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Determination of phenolic profile of Gemlik olive cultivar
Get PDFThe effect of variation of harvest time and location on the total phenolic content, antiradical scavenging activity and phenolic compounds composition of leaves of Gemlik olive cultivar obtained from two different location (Gemlik and Mudanya in Marmara Region of Turkey) were investigated. It was determined that the highest total phenolic content (373.36 and 336.70) were observed in April for both region. Among the olive leave samples the highest (93.69%) antioxidant activities were determined in olive leaves grown in Mudanya and harvested in December and (93.86%) in either olive leaves grown in Gemlik and harvested in April. Determination of phenolic compounds in olive leaves was carried out by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The results of analysis phenolic compounds showed that oleuropein content ranged from 94.21 mg/kg to 860.21 mg/kg in olive leaves. Differences were observed in the concentration of phenolic compounds depending on the harvest time and location in all olive leaf samples.
Influence of pH on the Properties of Chemically Prepared SnS and CdS Thin Films
Get PDFThe SnS and CdS thin films were chemically prepared from the bath solutions with different pH values of 9.8, 9.9, and10, and 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5 respectively. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of orthorhombic SnS with a preferredorientation along the 013 plane and cubic CdS along the 311 planes. Crystallite size and lattice strain were calculated from theWilliamson-Hall plot, and it was found that the crystallite size increased as pH increased. Raman spectra showed the prominentpeaks of SnS and CdS thin films. Optical studies revealed a decrease in the optical band gap of both samples with increasing pHvalues. SnS films showed needle-like morphology with agglomerates and CdS flake-like interconnected structures. From theEDS analysis, it was noticed that both the SnS and CdS thin films shifted to a metal-rich composition with the increase in thepH of the bath solution. Finally, a solar cell (ITO/SnS/CdS/Ag) was made, and it was found that cell structures formed with SnSand CdS that were deposited with pH values of 10 and 11.3 showed better performance
Determination of Electron Mobility in Small Molecular1,4-di(bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum-oxy)benzene by Transient Electroluminescence
Get PDFTransient electroluminescence is an important tool to determine the charge carrier dynamics in light emitting organic semiconductors. We have used this method to determine the electron mobility in one of the important organic semiconductors 1,4-di(bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum-oxy)benzene (Alq(1)), used as emissive layer in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). For transient electroluminescence studies, we prepared OLEDs using Alq(1) as the emitter. The OLEDs were prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates using N, N’-diphenyl -N,N’- bis (3-methylphenyl)-(1,1’-biphenyl)-4,4- diamine (TPD) as hole transport layer (HTL) and lithium fluoride (LiF) as electron injecting buffer layer. The temporal evaluation of the electroluminescence (EL) was studies with respect to a voltage pulse of different amplitudes applied to the device at different temperatures. A delay was observed in the onset of EL from the device with respect to the applied voltage pulse. The EL exhibited a fast initial rise followed by tending to saturate. The EL decayed rapidly as the applied voltage became zero and the decay did not depend upon the amplitude of the applied voltage pulse. The delay time in the onset of EL with respect to the applied voltage pulse is correlated to the electron mobility in Alq(1). The electron mobility in Alq(1) calculated by transient EL method, showed strong dependency on the applied electric field and temperature at low electric fields however at quite high electric fields, the electron mobility in Alq(1) showed poor dependency on the applied electric field and temperature. This behavior of electron mobility in Alq(1) has been explained in terms of shallow charge carrier traps in Alq(1) film. The electron mobility in Alq(1) at 295 K and 2.7´106 V/cm, has been determined to be 5.4´10-6 cm2V-1s-1, which is much higher than that in the well-studied Alq3
Evaluation of Punica granatum extract as an environmentally safe corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in a solution of 1 M sulfuric acid
Get PDFIn order to create an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor Punica granatum extract (PG) was employed as the primary component for use in H2SO4 pickling procedures. The inhibition behaviour of C-steel in H2SO4 has been studied using weightloss tests, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The outcomes demonstrate the extract's effective inhibition in 1 M H2SO4. Both an increase in concentration and temperature boosted the effectiveness of the inhibition. With the greater concentration of PG (300 ppm) and the higher applied temperature (45C), the inhibition effectiveness reached 91.7%. Nevertheless, the inhibitory efficacy increased synergistically with the addition of potassium iodide, increasing from 81.5% to 95.0% at 25C using the weight-loss technique. Adsorption on the C-steel caused the inhibitory effect, and this adsorption mechanism was compatible with the Temkin isotherm. According to the free energy of adsorption (ΔGo ads = 39.5 kJ/mol.), the PG extract adheres chemically to the surface of the C-steel. The efficient inhibitor Punica granatum (PG) extract may prevent corrosion of C-steel in H2SO4 solution.The extracts from Punica granatum (PG) are a commonly used green inhibitor that may be used to pickle metals
Balancing or Lobbying? On the Access to Medicines and the European Parliament’s Amendments to the Proposed EU Trademark Rules
No full textEnhanced intellectual property rules are noted as among the forces limiting the global access to medicines. In the EU, it is the Border Measures Regulation that has caused major upsets for generic medicines making transit at its borders in the past. However, the Commission’s recent proposal for changes to the EU trademark rules promises another layer of restrain on access. In adopting the proposal, the European Parliament has moved to correct this syndrome by suggesting amendments that balance between intellectual property and public health. But, can that pass the influence of corporate lobbyist? This essay argues that for the sake of certainty (erasing all ambiguities), the European Parliament’s amendments are good law and should be maintained
