Biosystems Diversity (E-Journal - Dnipro National University)
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Motor activity of Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera) during thermal selection: Peculiarities of search reactions in the non-uniform environment
Get PDFWe conducted a study of the peculiarities of the motor activity of juvenile and adult individuals of Daphnia magna in the process of thermal selection. On the example of Daphnia, we experimentally proved the assumption that the decrease in the motor activity of the ectotherms in the selected temperature range is a behaviour mechanism typical for thermal selection. The experiment was conducted on the offspring of one parthenogenetic female (pure line) of a laboratory culture maintained over several years at room temperature. The Daphnia individuals had been beforehand acclimated over several generations to 23.4 ºС, and then were placed in a thermogradient apparatus. The control individuals were maintained at room temperature. The final temperature preference was determined using the so-called "chronic" method, when the tested organisms are maintained in a thermogradient apparatus over several days. The positions of the Daphnia individuals were recorded daily during 24 days. As a parameter which would characterize the motor activity of Daphnia, we used the parameter of average relative shifting, which was calculated as a difference (in cm) between the position they were found in two sequential records, divided by time (in min) between these records. Over the first 3 days, in the conditions of the temperature gradient, the Daphnia mostly selected heightened temperatures (24–28 ºС). During the period from the 4th to 24th day, 74% of the Daphnia selected the range of 18–23 ºС and 85% – 17–24 ºС. Thus, the range of the ultimate selected temperatures decreased by 4 ºС compared to the initially selected temperatures and enlarged by 3 ºС towards the lower temperatures. In the thermogradient apparatus, the parthenogenetic females had the lowest value of the mean relative movement. In the control, at room temperature, this parameter of the adults was by 43% higher compared to the gradient. The pattern of the dynamic of the indicator in both variants of the experiment was similar for the periods and phases of fluctuations. With the juveniles the value of the parameter of mean relative shifting in the gradient was higher by 40% compared to the adult Daphnia, but close to the parameter of the adults in the control. We determined a relationship between the juveniles selecting the higher temperatures and higher mean relative shifting, which indicates a relationship between the behavioural selective reaction of juvenile Daphnia and general physiological condition of their organism. During the absence of the temperature gradient, the Daphnia were observed to show symmetry in their motor reaction. Occurrence of the asymmetry of the motor reaction of the Daphnia in the condition of the thermogradient, manifesting in the prevalence of shifting to lower or higher temperatures, can indicate more clearly manifested search reaction in the condition of a non-uniform environment.We conducted a study of the peculiarities of the motor activity of juvenile and adult individuals of Daphnia magna in the process of thermal selection. On the example of Daphnia, we experimentally proved the assumption that the decrease in the motor activity of the ectotherms in the selected temperature range is a behaviour mechanism typical for thermal selection. The experiment was conducted on the offspring of one parthenogenetic female (pure line) of a laboratory culture maintained over several years at room temperature. The Daphnia individuals had been beforehand acclimated over several generations to 23.4 ºС, and then were placed in a thermogradient apparatus. The control individuals were maintained at room temperature. The final temperature preference was determined using the so-called "chronic" method, when the tested organisms are maintained in a thermogradient apparatus over several days. The positions of the Daphnia individuals were recorded daily during 24 days. As a parameter which would characterize the motor activity of Daphnia, we used the parameter of average relative shifting, which was calculated as a difference (in cm) between the position they were found in two sequential records, divided by time (in min) between these records. Over the first 3 days, in the conditions of the temperature gradient, the Daphnia mostly selected heightened temperatures (24–28 ºС). During the period from the 4th to 24th day, 74% of the Daphnia selected the range of 18–23 ºС and 85% – 17–24 ºС. Thus, the range of the ultimate selected temperatures decreased by 4 ºС compared to the initially selected temperatures and enlarged by 3 ºС towards the lower temperatures. In the thermogradient apparatus, the parthenogenetic females had the lowest value of the mean relative movement. In the control, at room temperature, this parameter of the adults was by 43% higher compared to the gradient. The pattern of the dynamic of the indicator in both variants of the experiment was similar for the periods and phases of fluctuations. With the juveniles the value of the parameter of mean relative shifting in the gradient was higher by 40% compared to the adult Daphnia, but close to the parameter of the adults in the control. We determined a relationship between the juveniles selecting the higher temperatures and higher mean relative shifting, which indicates a relationship between the behavioural selective reaction of juvenile Daphnia and general physiological condition of their organism. During the absence of the temperature gradient, the Daphnia were observed to show symmetry in their motor reaction. Occurrence of the asymmetry of the motor reaction of the Daphnia in the condition of the thermogradient, manifesting in the prevalence of shifting to lower or higher temperatures, can indicate more clearly manifested search reaction in the condition of a non-uniform environment
