogenic ecosystem engineer. Trophic and mediopathic links between the organisms that compose the fouling community go beyond it and extend to the inhabitants of the pelagic environment.Рассмотрены биотические связи между организмами, входящими в состав сообщества обрастания Одесского залива Черного моря. В качестве методологической основы при изучении совокупности организмов, развивающихся на твердом субстрате в прибрежном районе Одесского залива Черного моря, использован консортивный подход. Видом-детерминантом в данном случае выступает черноморская мидия Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. Показана средообразующая роль мидии, которая представляет собой ядро соответствующей консорции. Этот двустворчатый моллюск формирует на субстрате надорганизменное образование, существенно модифицирующее характеристики окружающей среды. Мидии образуют сложно устроенные друзы, состоящие из моллюсков разного размера и возраста, повышая уровень гетерогенности субстрата и увеличивая разнообразие доступных местообитаний для других животных. В результате формируется совокупность организмов, связанных с видом-детерминантом многочисленными консортивными связями. Способность черноморской мидии кондиционировать окружающую среду, создавая благоприятные условия для развития других организмов, характеризует ее как экосистемного инженера. Биотические связи между организмами, входящими в состав сообщества обрастания, выходят за его пределы и распространяются на обитателей пелагиали.Рассмотрены биотические связи между организмами, входящими в состав сообщества обрастания Одесского залива Черного моря. В качестве методологической основы при изучении совокупности организмов, развивающихся на твердом субстрате в прибрежном районе Одесского залива Черного моря, использован консортивный подход. Видом-детерминантом в данном случае выступает черноморская мидия Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. Показана средообразующая роль мидии, которая представляет собой ядро соответствующей консорции. Этот двустворчатый моллюск формирует на субстрате надорганизменное образование, существенно модифицирующее характеристики окружающей среды. Мидии образуют сложно устроенные друзы, состоящие из моллюсков разного размера и возраста, повышая уровень гетерогенности субстрата и увеличивая разнообразие доступных местообитаний для других животных. В результате формируется совокупность организмов, связанных с видом-детерминантом многочисленными консортивными связями. Способность черноморской мидии кондиционировать окружающую среду, создавая благоприятные условия для развития других организмов, характеризует ее как экосистемного инженера. Биотические связи между организмами, входящими в состав сообщества обрастания, выходят за его пределы и распространяются на обитателей пелагиали
Екоморфічна структура угруповань ґрунтової мезофауни техноземів Нікопольського марганцеворудного басейну
Get PDFThis study established features of the animal population of artificial soil-like bodies – technosols in terms of ecomorphic analysis. The survey was conducted at the research station of the Dnipro State Agricultural University in the city Pokrov in 2012–2014. The experimental polygons were laid within four technosol types: pedozems, sod loess-like lithogenic soils on loam, grey-green clay and red-brown clay. The polygon consisted of 15 transects and each transect was composed of seven test sites. The distance between rows in the polygon was 3 m. Each test site was a square with size 3 × 3 m. The manual sorting of the soil-zoological samples was conducted within each site for areas 0.25 × 0.25 m to the depth where animals were found. Samples were taken in late April or early May. In general, for each period of counting for each polygon 105 soil-zoological samples were taken 123 species of invertebrates were found in the soil macrofauna community of the technosols. These communities are a steppe monoceonosis with a tendency to transformations into pseudoomonoceonosis on account of increased share of pratants. The soil macrofauna of sod lithogenic soils on grey-green clay and loam on loes-like clays is most adapted to xerophilous condition. Animal communities in pedozems and sod-lithogenic soils or on red-brown clay have a more mesophilic character. The trophoceonomorphic structure of the soil macrofauna community indicates a significant potential of the fertility of artificial soil. The aeromorphs’ structure reveals a significant ability of technosols to create cracks and pores, which can lead to hyperaeration. The dominant part of the of soil macrofauna community was hypercarbonatophils. Against the background of the steppe character, the soil macrofauna community had a topomorphic structure that is unusual for natural steppe black soil biogeocenoses on loess-like loam. The trophomorph structure was greatly dominated by phytophages, which indicates the prevalence of processes of mineralization of plant residues under the humification process. The phoromorphic spectrum of soil animal communities was dominated by ecological groups which move without the active construction of tunnels.