Biosystems Diversity (E-Journal - Dnipro National University)
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Distribution of migratory fish in the stream (depth, velocity, body size, predators)
Get PDFIn order to supplement the available information for the eco-hydraulic approach to designing fish passages, taking into account the taxonomic, dimensional structure, as well as taking into account the presence of predatory fish in the stream, the distribution of migratory fish of the boreal plain faunistic complex (Russian Federation) was studied. Three depth-velocity sections from the shore to the midstream were investigated: 5 m and 27.8 cm/s, 8 m and 44.4 cm/s, 11 m and 55.6 cm/s. Analysis of the migration distribution of fish showed that in the direction from the shore to the midstream, the proportion of representatives of Cyprinidae decreases from 41.8–24.3% and that of Percidae decreases from 25.0–18.4%. For individuals of two groups: the Acipenseridae and Lotidae, Coregonidae and Esocidae, patterns of distribution in the structure of migratory fish are opposite – their share increases with increasing speed and depth characteristics: 23.0–40.2% and 10.2–17.1%, respectively. An assessment of the dimensional structure revealed a feature of increase in the size range of fish from the shore to the midstream: the dominance of small individuals (<10 cm) in the shore area is replaced by the dominance of large fish (> 30 cm) in the area of higher speeds and depths. A significant difference in the distribution for all studied taxonomic fish groups between the shore and the midstream was shown. Thus, it has been established that for Cyprinidae during the migration period, the choice shifts in favour of minimizing energy costs, and the choice to avoid the risk of predation from individuals of the groups: Coregonidae and Esocidae, and also Percidae, shifts in favour of the former. The distribution of perch is influenced by the reduction of energy costs and the simultaneous avoidance of predation and cannibalism. For the fish group Acipenseridae and Lotidae, their predominance in the deeper area is due to their less developed visual orientation mechanism in the stream because they are bottom-living fish species
Effect of degree of salinity on seed germination and initial growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Get PDFChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the main pulse crops cultivated mostly in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, very often on saline lands. The problem is that it has not been clearly determined yet what is the safe salinity degree for obtaining uniform and vigorous sprouts of the crop without significant suppression in the parameters of initial growth and development. The goal of our study was to determine the effect of different NaCl concentrations in solutions on chickpea germination and initial growth to determine the safe degree of salinity for the crop cultivation. The study was carried out in greenhouse conditions of Kherson State Agrarian University. We studied the effect of five different gradually increasing degrees of NaCl solutions on the germination percentage and initial growth of chickpea (variety Rosanna, kabuli type) that was germinated in laboratory conditions in flasks filled with sand, at the temperature of 25 oC. A significant decrease in all the studied parameters was observed with the increase of salinity degree. However, we think that a considerable decrease of the crop germination and initial growth started with NaCl concentration of 1.79 g/L: germination percentage decreased by 33.9%, plant height – by 7.8 cm, root length – by 5.5 cm in comparison to the control variant (not saline conditions). Therefore, we conclude that the chickpea can be efficiently cultivated on slightly-saline lands. Besides, the results of linear regression analysis revealed that the most susceptible stage of chickpea growth and development is germination because this stage had strong close inter-connection with the degree of salinity. Further growth of the crop was less affected by the salinity stress. We recommend cultivation of chickpea on the saline lands only with a slight salinity level
Contamination of urbanized territories with eggs of helmiths of animals
Get PDFThe large number of species which cause parasitic infestations and the wide variety of routes and factors of their transmission give great relevance to systematic veterinary-sanitary research into environmental objects, necessarily paying attention to local natural-climatic conditions, social structure and the activities of the population. This problem is most often studied by medical researchers and ecologists, and the extent of studies on this topic from a veterinary-sanitary point of view is insufficient, which conditioned our choice of the current scientific study. Our goal was determining the level of contamination of urbanized territories with exogenous forms of helminths. The research was conducted during 2010–2018 in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast of Ukraine. During the study, we examined 41 samples of soil, extracted both in rural areas, and in urban conditions, and also 100 samples of feces of animals and birds. During the examination of soil from rural areas in Kharkiv Oblast and soil in Kharkiv and Balakleia, we found that it was contaminated with eggs of helminths of different morphotypes. It was determined that mean level of contamination of soil in rural area equaled 12.5%. At the same time, the level of contamination of soil of river banks was 15% at intensity of 52 ± 5 eggs/kg of soil and 10.0% in meadows at intensity of 54 ± 8 eggs/kg of soil. The level of contamination of the soil of park zones of urbanized territories with exogenous stages of helminths was 5–55% and that of residential zones of cities was 20.0–23.3%. In general, in the samples of soil, eggs of Strongilata, Ascaridata, Trichocephalus and Cestoda were isolated, and in the soil of rural areas also eggs of Trematoda class. It was proved that cattle and small ruminants discharge feces into the environment which have highest number of eggs of Strongylata spp. helminths (285 ± 3 eggs/g of feces). Excrement of infested birds contaminate the environment with exogenous forms of helminths of Trichocephalata (Capillaria spp.) suborder (101 ± 7 eggs/g of feces). In cities, dogs and cats, infested with helminths, discharge into the environment feces with eggs of parasites that belong to Toxocara spp. (75 ± 4 eggs/g) and Dipylidium caninum (6 ± 1 eggs/g). Droppings of infested birds contaminate the environment with exogenous forms of helminthes of Strongylata spp. (57 ± 2 eggs/g), Аscaridia spp. (19 ± 4 eggs/g) and Capillaria spp. (11 ± 2 eggs/g)
Features of ecological differentiation of halophytic, steppe and petrophytic vegetation in the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast)
Get PDFAssessment of key environmental factors that influence vegetation distribution and formation of plant communities is one of the most important challenges in modern phytocenology. Nowadays, several bioindication systems are applied to determine ecological specificity of plant communities and to establish the leading factors for their environmental differentiation. The system most widely used in Europe, that of H. Ellenberg, contains a numerical score on 6 ecological factors. On the example of vegetation of the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik, Y. Didukh developed the synphytoindication method based on evaluation of phytocenoses with respect to 12 ecological factors: 7 edaphic factors and 5 climatic factors; the method determines a more accurate and complete presentation of the analysis. In the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast) the largest area is covered with halophytic and steppe vegetation. Halophytic vegetation (Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea classes, Juncetea maritimi, Bolboschoenetea maritimi) predominated in the shoreline areas of the valley, whereas steppe (Festuco-Brometea) and petrophytic (Sedo-Scleranthetea) vegetation dominated on the slope sites. With the application of DCA-ordination and synphytoindication methods it was established that distribution of plant communities in the hyper-space of the environmental conditions was most strongly correlated with edaphic factors, whereas microclimatic (light intensity) and climatic (thermo-regime) conditions had somewhat less influence on their differentiation. Water regime and level of soil salinity served as key factors for syntaxa of halophytic vegetation; moisture variability and salt regime, as well as soil moisture and carbonate content were key factors for the steppe vegetation, and thermo-regime was the main factor for petrophytic-steppe and petrophytic vegetation. The "eco-spaces" of these groups largely overlap. Halophytic cenoses are characterized by quite wide ecological ranges by most ecological factors. Steppe communities show much less ecological diversity. In the valley of the liman, all the steppe communities were characterized by stenotopicity in relation to most ecological factors; these factors complexly determine the specificity and diversity of biotopes within the valley, which are unique and require protection and the taking of appropriate measures, depending on the changes in activity of one or another limiting factor. Nowadays, the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik is in a state of environmental disaster. The established relationships in ecological differentiation of plant communities will be applied to further monitoring of biodiversity state, preservation and possible restoration of vegetation types that were native for this unique territory
Паразиты жесткокрылых – вредителей зерна и продуктов его переработки