The colour phases of the European red squirrel in Ukraine: Similarities and differences by craniometric characters
Get PDFThe different colour phases of the European red squirrel occuring in Ukraine were analysed in a morphological context. They are indicated in the literature as different subspecies of Sciurus vulgaris L. and described only based on their coat colouration. In Ukraine, at least three colour phases occur: dark (black and brown), red, and light red, which in natural habitats occur separately from one another. These phases co-occur in human settlements and at different altitudes, in particular at the boundary of the lowland and piedmont zones and of piedmont and mountainbelts. The aim of the present study was to find some other morphological differences between the red squirrel’s phases in Ukraine beyond their coat colouration and to reveal the possible interaction between colouration and morphological variation of the squirrels. Eighteen craniometric and four external characters were measured and analysed. Results have shown that the squirrel’s colour phases differ among themselves by some characters, although the most visible differences were revealed when all measurents were analysed together. It has been revealed that the three colour phases are stabilized types (populations) manifested in a multidimensional space as different populations with minimal overlap (up to 10%). The population of dark squirrels in Ukraine is morphologically the most distant from the light red phase and less so from the red one. The dark phase significantly differs from the red phase by 9 of 18 craniometric characters with Mayr’s coefficient of divergence (CDmin = 0.62, CDmax = 0.96). The dark phase significantly differs from the light red phase by two craniometric characters according to ANOVA, but only by one character according to Mayr’scoefficient of divergence (CD = 0.96). The red and light red phases significantly differ by four parameters having CDmin = 0.64 and CDmax = 0.76. The geographically transitional red phase is morphologically intermediate according to the results of discriminant analysis
Peyerimhoffia vagabunda – new sciarid species (Sciaridae, Diptera) for the entomofauna of Ukraine
Get PDFPeyerimhoffia vagabunda (Winnertz, 1867) is a widespread sciarid species (Diptera, Sciariadae) which occurs in 20 European countries and Asia (recorded in Kazakhstan, Altai, Primorsky Krai and China). Previously, P. vagabunda as well as the other species from the genus Peyerimhoffia Kieffer, 1903 was unknown to the Ukrainian entomofauna. In the framework of taxonomic and ecological research on Sciaridae in Ukraine some chorological and faunistic peculiarities of P. vagabunda have been studied. We collected material during expeditions and excursions in different biotopes of Ukraine from 2013 to 2018 by the method of non-count sweeping with an entomological net. Collected imagoes were placed into 5 ml vials with 76% ethanol. In the laboratory, the fixed material was dehydrated in absolute ethanol and mounted on slides in Euparal. We have found five new localities of P. vagabunda in three regions – Kyiv (one locality in the National Natural Park “Holosiivskyi”), Volyn (four localities in the National Natural Park “Tsumanska Puscha”) and Odesa (one locality in the National Natural Park “Tuzlovski Lymany”). All findings were registered in four biotope types: G1.A16 Sub-continental hornbeam-oak forests, E5.22 Mesophile fringes – post forest-felling mixed-species grassland, G1.95 Birch fresh and dry forests and G1.C3 Robinia plantations. Accordingly, in Ukraine we discovered three separate P. vagabunda populations located in Kyiv, Odesa and Volyn regions. Between the specimens from these populations we have detected some morphological differences. Male imagoes from Volyn and Odesa regions fully match previous descriptions of the species, but the specimen from the Kyiv population is somewhat different. Specifically this concern to the wing structure – the stM length of the Kyiv specimen is only a bit longer than the length of M-fork; one seta is present on the y; c is longer than was previously described and occupies 3/4w, but not 2/3w. Our discovery of P. vagabunda in Ukraine partially eliminates the disjunctive nature of the species’ range and implies its continuity. Imagoes of this species occur mainly in wet and shaded forests, but can enter the nearest coastal or ecotone meadows or penetrate caves. Our discovery of P. vagabunda in Ukraine is the first record of any Peyerimhoffia representative in our country. In Europe nine Peyerimhoffia species are known and they can potentially be detected in the territory of Ukraine. Considering this, a key to identification of these species is given in the article
Сравнительный анализ анатомии листовых пластинок Echinacea purpurea и E. pallida