Установлено особливості тваринного населення штучних ґрунтоподібних тіл – техноземів у термінах екоморфічного аналізу. Дослідження проведене в науково-дослідному стаціонарі Дніпровського державного аграрного університету в м. Покров у 2012–2014 рр. Полігони закладені у межах чотирьох типів техноземів: педоземи, дерново-літогенні ґрунти на лесоподібних суглинках, сіро-зелених глинах та червоно-бурих глинах. Полігон складається з 15 трансект, а кожна трансекта складена з 7 пробних майданчиків. Відстань між рядами в полігоні становить 3 м. Кожний майданчик являє собою квадрат розміром 3 × 3 м. У межах кожного майданчика проведене ручне розбирання ґрунтово-зоологічних проб розміром 0,25 × 0,25 м на глибину трапляння тварин. Проби відбирали в кінці квітня або на початку травня. Загалом, за кожний період обліків на кожному полігоні відібрано 105 ґрунтово-зоологічних проб. В угрупованнях ґрунтової мезофауни техноземів установлено 123 види безхребетних тварин. Ці угруповання – степовий моноценоз зі схильністю до трансформації у псевдомоноценоз за рахунок збільшення ролі пратантів. Найбільш адаптовані до ксерофільних умов існування – угруповання ґрунтової мезофауни дерново-літогенних ґрунтів на сіро-зелених глинах і на лесоподібних суглинках. У педоземах і дерново-літогенних ґрунтах на червоно-бурих глинах угруповання мають більш мезофільний характер. Трофоценоморфічна структура угруповання ґрунтової мезофауни вказує на значний потенціал родючості штучно створених ґрунтів. Структура аероморф підкреслює значну здатність техноземів до утворення тріщин і пор та, відповідно, до гіпераерації. Домінантна складова угруповання ґрунтової мезофауни – гіперкарбонатофіли. На фоні загального степового характеру угруповання ґрунтової мезофауни мають топоморфічну структуру, не характерну для природних степових біогеоценозів чорноземів на лесоподібних суглинках. У структурі трофоморф значно домінують фітофаги, що індикує переважання процесів мінералізації рослинних залишків над процесом гуміфікації. У спектрі фороморф домінують тварини, які пересуваються без активного прокладання ходів
Interspecific differences of antioxidant ability of introduced Chaenomeles species with respect to adaptation to the steppe zone conditions
Get PDFPlants of the genus Chaenomeles are traditionally used in the countries of South-East Asia, due to their high nutritional and health-promoting properties. However, the successful introduction of species promising for gardening from geographically remote areas requires the study of plant ontogeny under the conditions of new habitat. This is a very substantial problem for the steppe zone, where the continental climate has features of aridity and complicates the process of increasing the diversity of fruit crops by introducing the desired species. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of the protective enzymatic system of different Chaenomeles genotypes subject to a steppe climate as well as the accumulation of the biologically active compounds with high antioxidant capacity. The study was performed on the basis of the introduced horticultural plants collection in the Botanical Garden of the DNU, and the Chaenomeles fruits, leaves, and the seeds were examined. The highest activity of catalase, benzidine-peroxidase and guaiacol-peroxidase, and the greatest enzymes activation during vegetation were found in leaves of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. speciosa, while the lowest activity was in leaves of both Japanese species. The biggest total phenolic content in the isopropanolic plant extracts, determined by Folin–Ciocalteau assay, was found in leaves of Ch. × superba, Ch. × californica and Ch. cathayensis (44.8, 52.8, and 43.6 mg GAE/g WW); a less high level was found in leaves of Ch. japonica and Ch. japonica var. maulei (43.1 and 40.2 mg GAE/g), while the lowest was in leaves of Ch. speciosa (29.3 mg GAE/g). The total flavonoids content determined using the aluminum chloride method, did not differ by variety or species in the plant leaves, being in the range of 2.6–2.9 mg of RE per g WW (accordingly, in leaves of Ch. japonica var. maulei and Ch. × californica). The high total reducing power determined by potassium ferricyanide assay was found in leaves of both hybridogenic species and Ch. cathayensis (respectively, 11.6, 14.1, and 11.4 AAE/g WW); leaves of both Japanese species had slightly lower values and the lowest was in leaves of Ch. speciosa (7.7 AAE/g). In the Chaenomeles fruits, the total phenolic content was the lowest in Ch. speciosa (17.8 mg GAE/g), average in both Japanese species (28.7 and 27.8 mg GAE/g), and the highest (33.3 mg GAE/g) was in Ch. cathayensis. The flavonoid accumulation was highest in the fruits of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. japonica var. maulei (0.67 and 0.63 mg RE/g), intermediate in both hybridogenic species and Ch. japonica (accordingly, 0.57, 0.42 and 0.38 mg RE/g), and the lowest in Ch. speciosa (0.30 mg RE/g). The total reducing power of Chaenomeles fruit was lower as compared to leaves, and decreased from 11.2 to 5.7 mg AAE/g in the series Ch. cathayensis > Ch. × californica > Ch. japonica > Ch. japonica var. maulei > Ch. × superba > Ch. speciosa. High correlation coefficients between total reducing power and total phenols content in the Chaenomeles leaves and fruits (respectively, r = 0.96 and r = 0.95, P < 0.05) confirm the significant contribution of phenolic compounds to the antioxidant capacity. The study results indicate a high antioxidant capacity of the Chaenomeles species in the conditions of the steppe climate due to the antioxidant enzymes activity