Get PDFCrop pests are the cause of economic damage in many developing countries, including Ukraine, where annual loss of crop harvest on average equals 6 million tons, valued at 840 million dollars. Pests consume grain, causing its pollution and creating favorable conditions for development of mold, which significantly decreases the food and seeding properties of grain and products of its processing. This article presents basic data on biological control and its advantages, demonstrates the variety of natural enemies of the pest beetles, which are used in biological control, analyses studies of the biological control of main crop pests and products of its processing belonging to the families Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae, and also the role of competition in biological control. The analysis of studies on the effectiveness of different natural enemies of the main crop pest-beetles shows that the most studied parasites are Sitophilus granarius, S. zeamais, Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, Acanthoscelides obtectus and Callosobruchus maculatus. Natural enemies of the rest of the species are poorly studied, and there is no data on Caulophilus latinasus, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Dermestes lardarius, Ptinus fur and Bruchidius incarnatus. The most commonly used natural enemies are Xylocoris flavipes, Anisopteromalus calandrae, the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and also nematodes of the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis genera. Despite the broad spectrum of natural enemies of the main pests of the grain supply, it is necessary to further study the parasites of every species of beetle which causes economic damage. Using biological control is the most promising method against pests of crops and products of its processing, which meets the current requirements to the sanitary-ecological condition of agricultural production.Вредители зерновых наносят значительный экономический ущерб во многих развивающихся странах, в том числе в Украине, где ежегодные потери урожая зерновых составляют в среднем 6 млн тонн стоимостью 840 млн долл. Вредители потребляют зерно в пищу, загрязняют его и создают благоприятные условия для развития плесневых грибов, что значительно снижает пищевые и посевные качества зерна и продуктов его переработки. В статье приведены основные сведения о биологическом контроле и его преимуществах, продемонстрировано разнообразие естественных врагов жесткокрылых-вредителей, применяемых в биологическом контроле, проанализированы исследования биологического контроля основных вредителей зерна и продуктов его переработки из семейств Curculionidae и Tenebrionidae, а также роль конкуренции в биологическом контроле. Обзор исследований эффективности различных естественных врагов основных жесткокрылых – вредителей зерновых показал, что наиболее изучены паразиты Sitophilus granarius, S. zeamais, Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, Acanthoscelides obtectus и Callosobruchus maculatus. Естественные враги остальных видов мало исследованы, а для Caulophilus latinasus, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Dermestes lardarius, Ptinus fur и Bruchidius incarnatus данные отсутствуют. Наиболее широко применяются такие естественные враги, как Xylocoris flavipes, Anisopteromalus calandrae, энтомопатогенные грибы Metarhizium anisopliae и Beauveria bassiana, а также нематоды из родов Steinernema и Heterorhabditis. Несмотря на широкий спектр естественных врагов основных вредителей запасов, необходимы дальнейшие исследования паразитов каждого вида жесткокрылых, несущих экономический ущерб. Применение биологического контроля является наиболее перспективным методом борьбы с вредителями зерна и продуктов его переработки, отвечающим современным требованиям к санитарно-экологическому состоянию сельскохозяйственной продукции.Вредители зерновых наносят значительный экономический ущерб во многих развивающихся странах, в том числе в Украине, где ежегодные потери урожая зерновых составляют в среднем 6 млн тонн стоимостью 840 млн долл. Вредители потребляют зерно в пищу, загрязняют его и создают благоприятные условия для развития плесневых грибов, что значительно снижает пищевые и посевные качества зерна и продуктов его переработки. В статье приведены основные сведения о биологическом контроле и его преимуществах, продемонстрировано разнообразие естественных врагов жесткокрылых-вредителей, применяемых в биологическом контроле, проанализированы исследования биологического контроля основных вредителей зерна и продуктов его переработки из семейств Curculionidae и Tenebrionidae, а также роль конкуренции в биологическом контроле. Обзор исследований эффективности различных естественных врагов основных жесткокрылых – вредителей зерновых показал, что наиболее изучены паразиты Sitophilus granarius, S. zeamais, Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, Acanthoscelides obtectus и Callosobruchus maculatus. Естественные враги остальных видов мало исследованы, а для Caulophilus latinasus, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Dermestes lardarius, Ptinus fur и Bruchidius incarnatus данные отсутствуют. Наиболее широко применяются такие естественные враги, как Xylocoris flavipes, Anisopteromalus calandrae, энтомопатогенные грибы Metarhizium anisopliae и Beauveria bassiana, а также нематоды из родов Steinernema и Heterorhabditis. Несмотря на широкий спектр естественных врагов основных вредителей запасов, необходимы дальнейшие исследования паразитов каждого вида жесткокрылых, несущих экономический ущерб. Применение биологического контроля является наиболее перспективным методом борьбы с вредителями зерна и продуктов его переработки, отвечающим современным требованиям к санитарно-экологическому состоянию сельскохозяйственной продукции