Get PDFThis article contains a comparative analysis of the anatomical structure of the rosette and stem leaves of Echinacea purpurea and E. pallida. The plants were grown on the experimental site of the Siberian Botanical Garden, located in the southeastern part of Tomsk (Western Siberia). Temporary preparations of the leaves were prepared by cutting them on a freezing microtome MZ-2. Photographs of leaf microscopy and microscopic measurements were made on a light microscope. Anomocyte type of stomatal complex is characteristic for the studied species. Leaves of the studied species are amphistomatic, rosette leaves of E. purpurea are hypostomatic. The stomatal index of E. purpurea was 1.5 (stem leaves, upper epidermis) and 24.4–25.5 (lower epidermis). In the leaf blade of E. purpurea, the signs are revealed as mesomorphic (the presence of relatively large dorsoventral leaves, moderate development of integumentary, conducting and mechanical tissues) and a xeromorphic-heliomorphic structure. A complex of xeromorphic-heliophytic features of the E. pallida leaf has been identified, which increase its drought resistance; the mean values of the stomatal index of the upper and lower epidermis were 24.8–28.7. There are 10 characteristics that have significant differences in mean values when comparing leaves of E. purpurea and E. pallida: the size of the stomata of the lower epidermis, the thickness of the mesophyll of the leaf, its layers and the leaf laminae free of the vascular bundle, the area of the vascular bundle and their constituents.Приводятся результаты анализа анатомической структуры розеточных и стеблевых листьев Echinacea purpurea и E. pallida. Растения выращивали на экспериментальном участке Сибирского ботанического сада, расположенном в юго-восточной части Томска (Западная Сибирь). Временные препараты листьев подготавливали путем их нарезания на замораживающем микротоме МЗ-2. Фотографии микропрепаратов листьев и микроскопические измерения сделаны на световом микроскопе. Для исследованных видов характерен аномоцитный тип устьичного аппарата. Тип листа амфистоматический, розеточные листья эхинацеи пурпурной гипостоматические. Устьичный индекс E. purpurea составил 1,5 (стеблевые листья, верхняя эпидерма) и 24,4–25,5 (нижняя эпидерма). В листовой пластинке E. purpurea выявлены признаки как мезоморфной (наличие относительно крупных дорзовентральных листьев; умеренное развитие покровной, проводящей и механической тканей), так и ксероморфно-гелиоморфной структуры. Выявлен комплекс ксероморфно-гелиофитных признаков листа E. pallida, повышающих ее засухоустойчивость; средние значения устьичного индекса верхней и нижней эпидермы составили 24,8–28,7. Установлено 10 характеристик, имеющих достоверные отличия средних значений при сравнении листьев E. purpurea и E. pallida: размеры устьиц нижней эпидермы, толщина мезофилла листа, его слоев и пластинки листа, свободной от проводящих пучков, площадь проводящих пучков и их составляющих
Agroecological and agroeconomic aspects of the grain and grain legumes (pulses) yield dynamic within the Dnipropetrovsk region (period 1966–2016)
Get PDFThis paper reveals the spatial and temporal patterns of grain and leguminous crops yield dynamics in Dnipropetrovsk region and evaluates the role of agro-environmental and agro-economic factors in their formation. Crop data were obtained from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The data of the grain and grain legumes (pulses) yield during 1966–2016 on average per year in the administrative districts of Dnipropetrovsk region was analysed. The obtained data indicate that average yields of cereals and leguminous crops within Dnipropetrovsk region varies from 24.3 to 33.4 CWT/ha. The smallest interannual variability in yield is typical for Vasylkivskyi district (CV = 9.9%), and the largest is typical for Yurivskyi district (CV = 27.7%). As a result of the principal component analysis of the cereals and leguminous crops yields variability, three principal components were extracted which together explain 81.2% of the overall yield variability. Principal component 1 explains 69.4% of the total variability. It indicates the total synchronous yields variation within the area investigated as all examined variables have high loading values on principal component 1. The administrative districts that form a belt located in the direction from the north east to the south west of the region have the most coordinated variance, which is reflected by principal component 1. Principal component 2 explains 6.8% of the yield variability. This principal component is sensitive to opposite yield dynamics of central and south-western districts on the one hand and the eastern and northern districts – on the other. Principal component 3 explains 4.9% of the yield variability. This principal component reveals the opposite dynamics of productivity of the central districts on the one hand and the northern and south-eastern districts on the other. The cluster analysis of administrative districts was conducted based on the dynamics of the yield of grain and leguminous as a result of which four clusters were identified. The clusters are geographically defined administrative districts, together forming spatially connected areas. The similar temporal yield dynamics of grain and leguminous crops as a result of interaction between endogenous and exogenous ecological factors is the main principle for revealling such ecologically homogeneous