and the accumulation of a significant amount of phenolic metabolites in leaves and fruits.Plants of the genus Chaenomeles are traditionally used in the countries of South-East Asia, due to their high nutritional and health-promoting properties. However, the successful introduction of species promising for gardening from geographically remote areas requires the study of plant ontogeny under the conditions of new habitat. This is a very substantial problem for the steppe zone, where the continental climate has features of aridity and complicates the process of increasing the diversity of fruit crops by introducing the desired species. The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of the protective enzymatic system of different Chaenomeles genotypes subject to a steppe climate as well as the accumulation of the biologically active compounds with high antioxidant capacity. The study was performed on the basis of the introduced horticultural plants collection in the Botanical Garden of the DNU, and the Chaenomeles fruits, leaves, and the seeds were examined. The highest activity of catalase, benzidine-peroxidase and guaiacol-peroxidase, and the greatest enzymes activation during vegetation were found in leaves of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. speciosa, while the lowest activity was in leaves of both Japanese species. The biggest total phenolic content in the isopropanolic plant extracts, determined by Folin–Ciocalteau assay, was found in leaves of Ch. × superba, Ch. × californica and Ch. cathayensis (44.8, 52.8, and 43.6 mg GAE/g WW); a less high level was found in leaves of Ch. japonica and Ch. japonica var. maulei (43.1 and 40.2 mg GAE/g), while the lowest was in leaves of Ch. speciosa (29.3 mg GAE/g). The total flavonoids content determined using the aluminum chloride method, did not differ by variety or species in the plant leaves, being in the range of 2.6–2.9 mg of RE per g WW (accordingly, in leaves of Ch. japonica var. maulei and Ch. × californica). The high total reducing power determined by potassium ferricyanide assay was found in leaves of both hybridogenic species and Ch. cathayensis (respectively, 11.6, 14.1, and 11.4 AAE/g WW); leaves of both Japanese species had slightly lower values and the lowest was in leaves of Ch. speciosa (7.7 AAE/g). In the Chaenomeles fruits, the total phenolic content was the lowest in Ch. speciosa (17.8 mg GAE/g), average in both Japanese species (28.7 and 27.8 mg GAE/g), and the highest (33.3 mg GAE/g) was in Ch. cathayensis. The flavonoid accumulation was highest in the fruits of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. japonica var. maulei (0.67 and 0.63 mg RE/g), intermediate in both hybridogenic species and Ch. japonica (accordingly, 0.57, 0.42 and 0.38 mg RE/g), and the lowest in Ch. speciosa (0.30 mg RE/g). The total reducing power of Chaenomeles fruit was lower as compared to leaves, and decreased from 11.2 to 5.7 mg AAE/g in the series Ch. cathayensis > Ch. × californica > Ch. japonica > Ch. japonica var. maulei > Ch. × superba > Ch. speciosa. High correlation coefficients between total reducing power and total phenols content in the Chaenomeles leaves and fruits (respectively, r = 0.96 and r = 0.95, P < 0.05) confirm the significant contribution of phenolic compounds to the antioxidant capacity. The study results indicate a high antioxidant capacity of the Chaenomeles species in the conditions of the steppe climate due to the antioxidant enzymes activity and the accumulation of a significant amount of phenolic metabolites in leaves and fruits
Comparative embryonic development of nematodes of the genus Тrichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae) obtained from sheep (Ovis aries)
Get PDFBiological specifics of Trichuris оvis Abildgaard, 1795 and T. globulosa Linstow, 1901 parasitizing domestic sheep were analyzed enhancing the species identification of these nematode species. The embryonic development of nematodes was timed, survival of embryonic stages was determined taking into account their morphological and metric specifics in laboratory culture. Trichuris eggs were isolated from gonads of adult female nematodes collected from caeca of dissected sheep. Then the eggs were cultured at optimal temperature to the formation of eggs with mobile larvae. Six morphologically distinct stages of embryogenesis were established in T. оvis and T. globulosa nematodes. The protoplast stage lasted from the 1st to the 12th day in T. оvis and to the 18th day in T. globulosa. Blastomeric formation occurred from the 3rd to the 18th day in T. оvis and from the 3rd to the 21st day in T. globulosa. Bean-shaped embryos formed from the 6th to the 21st day in T. оvis, and from the 9th to the 30th day in T. globulosa. Tadpole-like embryos developed from the 12th to the 24th day in T. оvis and from the 18th to the 33rd day in T. globulosa. Larvae formed in eggs of T. оvis from the 18th to the 27th day, and in eggs of T. globulosa from the 21st to the 36th day. Mobile larvae formed from the 21st to the 30th day in T. оvis, and from the 30th to the 39th day in T. globulosa. At 27 °С, mature eggs with mobile larvae developed in 30 days in T. оvis and in 39 in T. globulosa. The egg survival in laboratory culture was 84.3 ± 4.2 % and 76.3 ± 1.5%, respectively. Developmental changes of metric parameters in Trichuris nematode eggs (length and width of eggs, plug length, eggshell thickness) were species-specific