Ethno-botanical and geo-referenced profiling of medicinal plants of Nawagai Valley, District Buner (Pakistan)
Get PDFThe prime objective of the research was to list the important ethnomedicinal plants of Nawagai village, District Buner. During the survey, 44 plant species from 27 families were observed and collected from the targeted area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Lamiaceae members were the most dominant (54%) followed by members of Asteraceae (30%), Poaceae (18%) and Solanaceae (12%). Relevant information such as field data, GPS coordinates family names, local names, therapeutic uses and plant habits were recorded for each species. For preservation purposes, specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets, and identified with the help of flora of Pakistan, flora of Australia and other relevant floristic records. During this research work all the collected specimens were preserved in the (BG&H, UOM) Botanical Garden and Herbarium, the data were also provided to the Department of Botany, University of Malakand Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.The prime objective of the research was to list the important ethnomedicinal plants of Nawagai village, District Buner. During the survey, 44 plant species from 27 families were observed and collected from the targeted area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Lamiaceae members were the most dominant (54%) followed by members of Asteraceae (30%), Poaceae (18%) and Solanaceae (12%). Relevant information such as field data, GPS coordinates family names, local names, therapeutic uses and plant habits were recorded for each species. For preservation purposes, specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets, and identified with the help of flora of Pakistan, flora of Australia and other relevant floristic records. During this research work all the collected specimens were preserved in the (BG&H, UOM) Botanical Garden and Herbarium, the data were also provided to the Department of Botany, University of Malakand Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.The prime objective of the research was to list the important ethnomedicinal plants of Nawagai village, District Buner. During the survey, 44 plant species from 27 families were observed and collected from the targeted area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Lamiaceae members were the most dominant (54%) followed by members of Asteraceae (30%), Poaceae (18%) and Solanaceae (12%). Relevant information such as field data, GPS coordinates family names, local names, therapeutic uses and plant habits were recorded for each species. For preservation purposes, specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets, and identified with the help of flora of Pakistan, flora of Australia and other relevant floristic records. During this research work all the collected specimens were preserved in the (BG&H, UOM) Botanical Garden and Herbarium, the data were also provided to the Department of Botany, University of Malakand Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Biodiversity and dynamics of plant groups of Chebket El Melhassa region (Algeria)
Get PDFThis article examines phytoecological aspects of plant groups in the Chebket El Melhassa region (Tiaret-Ouest Algérien) by several types of analysis: biological, biogeographic and statistical. From the plant analysis, a list of 103 taxa distributed in 36 families was compiled, biologically characterized by a dominance of therophytes (45.6%) with species of the Mediterranean biogeographic type 20 species (19.8%) assuming particular importance. The ordination of the plant community was performed in the search for the optimum solution based on correlation with environmental factors, estimated using the phytoindication approach. The results reveal that the plants represented in the community, mostly prefer strongly lit places. Phytoindication shows a warm sub Mediterranean climate. Continentality corresponds to the sub-oceanic climate. The moisture regime ranges from strongly dry to dry soil. The plant community is formed on moderately acid soils. Plants are able to grow on both strongly acidic and neutral soils. The soil is very poor or poor in nitrogen. A four dimension variant of multidimensional scaling procedure was selected as the most appropriate decision. Dimensions selected after nonmetric multidimensional scaling were interpreted by computing weighted average scores of ecological factors for ordination configuration. Four of the plant species clusters were found to be the optimal solution on the basis of the Calinsky-Harabasz criteria. The clusters can