territories. Spatial distribution of principal components indicates a continual pattern, but their overlapping allows one to extract spatially discrete units, which we identified as agroecological zones. Each zone is characterized by a certain character and dynamics of production capacity and has an invariant pattern of response to varying climatic, environmental, and agroeconomic factors.This paper reveals the spatial and temporal patterns of grain and leguminous crops yield dynamics in Dnipropetrovsk region and evaluates the role of agro-environmental and agro-economic factors in their formation. Crop data were obtained from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The data of the grain and grain legumes (pulses) yield during 1966–2016 on average per year in the administrative districts of Dnipropetrovsk region was analysed. The obtained data indicate that average yields of cereals and leguminous crops within Dnipropetrovsk region varies from 24.3 to 33.4 CWT/ha. The smallest interannual variability in yield is typical for Vasylkivskyi district (CV = 9.9%), and the largest is typical for Yurivskyi district (CV = 27.7%). As a result of the principal component analysis of the cereals and leguminous crops yields variability, three principal components were extracted which together explain 81.2% of the overall yield variability. Principal component 1 explains 69.4% of the total variability. It indicates the total synchronous yields variation within the area investigated as all examined variables have high loading values on principal component 1. The administrative districts that form a belt located in the direction from the north east to the south west of the region have the most coordinated variance, which is reflected by principal component 1. Principal component 2 explains 6.8% of the yield variability. This principal component is sensitive to opposite yield dynamics of central and south-western districts on the one hand and the eastern and northern districts – on the other. Principal component 3 explains 4.9% of the yield variability. This principal component reveals the opposite dynamics of productivity of the central districts on the one hand and the northern and south-eastern districts on the other. The cluster analysis of administrative districts was conducted based on the dynamics of the yield of grain and leguminous as a result of which four clusters were identified. The clusters are geographically defined administrative districts, together forming spatially connected areas. The similar temporal yield dynamics of grain and leguminous crops as a result of interaction between endogenous and exogenous ecological factors is the main principle for revealling such ecologically homogeneous territories. Spatial distribution of principal components indicates a continual pattern, but their overlapping allows one to extract spatially discrete units, which we identified as agroecological zones. Each zone is characterized by a certain character and dynamics of production capacity and has an invariant pattern of response to varying climatic, environmental, and agroeconomic factors
Accumulation of heavy metals in birch and pine forest roadside phytocenoses in the south of Tyumen region
Get PDFWe conducted a complex investigation of anthropogenic roadside phytocoenoses. For the study, 8 plots (birch and pine forests) were selected, close to roads in the south of Tyumen region within the five administrative districts: Uporovsky, Zavodoukovsky, Yalutorovskiy, Yarkovsky, and Tobolsk. As a result of the studies, 75 species of vascular plants from 21 families were noted in the plant communities. It was found that the majority of the total projective cover of the plant communities was provided by synanthropic species. In the synanthropic fraction of the flora, 33 species belonging to 11 families were identified, those with the most species being: Scrophulariaceae, Compositeae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Umbellíferae. The index of synanthropization of the flora of the studied phytocenoses is in the range from 43% to 64%. Among the identified pollutants accumulated in the phytocenoses, the group of heavy metals was identified (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn). Needles of Pinus sylvestris L. mainly accumulate Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr. The greatest concentration of Pb and Zn was found in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. The content of other heavy metals in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. during the growing season was relatively stable. Accumulation of heavy metals in the studied components of forest ecosystems can be displayed structurally: soil > leaves < phytomass (birch forests), soil < needles > phytomass (pine forests). Methodological approaches to conducting a complex of long-term observations of natural ecosystems have been formulated, substantiated and justified. To evaluate the absorption efficiency of heavy metals, the biological absorption coefficient was calculated. The obtained results can be used as a control in the study of migration and accumulation of heavy metals and for assessing the degree of anthropogenic load on phytocenoses of roadside ecosystems and predict the extent of probable changes in them. The forecast of the results will facilitate the elaboration of a necessary system of measures aimed at increasing the stability of plant communities