Agroeconomic and agroecological aspects of spatial variation of rye (Secale cereale) yields within Polesia and the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine: The usage of geographically weighted principal components analysis
Get PDFIn the present article, the patterns of the geographic variability in yields of rye within Polesia and the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are presented and the correlation of the factors and dynamics of an agroeconomic and agroecological nature was determined. The dynamics of rye yields in the study area over time were determined as being characterized by three extreme points: two local maxima and one local minimum. Specific terms of the polynomial curve of the fourth order can be meaningfully interpreted and applied to describe the dynamics of productivity. Free members of the polynomial indicate culture productivity in the starting period. Dynamics of the productivity that can be explained by the regression indicate that agrotechnological and agrecological conditions of agricultural production are a pervasive factor that determines the presence of a general trend. The determination coefficient of the regression total trend can be interpreted as an indicator of the role of the agrotechnological and agroeconomic factors in the dynamics of productivity. The residue of the trend regression model can be interpreted so as to include the agroecological component of the rye yields dynamics. Their analysis revealed seven key components that together explained 58.4% of the total variability of the space feature. The principal components of vibrational patterns reflect the specific nature of variation of rye yields over time, which are spatially defined. Vibrational effects are environmental in nature. Geographically weighted principal component analysis showed the transience of environmental spatial modes which determine the oscillating component of rye yield variation over time. Spaces within which the structure of ecological interactions remains unchanged can be considered as the basis of agroecological zoning areas
Accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in leaves of woody plants growing under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide
Get PDFIn the course of human industrial activity, atmospheric air is polluted by gaseous pollutants, among which sulfur compounds, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in particular, play a key role. Vegetation is a universal filter that is capable, in conjunction with certain technical facilities, of protecting the environment from pollution by the ingredients of industrial emissions. The purpose of this work is to determine the level of accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in the leaves of woody plants growing in the areas of sanitary protection zones of enterprises of the city of Zaporizhzhya in order to develop recommendations for the creation of an effective biofilter. The objects of the study were the woody plant species growing in the area of protective plantations of a number of enterprises in Zaporizhzhya: RE Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant PJSC, Zaporizhstal PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant PJSC, Zaporizhvohnetryv PJSC, PrJSC "Ukrgrafit" and Zaporizhtransformator PJSC. The control area was a forest belt located 12 km away from the source of pollution. At each site 5 model trees of a given age category of each species were selected. The leaves needed in order to determine the sulfur content were taken from the south-eastern side of the crown at a distance of 2 m above the soil surface under the same lighting conditions. We have established that the accumulation of sulfur in leaves of woody plants which grow under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide (SO2) occurs during the entire vegetation period, with the young leaves that have just finished growing being the most affected. The maximum amount of sulfur is observed at the end of the growing season. The greater concentration of sulfur in the leaves of woody plants in the areas of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises is linked to the higher level of gaseous pollutant emissions in the atmosphere of a given enterprise, but the degree of increase in the content of the pollutant in the leaves of plants of various protective plantations is not proportional to the quantitative indicators of the level of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air. Woody plant species were divided into three groups according to the amount of sulfur accumulated in their leaves: І – the maximum level – Betula pendula, Tilia cordata, Salix alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus alba, P. simonii, P. nigra, ІІ – medium – Acer platanoides, A. negundo, Fraxinus lanceolata, Catalpa bignonioides, ІІІ – the smallest – Morus alba, Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Ulmus carpinifolia. The increase in sulfur content in the leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones is consistent with the increase in glutathione content compared to our control parameters, which is not only of high physiological significance, but its formation can also be one of the ways of metabolizing this element. The obtained results can be used for the development of recommendations with the purpose of selecting the assortment of woody plants for the reconstruction of green plantations growing in the area of sanitary protection zones of enterprises. In a subsequent study, the accumulation of gaseous pollutants such as chlorine and phenol in the leaves of woody plants growing in and around protective forest belts will be examined