be viewed as a functional group. Functional group A is quite diverse and represented by 42 species. This functional group is closest to the community optimum because in all four space dimensions the corresponding cluster is near the origin, which corresponds to the most typical ecological conditions. Species that constitute the group B prefer minimum values of dimension 2. This indicates a preference for illuminated sites with high temperature regime and low soil humidity. This group includes 32 species. A feature of group С is that it is located in the area of maximum values for dimension 2. Thus, this functional group is opposite to functional group B. This indicates a preference of species included in the functional group C for wetter soils. Functional group C comprises 21 species. Functional group D differs considerably from all others in its ecological characteristics. The difference is in the preference for minimum values for measurement 1. This suggests that more acid soils are optimal for a given functional group. Functional group E comprises 8 species.This article examines phytoecological aspects of plant groups in the Chebket El Melhassa region (Tiaret-Ouest Algérien) by several types of analysis: biological, biogeographic and statistical. From the plant analysis, a list of 103 taxa distributed in 36 families was compiled, biologically characterized by a dominance of therophytes (45.6%) with species of the Mediterranean biogeographic type 20 species (19.8%) assuming particular importance. The ordination of the plant community was performed in the search for the optimum solution based on correlation with environmental factors, estimated using the phytoindication approach. The results reveal that the plants represented in the community, mostly prefer strongly lit places. Phytoindication shows a warm sub Mediterranean climate. Continentality corresponds to the sub-oceanic climate. The moisture regime ranges from strongly dry to dry soil. The plant community is formed on moderately acid soils. Plants are able to grow on both strongly acidic and neutral soils. The soil is very poor or poor in nitrogen. A four dimension variant of multidimensional scaling procedure was selected as the most appropriate decision. Dimensions selected after nonmetric multidimensional scaling were interpreted by computing weighted average scores of ecological factors for ordination configuration. Four of the plant species clusters were found to be the optimal solution on the basis of the Calinsky-Harabasz criteria. The clusters can be viewed as a functional group. Functional group A is quite diverse and represented by 42 species. This functional group is closest to the community optimum because in all four space dimensions the corresponding cluster is near the origin, which corresponds to the most typical ecological conditions. Species that constitute the group B prefer minimum values of dimension 2. This indicates a preference for illuminated sites with high temperature regime and low soil humidity. This group includes 32 species. A feature of group С is that it is located in the area of maximum values for dimension 2. Thus, this functional group is opposite to functional group B. This indicates a preference of species included in the functional group C for wetter soils. Functional group C comprises 21 species. Functional group D differs considerably from all others in its ecological characteristics. The difference is in the preference for minimum values for measurement 1. This suggests that more acid soils are optimal for a given functional group. Functional group E comprises 8 species.This article examines phytoecological aspects of plant groups in the Chebket El Melhassa region (Tiaret-Ouest Algérien) by several types of analysis: biological, biogeographic and statistical. From the plant analysis, a list of 103 taxa distributed in 36 families was compiled, biologically characterized by a dominance of therophytes (45.6%) with species of the Mediterranean biogeographic type 20 species (19.8%) assuming particular importance. The ordination of the plant community was performed in the search for the optimum solution based on correlation with environmental factors, estimated using the phytoindication approach. The results reveal that the plants represented in the community, mostly prefer strongly lit places. Phytoindication shows a warm sub Mediterranean climate. Continentality corresponds to the sub-oceanic climate. The moisture regime ranges from strongly dry to dry soil. The plant community is formed on moderately acid soils. Plants are able to grow on both strongly acidic and neutral soils. The soil is very poor or poor in nitrogen. A four dimension variant of multidimensional scaling procedure was selected as the most appropriate decision. Dimensions selected after nonmetric multidimensional scaling were interpreted by computing weighted average scores of ecological factors for ordination configuration. Four of the plant species clusters were found to be the optimal solution on the basis of the Calinsky-Harabasz criteria. The