Resistance of seedlings of native and alien species of the genus Bidens (Asteraceae) from different geographic populations to the action of heavy metals
Get PDFOne approach to assessing the competitiveness of invasive species is a comparative analysis of the morphological, physiological, and reproductive traits of this species with native species of the same genus. The invasive species Bidens frondosa L. from the Asteraceae family, included in the list of the 50 most common and most aggressive invasive species in Europe, occupies the same ecological niche as the native species B. tripartita L., and displaces it from natural habitats. There is an obvious and growing interest in the sustainability of B. tripartita and B. frondosa in extreme conditions of existence, one of which is the action of heavy metals. Our research was performed in laboratory conditions with seedlings that developed from seeds collected from populations of the Upper and Middle Volga region. The seeds were germinated in Ni2+ and Cu2+ solutions at various concentrations. At the end of the experiment, morphometric parameters were measured and the index of tolerance was determined. Seedlings from different populations under the influence of nickel ions developed at concentrations of 1–50 mg/l, under the influence of copper ions – at 1–100 mg/l. The nickel and copper ions had the greatest toxic effect on the growth and development of the root system – at 25 mg/l and above, the main root was completely necrotic, while the action of copper ions simultaneously increased the number of adventitious roots. The tolerance index (“root test”) under the action of nickel ions was higher among the seedlings from the population of the Middle Volga region, while under the action of copper ions there were no significant differences among the seedlings from different populations. However, it decreased with the action of both heavy metals at a concentration of 10 mg/l. High concentrations of both metals significantly reduced the length of the hypocotyl, cotyledon, and the true leaf. It was also found that copper ions are more toxic for the root system (main root and adventitious roots), nickel ions – for above-ground organs (hypocotyl, cotyledons, and true leaves). We noted differences between the populations to the action of nickel and copper. From the population of the Upper Volga region, the seedlings of B. frondosa were more stable. For seedlings from the population of the Middle Volga, a smaller toxic effect was confirmed for B. tripartita. It can be assumed that the resistance of B. frondosa to the action of heavy metals as a stress factor in the Upper Volga region is one of the reasons for the suppression of B. tripartita by the invasive species
Bryophytes on the devastated territories of sulphur deposits and their role in restoration of dump substrate
Get PDFBryophytes possess a wide ecological diapason allowing them to populate substrates of technogenic origins which are scarcely suitable or completely unsuitable for viability of vascular plants. 49 bryophyte species, which belong to 2 divisions, 3 classes, 8 orders, 17 families, and 33 genera have been found on the dump territory of sulphur extraction of the mining-chemical enterprise “Sirka” (Yavoriv district, Lviv region). Seven transects, three on the north slope (base, slope, top), three on the south slope and one on the plateau were laid for sample selections. 20 investigated 0.5 × 0.5 m plots located 2 m apart were analyzed within each 10 × 10 m transect. Specific composition, life forms, projective cover, biomass of bryophytes, numbers of male, female and sterile plants, moisture content in the turfs, pH and physiological investigation of mosses were determined on each plot. The quantitative analysis of the biomorphological structure allowed us to establish the dependence of the spread of life forms on exposition and slope height; essential variability of the projective cover and moss biomass. Bryophyte cover plays an essential part in optimization of the moisture regime and surface layer temperature of technogenic substrates, improving the conditions of growth localities. We established that on the dump the dominant moss species are dioecious with a high level of reproductive effort (sexual and sexless), with short ontogenesis and age of first reproduction, which provides the chance to produce the maximum number of progeny in the minimum period and to form a complete moss cover. The analysis of seasonal moss photosynthesis dynamics has demonstrated the adaptability of moss photosynthetic apparatus to contrasting climatic conditions and the ability to support the intensity of photosynthetic processes on a rather stable level during the vegetative period. Our research showed that bryophytes play an important role in productivity of plant cover on the post-technogenic territories of sulphur extraction. It was found that bryophytes play a role in accumulation of organic carbon and biogenic elements in the substrate of the sulphur extraction dump . Carrying out research of specific composition dynamics and species activity is the precondition for revealing the essence of the dynamic processes taking place in the structure of the bryophyte communities on devastated territories and the influence of these processes on the formation of vegetation on dump complexes
Созологічні особливості флори Придеснянського плато (Україна)