Comparative Analysis of Intellectual Property between China and the West: A Cultural Perspective
No full textPrevious researches have studied the connection between the developed countries’ intellectual property system and China’s practice, in particular, China’s poor social environment unfavorable to the protection of intellectual property rights, but little attention has been paid by those researchers to the part of the unique culture of China, not to mention the elaboration of the diversity of intellectual property acculturation across the globe. Chinese traditional civilization, distinct from the western counterpart, has significantly influenced the Chinese people over a long period of time. Many studies on Chinese culture have been mainly focused on the causes for juristic divergence from the west’s and China’s historical developments driven by political consideration and legal instrumentalism, but very few touches upon what roles Chinese culture has played in the intellectual property protection. At least, some parts of the traditional Chinese culture overlook the protection of intellectual property rights.. Another outcome caused by the Chinese featured intellectual property culture was found as a result of the deficiency and low efficiency of the legal execution system. Those findings in this article highlight the potential and inherent difficulties encountered by China’s intellectual property protection and the current recognition of the intellectual property system in people’s mind affected by the deep-rooted Chinese culture. Following the introduction to the traditional Chinese culture and based on the comparative analysis of various culture characters and piths between China and the West, in conclusion, the author will try to present a new and better understanding on China’s unique intellectual property protection system. It is the author’s belief that a better understanding on the intellectual property protection system in the diversified cultural background will provide new direction and avenues to understand the diversity of each nation’s intellectual property protection system
Patent Office Examination Guidelines For Pharmaceuticals Applications
Get PDFThe recent guidelines for examination of patent applications in the field of pharmaceuticals issued by the Office of the Controller General of patents, designs and trademarks on October 29, 2014 is yet another step towards transparency and uniformity or practice among the four patent offices for patent examination
Industrial Design in Different Jurisdictions: A Comparison of Laws
Get PDFNowadays commercial success of a product largely depends upon the attractiveness and appeal of the product. Design nourishes creativity in the industrial and manufacturing sector and thereby helps to expand commercial activities which ultimately lead economic development. For that reason companies use intellectual property laws for the protection of industrial design. Industrial designs are dominant tools for branding. Brand names affirmed by industrial designs have become the most important strategic factor of an emergent number of companies. This article explains how intellectual property laws protect design and makes comparison on the different design protection system in the US, the EU and in Australia. This appraisal presents that design protections are considerably different amongst these three developed countries. This article also enlightens some of the most important cases relating to industrial design in the US, the EU and in Australia
Evaluation of gastroprotective effect of jujube honey in ethanol-induced stomach ulcer in mice
Get PDFHoney has been widely documented to have therapeutic benefits, especially on the healing of wounds, digestive disorders, and as an antimicrobial agent. It’s known that stomach ulcers are one of the most prevalent diseases that affect humans with no effective treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the gastroprotective effects of jujube honey against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice and to explore possible mechanism of its action on the gastric mucosa. Stomach’s tissues were examined for ulcerative lesions and white blood cell count (WBC), plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) for clinical inflammation evaluation. The antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated using the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Treatment with jujube honey reduced the ulcer index and preserved gastric tissue. It also decreased the inflammatory response by reducing WBC and plasma levels of CRP and NO in ulcerative group. In addition, jujube honey-treated group showed increased antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase and SOD. Furthermore, diluted jujube honey is more effective in preserving mucosal gastric integrity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that jujube honey, especially with dilution, may exert a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, through the improvement of antioxidant system and suppression of the inflammatory response via its bioactive compounds.
Rice landraces of Tamil Nadu –a review
Get PDFIndia being a floristically diverse and genetically rich nation is endowed with huge rice germplasm collections. As per the vedic evidences, in olden days about 400 landraces of paddy had been in cultivation in Tamil Nadu which is an agrarian state of India. But due to the introduction of high yielding cultivars these landraces went out of cultivation leading to genetic erosion. However, a few hundreds of landraces are in cultivation in small pockets in Tamil Nadu. So it is our bound duty to conserve the available landraces, sort out the duplications and maintain the identity of the cultivars by the way of precise morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization for the valuable traits possessed by these landraces. According to ancient Tamil literature, some of these landraces are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses while some others are known for their nutritional and therapeutic values in rice. Landraces of Tamil Nadu origin were extensively studied for their tolerance against abiotic stresses whereas the clinical validation of several of the landraces with nutritional and medicinal value is gaining importance in view of the growing interest of the consumers for a health conscious diet. In this context, traditional knowledge about the indigenous cultivars will help to explore the scientific basis of the nutraceutical values of the traditional cultivars by the plant breeders for sustaining food as well as the nutritional security and for overcoming the future challenges