clusters can be viewed as a functional group. Functional group A is quite diverse and represented by 42 species. This functional group is closest to the community optimum because in all four space dimensions the corresponding cluster is near the origin, which corresponds to the most typical ecological conditions. Species that constitute the group B prefer minimum values of dimension 2. This indicates a preference for illuminated sites with high temperature regime and low soil humidity. This group includes 32 species. A feature of group С is that it is located in the area of maximum values for dimension 2. Thus, this functional group is opposite to functional group B. This indicates a preference of species included in the functional group C for wetter soils. Functional group C comprises 21 species. Functional group D differs considerably from all others in its ecological characteristics. The difference is in the preference for minimum values for measurement 1. This suggests that more acid soils are optimal for a given functional group. Functional group E comprises 8 species
Features of the daily dynamics of trophic activity of various types of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in the south of Tyumen region
Get PDFWe conducted research on the determination of the daily activity of blood-sucking mosquitoes of the family Culicidae in 2005–2015 in the south of Tyumen region in three climatic zones (subzones): the subzone of the southern taiga (Nizhnetavdinsky district), the subzone of aspen-birch forests (Tyumen and Yalutorovsky districts) and in the forest-steppe zone (Isetsky district). In each of the three subzones, counts were conducted twice for the summer season – in June and July. A high number of blood-sucking mosquitoes in the south of the Tyumen region have 24-hour activity. The maximum number in all natural and climatic zones of the region is observed at 23 hours. The daily rhythm of activity of certain species of mosquitoes depends on their abundance in the summer season and on their ecological characteristics. The optimal meteorological conditions under which an active flight of mosquitoes are observed: air temperature 12.6–26.0 °C, relative humidity of air – 54–100% and illuminance – 0–8600 lux. In studying the circadian rhythm, 29 mosquito species of the family Culicidae, belonging to 6 genera: Anopheles, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Aedes, Ochlerotatus and Culex, were recorded. In the subzone of the southern taiga, we recorded a flight of 25 species, in the subzone of small-leaved aspen-birch forests – 20, and in the forest-steppe zone – 24. The peak of species diversity in all three subzones coincided with the maximum number. All registered species in terms of temperature preferences (thermophilicity) can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first group (10 species) are species that actively attack at a temperature 10–20 °C. The second group (19 species) are species that actively attack at an air temperature 10–30 °C.We conducted research on the determination of the daily activity of blood-sucking mosquitoes of the family Culicidae in 2005–2015 in the south of Tyumen region in three climatic zones (subzones): the subzone of the southern taiga (Nizhnetavdinsky district), the subzone of aspen-birch forests (Tyumen and Yalutorovsky districts) and in the forest-steppe zone (Isetsky district). In each of the three subzones, counts were conducted twice for the summer season – in June and July. A high number of blood-sucking mosquitoes in the south of the Tyumen region have 24-hour activity. The maximum number in all natural and climatic zones of the region is observed at 23 hours. The daily rhythm of activity of certain species of mosquitoes depends on their abundance in the summer season and on their ecological characteristics. The optimal meteorological conditions under which an active flight of mosquitoes are observed: air temperature 12.6–26.0 °C, relative humidity of air – 54–100% and illuminance – 0–8600 lux. In studying the circadian rhythm, 29 mosquito species of the family Culicidae, belonging to 6 genera: Anopheles, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Aedes, Ochlerotatus and Culex, were recorded. In the subzone of the southern taiga, we recorded a flight of 25 species, in the subzone of small-leaved aspen-birch forests – 20, and in the forest-steppe zone – 24. The peak of species diversity in all three subzones coincided with the maximum number. All registered species in terms of temperature preferences (thermophilicity) can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first group (10 species) are species that actively attack at a temperature 10–20 °C. The second group (19 species) are species that actively attack at an air temperature 10–30 °C
Сульфідогенна активність сульфатвідновних та сірковідновних бактерій за впливу сполук металів