Get PDFAccording to the goals and objectives of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation for 2011–2020 studying and monitoring the rare component of regional floras is highly relevant. This article presents the results of a nature conservation study of the flora of the Desna Plateau (Кrolevets’ and Hlukhiv geobotanic region), situated in the northeast part of Ukraine at the border line of two geomorphological regions (the Central Russian Upland and the Polesia-Dnipro lowland) and of two physical-geographical zones (Novhorod-Sivers`ke Polesia and the Sums`ky forest-steppe. In the orographic aspect, the territory is made up of the western spurs of the Central Russian Upland with the dissectioned forms of the relief. The studied area consists of about 4000 km2. Field route studies aimed at compiling floral lists, geobotanical description and herbarizing were conducted in the period 2002–2016. Separate sites of nature conservation interest were re-examined in different seasonal periods. The basis of the annotated summary of the rare species of vascular plant flora is made up by the materials of original research, as well as herbarium (KW) and literary reviews. The complex floristic analysis of the rare component of the regional flora was carried out in cameral conditions, which made it possible to identify the systematic, geographical, ecological, phytocenological and nature conservation structures of the rare species of vascular plant flora in the investigated area. According to the data received, the total number of species of vascular plants endangered by anthropogenic impact is composed of 85 species belonging to 32 families, 54 genera. Among the families, the following predominate: Orchidaceae (14 genera), Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae (8 genera in each), Iridaceae (5), Aspidiaceae, Cyperaceae (4 genera in each). Among the genera, the following predominate – Carex (4 species); Dryopteris, Orchis, Iris, Jurinea – 3 species in each. It was concluded that among the rare species there are plant species of different physical and geographical zones and this corresponds to the ecotone location of the region. Among species at the edge of their range, 14 are on the extreme northern border of their typical range (Linum flavum L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindb., Centaurea ruthenica Lam., Trinia multicaulis Schishk, Aster amellus L., Galatella linosyris (L.) Rchb. f., Stipa tirsa Steven), 7 species are found on the southern border of their range (Cypripedium calceolus L., Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L., Parnassia palustris L., Lycopodium annotinum L., 4 species (Anemone nemorosa L., Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., Galanthus nivalis L., Gladiolus imbricatus L. are found on the eastern border of their distribution. The nature conservation structure includes 4 species from the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill s.l., Salvinia natans L., Ostericum palustre (Bess) Bess); 3 species from the supplement to the CITES Convention (Adonis vernalis L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Orchis militaris L.), 27 species from the Red Book of Ukraine (Lilium martagon L., Allium ursinum L., Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich, Stipa pennata L.), 49 species from Sumy region rare species list (Clematis recta L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Eremogone saxatilis (L.) Ikonn., Drosera rotundifolia L., Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzg., Carex limosa L., C. umbrosa Host.). In addition, we suggest including into this list Sanquisorba officinalis L., Briza media L., Beckmania eruciformis (L.) Host., Melica nutans L., Coronilla varia L., Salvia nutans L., Scilla siberica Haw., Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., Valeriana officinalis L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Hesperis matronalis L., Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., T. minus L., Verbascum nigrum L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. It was found that among the rare species of the region mesophytes predominate and they are confined to meadow and forest habitats. To a lesser extent, xeromesophytes and xerophytes of meadow-steppe, as well as hygrophytes and hydrophytes of shoreline and water habitats are represented. The nature reserve fund of the region was analyzed according to the methodology of assessing the nature reserves by botanical value priority criteria. To optimize the region's nature reserve fund, a rationale for creating a landscape reserve of local significance “Zvenyhorods'ky” with a total area of 2,000 hectares was compiled, giving it the status of a regional biodiversity centre.37