Зменшення антропогенного навантаження на агроекосистему шляхом підвищення її енергетичної ефективності
Get PDFFor full functioning , an artificially created agroecosystem should include qualitatively and quantitatively balanced components. This is possible if the anthropogenic burden on such a system is reduced and energy costs are balanced within it. In order to substantiate this statement, a production experiment was conducted in which short-term crop rotation was introduced on the land of an experimental field. Determination of energy efficiency of crop rotations and crop rotations in general was carried out by calculating technological maps of cultivating the corresponding crops. The higher the energy efficiency, the less the energy spent on cultivating crops and the less the cost of obtaining a unit of production from the corresponding area. After three years of research, we have determined that the most energy-intensive crop in short-term rotation is potatoes, less energy is spent on the cultivation of field pea-oat mixture, rye, oats with sowings of clover, and clover alone. The most energy-efficient was the organic fertilizer system (manure) for growing winter rye with a coefficient of energy efficiency of 5.10. For cultivation of field pea with oats for the same fertilizer system, the cultivation efficiency was 5.70. Growing oats with sowings of clover and using an organic system (manure) had an energy utility of 4.11. After application of the organic system (siderate) for the cultivation of winter rye, the coefficient of energy efficiency was 5.03 and for potatoes 2.21. After using the organoleptic system 50 : 50 to grow perennial grasses, this ratio was 33.05, and after the use of the mineral system for growing potatoes, 2.13. However for the cultivation of perennial grasses, we used the aftereffects of fertilizers introduced under the clover of the first year, and in the second year, under the perennial grasses, fertilizers were not applied at all, but for the cultivation of clover in crop rotation it is expedient to use an organomineral system of 50 : 50. Adhering to the basic principles of biological agriculture, namely the introduction of a scientifically grounded alternation of crops, rejecting the use of chemical plant protection products, avoiding the replacement of organic fertilizers (manure and siderate) by mineral fertilizers, it is possible to reduce energy costs for growing crops of crop rotation and crop rotation in general as a consequence, and thus to reduce the anthropogenic load on the whole agroecosystem .71
Штучно створена агроекосистема для повноцінного функціонування має включати в себе якісно та кількісно збалансовані складові. Це можливо, якщо зменшення антропогенного навантаження на таку систему збалансувати енергетичними витратами всередині неї. Для обґрунтування цього твердження закладено виробничий дослід, в якому впроваджено короткоротаційну сівозміну на землях дослідного поля Житомирського національного агроекологічного університету. Визначення енергетичної ефективності культур сівозміни та сівозміни в цілому проведене шляхом розрахунку технологічних карт вирощування відповідних сільськогосподарських культур. Чим вищий коефіцієнт енергетичної ефективності, тим менше витрачено енергії на вирощування культур і тим менше витрати на отримання одиниці продукції з відповідної площі. Після трьох років досліджень найбільш енергоємним у короткоротаційній сівозміні виявилося вирощування картоплі, менше енергії витрачено на вирощування пелюшко-вівсяної суміші, жита, вівса з підсівом конюшини та конюшини. Енергетично найвигіднішою виявилась органічна система удобрення (гній) для вирощування жита озимого з коефіцієнтом енергетичної ефективності 5,10. Для вирощування пелюшко-вівса за тієї ж системою удобрення ефективність вирощування склала 5,70. Вирощуючи овес із підсівом конюшини та застосовуючи органічну систему (гній) отримали енергетичну вигідність 4,11. Після застосування органічної системи (сидерат) для вирощування жита озимого отримали коефіцієнт енергетичної ефективності 5,03 та для картоплі 2,21. Після використання органо-мінеральної системи 50 : 50 для вирощування багаторічних трав цей коефіцієнт становив 33,05, а після застосування мінеральної системи для вирощування картоплі – 2,13. Хоча для вирощування багаторічних трав ми використали післядію добрив, унесених під конюшину першого року, а на другий рік під багаторічні трави не вносились добрива взагалі, проте для вирощування конюшини у сівозміні доцільно використовувати органо-мінеральну систему 50 : 50. Дотримуючись головних принципів біологічного землеробства (впровадження науково обґрунтованого чергування культур, відмови від хімічних засобів захисту рослин, відмови чи заміни мінеральних добрив органічними – гній та сидерат), можна знизити енерговитрати на вирощування культур сівозміни та сівозміни в цілому як наслідок і тим самим зменшити антропогенне навантаження на всю агроекосистему