Get PDFDue to their high content in natural environments, heavy metals exhibit toxic effects on living organisms, which leads to a decrease in the biological diversity and productivity of ecosystems. In niches with low oxidation reducing potential, sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria carry out the reducing transformation of oxidized sulfur compounds with the formation of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide. H2S produced by bacteria interacts with metal ions, precipitating them in the form of sulfides. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of lead, cuprum (II), iron (II) and manganese (II) salts on the production of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria of the Desulfovibrio and Desulfuromonas genera, isolated from Yavorivske Lake, and to evaluate the efficiency of their use for purifying media, enriched with organic compounds, from hydrogen sulfide and heavy metals. The content of heavy metal ions in the water of Yavorivske Lake was determined by the spectrophotometric method. The bacteria were grown for 10 days at 30 °C in the Kravtsov-Sorokin medium under anaerobic conditions. To study the influence of metal ions on bacteria growth and their H2S production, cells were incubated with metal salts (0.5–4.0 mM), washed and grown in media with SO42– or S0. To determine the level of metal ions binding by H2S, produced by bacteria, cells were grown in media with metal compounds (0.5–4.0 mM), SO42– or S0. Biomass was determined by turbidimetric method. In the cultural liquid the content of H2S was determined quantitatively by spectrophotometric method, and qualitatively by the presence of metal cations. The content of metal sulfides in the growth medium was determined by weight method. Sulfate and sulfur-reducing bacteria were resistant to 2.0 mM Pb(NO3)2, 2.5 mM CuCl2, 2.5 mM FeCl2 × 4H2O and 2.0 mM MnCl2 × 4H2O, therefore they are promising for the development of biotechnologies for the purification of water resources contaminated by sulfur and metal compounds. When present in a medium with sulfates or sulfur of 1.0–1.5 mM lead, cuprum (II), iron (II) or manganese (II) ions, they almost completely bind with the H2S produced by bacteria in the form of insoluble sulfides, which confirms the negative results of qualitative reactions to their presence in the cultural liquid.За високого вмісту у природних середовищах важкі метали виявляють токсичну дію на живі організми, що спричиняє зниження біологічного різноманіття та продуктивності екосистем. Сульфат- і сірковідновні бактерії в нішах із низьким окисно-відновним потенціалом здійснюють відновну трансформацію окиснених сполук сульфуру з утворенням значних кількостей гідроген сульфіду. Утворений бактеріями H2S взаємодіє з іонами металів, осаджуючи їх у формі сульфідів. Мета статті – виявити вплив солей плюмбуму, купруму (II), феруму (II) та мангану (II) на утворення гідроген сульфіду бактеріями родів Desulfovibrio і Desulfuromonas, виділеними з озера Яворівське, і оцінити ефективність їх використання для очищення середовищ, збагачених органічними сполуками, від гідроген сульфіду та важких металів. Вміст іонів важких металів у воді озера Яворівське визначали спектрофотометричним методом. Бактерії вирощували впродовж 10 діб за 30 ºС у середовищі Кравцова-Сорокіна в анаеробних умовах. Для вивчення впливу іонів металів на ріст бактерій та утворення ними H2S клітини інкубували з їх солями (0,5–4,0 мМ), відмивали та вирощували у середовищах з SO42– або S0. Для визначення рівня зв’язування іонів металів продукованими бактеріями H2S їх вирощували у середовищах із сполуками металів (0,5–4,0 мМ), SO42– або S0. Біомасу визначали турбідиметричним методом. У культуральній рідині кількісно визначали вміст H2S спектрофотометричним методом, якісно – наявність катіонів металів. Вміст сульфідів металів у середовищі росту бактерій визначали ваговим методом. Сульфат- і сірковідновні бактерії виявилися стійкими до 2,0 мМ Pb(NO3)2, 2,5 мМ CuCl2, 2,5 мМ FeCl2 × 4H2O і 2,0 мМ MnCl2 × 4H2O, тому вони перспективні для розроблення біотехнологій очищення забруднених сполуками сульфуру та металів водних ресурсів. За наявності у середовищі із сульфатами чи сіркою 1,0–1,5 мМ іонів плюмбуму, купруму (II), феруму (II) чи мангану (II) вони практично повністю зв’язуються з утвореним бактеріями H2S у вигляді нерозчинних сульфідів, що підтверджують негативні результати якісних реакцій на їх наявність у культуральній рідині.За високого вмісту у природних середовищах важкі метали виявляють токсичну дію на живі організми, що спричиняє зниження біологічного різноманіття та продуктивності екосистем. Сульфат- і сірковідновні бактерії в нішах із низьким окисно-відновним потенціалом здійснюють відновну трансформацію окиснених сполук сульфуру з утворенням значних кількостей гідроген сульфіду. Утворений бактеріями H2S взаємодіє з іонами металів, осаджуючи їх у формі сульфідів. Мета статті – виявити вплив солей плюмбуму, купруму (II), феруму (II) та мангану (II) на утворення гідроген сульфіду бактеріями родів Desulfovibrio і Desulfuromonas, виділеними з озера Яворівське, і оцінити ефективність їх використання для очищення середовищ, збагачених органічними сполуками, від гідроген сульфіду та важких металів. Вміст іонів важких