Придеснянське плато розташоване у північно-східній частині України на межі двох геоморфологічних районів (Середньоруської височини та Полісько-Дніпровської низовини), а також двох фізико-географічних зон (Новгород-Сіверського Полісся та Сумського підвищеного Лісостепу). Екотонне розташування регіону зумовлює досить строкату картину природних умов, ґрунтів, флористичних комплексів, типів рослинності, що становить значний інтерес у плані вивчення та збереження фіторізноманіття. За геоботанічним районуванням територія регіону дослідження площею 4 000 км2 належить до Кролевецько-Глухівського геоботанічного району мішаних лісів дубово-ліщинових. За адміністративним районуванням включає Кролевецький, Глухівський, Путивльський райони Сумської області. Проведені у період 2002–2006 рр. польові маршрутні дослідження зі складанням флористичних списків, геоботанічних описів, гербаризацією рослин дозволили встановити флористичний склад території, виявити найцінніші у фітосозологічному плані ділянки. У період 2006–2016 років проведено моніторингові дослідження раритетної компоненти флори в різні сезонні періоди. На території регіону зростають 85 рідкісних видів судинних рослин із 54 родів 32 родин. У результаті географічного аналізу виявлено 14 примежово-ареальних видів рослин, що цілком відповідає екотонному розташуванню регіону. За екологічною та еколого-фітоценологічною структурою у флорі рідкісних видів переважають мезофіти лучних та лісових місцезростань. Вагома частка ксеромезофітів і ксерофітів, приурочених до лучно-степових ділянок у місцях близького залягання до денної поверхні крейдяних відкладів. У созологічній структурі флори представлено чотири види з переліку таксонів Бернської конвенції про охорону дикої флори та фауни та природних середовищ існування в Європі (Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Salvinia natans L., Ostericum palustre (Bess.) Bess.), три види з Додатка Конвенції CITES (Adonis vernalis L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Orchis militaris L.), 27 видів із переліку Червоної книги України, 49 видів із списку охорони рослин Сумської області. Проведено аналіз природно-заповідної мережі території Придеснянського плато за пріоритетними критеріями ботанічної цінності відповідно до методики оцінювання мереж природно-заповідних територій. Найнижчі показники ландшафтної репрезентативності має територія Глухівського району, де частка природно-заповідних територій у загальній площі району складає 3,5%. Запропоновано охороняти на цій території Sanquisorba officinalis L., Briza media L., Beckmania eruciformis (L.) Host., Melica nutans L., Coronilla varia L., Salvia nutans L., Scilla siberica Haw., Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., Valeriana officinalis L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Hesperis matronalis L., Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., T. minus L., Verbascum nigrum L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Підготовлено обґрунтування для створення ландшафтного заказника місцевого значення «Звенигородський» (2 000 га). Заказник розташований у межах долини р. Клевень, яка межує з прилеглими територіями Росії та у перспективі може увійти до складу транскордонних природно-заповідних територій.37
Придеснянське плато розташоване у північно-східній частині України на межі двох геоморфологічних районів (Середньоруської височини та Полісько-Дніпровської низовини), а також двох фізико-географічних зон (Новгород-Сіверського Полісся та Сумського підвищеного Лісостепу). Екотонне розташування регіону зумовлює досить строкату картину природних умов, ґрунтів, флористичних комплексів, типів рослинності, що становить значний інтерес у плані вивчення та збереження фіторізноманіття. За геоботанічним районуванням територія регіону дослідження площею 4 000 км2 належить до Кролевецько-Глухівського геоботанічного району мішаних лісів дубово-ліщинових. За адміністративним районуванням включає Кролевецький, Глухівський, Путивльський райони Сумської області. Проведені у період 2002–2006 рр. польові маршрутні дослідження зі складанням флористичних списків, геоботанічних описів, гербаризацією рослин дозволили встановити флористичний склад території, виявити найцінніші у фітосозологічному плані ділянки. У період 2006–2016 років проведено моніторингові дослідження раритетної компоненти флори в різні сезонні періоди. На території регіону зростають 85 рідкісних видів судинних рослин із 54 родів 32 родин. У результаті географічного аналізу виявлено 14 примежово-ареальних видів рослин, що цілком відповідає екотонному розташуванню регіону. За екологічною та еколого-фітоценологічною структурою у флорі рідкісних видів переважають мезофіти лучних та лісових місцезростань. Вагома частка ксеромезофітів і ксерофітів, приурочених до лучно-степових ділянок у місцях близького залягання до денної поверхні крейдяних відкладів. У созологічній структурі флори представлено чотири види з переліку таксонів Бернської конвенції про охорону дикої флори та фауни та природних середовищ існування в Європі (Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Salvinia natans L., Ostericum palustre (Bess.) Bess.), три види з Додатка Конвенції CITES (Adonis vernalis L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Orchis militaris L.), 27 видів із переліку Червоної книги України, 49 видів із списку охорони рослин Сумської області. Проведено аналіз природно-заповідної мережі території Придеснянського плато за пріоритетними критеріями ботанічної цінності відповідно до методики оцінювання мереж природно-заповідних територій. Найнижчі показники ландшафтної репрезентативності має територія Глухівського району, де частка природно-заповідних територій у загальній площі району складає 3,5%. Запропоновано охороняти на цій території Sanquisorba officinalis L., Briza media L., Beckmania eruciformis (L.) Host., Melica nutans L., Coronilla varia L., Salvia nutans L., Scilla siberica Haw., Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., Valeriana officinalis L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Hesperis matronalis L., Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., T. minus L., Verbascum nigrum L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Підготовлено обґрунтування для створення ландшафтного заказника місцевого значення «Звенигородський» (2 000 га). Заказник розташований у межах долини р. Клевень, яка межує з прилеглими територіями Росії та у перспективі може увійти до складу транскордонних природно-заповідних територій
Distribution of poultry ectoparasites in industrial farms, farms, and private plots with different rearing technologies
Get PDFOne of the problems in growing and keeping poultry, both in industrial and farm and kitchen garden environments is ectoparasites, which are responsible for lowering the productivity of poultry and causing economic losses. The study of the prevalence and diagnosis of bird ectoparasites on poultry farms with different maintenance technologies is important for the further development of integrated methods for combating them. Our research was conducted during 2006–2017 in 16 regions of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In total, 38 poultry farms specializing in egg production with poultry kept in battery cages, 18 poultry houses specializing in egg production with poultry kept on the floor and more than 150 farm and kitchen garden poultry houses for keeping chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl and pigeons were examined. We found that, both with battery cages and when poultry are kept on the floor in poultry farms, the most common ectoparasites are chicken mites (Dermanyssus gallinae), which causes the disease of dermanyssiosis. It was determined that the extensivity of the invasion was, on average, from 56% to 80%. Also, in the chickens and turkeys, mallophages (Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus), which cause mallophagoses, were detected, and the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 27% to 45%. In farms and kitchen gardens where chickens, guinea fowl and quails were kept, the number of chicken mites in 1 g substrate was more than a thousand live mites, in dovecotes chicken mites were found in 50% to 100% of nests. In chickens and turkeys, besides the chicken mite, bird lice were found. In chickens, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae, M. stramineus, Lipeurus variabilis, ranged from 15% to 22%, in turkeys, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae and M. stramineus ranged from 16% to 25%. The scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans), which causes the disease knemidocoptiasis ("lame leg"), was detected in incubating hens over the age of two years, the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 5% to 7%. It was established that in poultry farms, both in battery cages and when the birds were kept on the floor, the main ectoparasite in chickens, guinea fowl and quail is red chicken mite (D. gallinae), and on poultry farms and kitchen gardens in addition to the chicken mite, three types of bird lice (M. gallinae, M. stramineus, L. variabilis) and K. mutans were found.One of the problems in growing and keeping poultry, both in industrial and farm and kitchen garden environments is ectoparasites, which are responsible for lowering the productivity of poultry and causing economic losses. The study of the prevalence and diagnosis of bird ectoparasites on poultry farms with different maintenance technologies is important for the further development of integrated methods for combating them. Our research was conducted during 2006–2017 in 16 regions of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In total, 38 poultry farms specializing in egg production with poultry kept in battery cages, 18 poultry houses specializing in egg production with poultry kept on the floor and more than 150 farm and kitchen garden poultry houses for keeping chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl and pigeons were examined. We found that, both with battery cages and when poultry are kept on the floor in poultry farms, the most common ectoparasites are chicken mites (Dermanyssus gallinae), which causes the disease of dermanyssiosis. It was determined that the extensivity of the invasion was, on average, from 56% to 80%. Also, in the chickens and turkeys, mallophages (Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus), which cause mallophagoses, were detected, and the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 27% to 45%. In farms and kitchen gardens where chickens, guinea fowl and quails were kept, the number of chicken mites in 1 g substrate was more than a thousand live mites, in dovecotes chicken mites were found in 50% to 100% of nests. In chickens and turkeys, besides the chicken mite, bird lice were found. In chickens, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae, M. stramineus, Lipeurus variabilis, ranged from 15% to 22%, in turkeys, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae and M. stramineus ranged from 16% to 25%. The scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans), which causes the disease knemidocoptiasis ("lame leg"), was detected in incubating hens over the age of two years, the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 5% to 7%. It was established that in poultry farms, both in battery cages and when the birds were kept on the floor, the main ectoparasite in chickens, guinea fowl and quail is red chicken mite (D. gallinae), and on poultry farms and kitchen gardens in addition to the chicken mite, three types of bird lice (M. gallinae, M. stramineus, L. variabilis) and K. mutans were found