металів у воді озера Яворівське визначали спектрофотометричним методом. Бактерії вирощували впродовж 10 діб за 30 ºС у середовищі Кравцова-Сорокіна в анаеробних умовах. Для вивчення впливу іонів металів на ріст бактерій та утворення ними H2S клітини інкубували з їх солями (0,5–4,0 мМ), відмивали та вирощували у середовищах з SO42– або S0. Для визначення рівня зв’язування іонів металів продукованими бактеріями H2S їх вирощували у середовищах із сполуками металів (0,5–4,0 мМ), SO42– або S0. Біомасу визначали турбідиметричним методом. У культуральній рідині кількісно визначали вміст H2S спектрофотометричним методом, якісно – наявність катіонів металів. Вміст сульфідів металів у середовищі росту бактерій визначали ваговим методом. Сульфат- і сірковідновні бактерії виявилися стійкими до 2,0 мМ Pb(NO3)2, 2,5 мМ CuCl2, 2,5 мМ FeCl2 × 4H2O і 2,0 мМ MnCl2 × 4H2O, тому вони перспективні для розроблення біотехнологій очищення забруднених сполуками сульфуру та металів водних ресурсів. За наявності у середовищі із сульфатами чи сіркою 1,0–1,5 мМ іонів плюмбуму, купруму (II), феруму (II) чи мангану (II) вони практично повністю зв’язуються з утвореним бактеріями H2S у вигляді нерозчинних сульфідів, що підтверджують негативні результати якісних реакцій на їх наявність у культуральній рідині
ntra-species profiling of Cleome viscosa growing in Swat district (Pakistan)
Get PDFIntra-specific genetic variation was studied in 28 genotypes of Cleome viscosa L. growing in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was found that genotypes showed the utmost allelic variation for leaf upper and lower surface with emerald green (75%), and yellow green (75%) respectively, other leaves lower and upper surfaces were (25%) green and yellow green (26%) respectively. The majority of C. viscosa genotypes were (50%) yellow flowers while others were with (29%) white yellow colour and (21%) dull yellow. Most of the seeds were with black (46%). The protein profiling was carried out on 12% gel electrophoresis; seven reproducible bands with molecular weight ranges from 180 to 10 KDa were detected in C. viscosa, the locus contribution toward genetic disagreement (LCTGD) of C. viscosa was 57%. Notably, L-3, L-4 L-5, was monomorphic in C. viscosa and was treated as species specific. L-1, L-2, L-7 were polymorphic. These bands showed 79%, 4%, 14% and 79% variation respectively. In the current investigation the intra-specific variation was observed limited and alone SDS-PAGE did not determine the high level of intra-specific variation; however, diverse germplasm were suggested to be acquired from various sources.Intra-specific genetic variation was studied in 28 genotypes of Cleome viscosa L. growing in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was found that genotypes showed the utmost allelic variation for leaf upper and lower surface with emerald green (75%), and yellow green (75%) respectively, other leaves lower and upper surfaces were (25%) green and yellow green (26%) respectively. The majority of C. viscosa genotypes were (50%) yellow flowers while others were with (29%) white yellow colour and (21%) dull yellow. Most of the seeds were with black (46%). The protein profiling was carried out on 12% gel electrophoresis; seven reproducible bands with molecular weight ranges from 180 to 10 KDa were detected in C. viscosa, the locus contribution toward genetic disagreement (LCTGD) of C. viscosa was 57%. Notably, L-3, L-4 L-5, was monomorphic in C. viscosa and was treated as species specific. L-1, L-2, L-7 were polymorphic. These bands showed 79%, 4%, 14% and 79% variation respectively. In the current investigation the intra-specific variation was observed limited and alone SDS-PAGE did not determine the high level of intra-specific variation; however, diverse germplasm were suggested to be acquired from various sources.Intra-specific genetic variation was studied in 28 genotypes of Cleome viscosa L. growing in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was found that genotypes showed the utmost allelic variation for leaf upper and lower surface with emerald green (75%), and yellow green (75%) respectively, other leaves lower and upper surfaces were (25%) green and yellow green (26%) respectively. The majority of C. viscosa genotypes were (50%) yellow flowers while others were with (29%) white yellow colour and (21%) dull yellow. Most of the seeds were with black (46%). The protein profiling was carried out on 12% gel electrophoresis; seven reproducible bands with molecular weight ranges from 180 to 10 KDa were detected in C. viscosa, the locus contribution toward genetic disagreement (LCTGD) of C. viscosa was 57%. Notably, L-3, L-4 L-5, was monomorphic in C. viscosa and was treated as species specific. L-1, L-2, L-7 were polymorphic. These bands showed 79%, 4%, 14% and 79% variation respectively. In the current investigation the intra-specific variation was observed limited and alone SDS-PAGE did not determine the high level of intra-specific variation; however, diverse germplasm were suggested to be acquired from various sources