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First Principle Study of Electronic, Optical and Thermoelectric Properties of CuInS2 and CuInSe2
Get PDFWe report the bandgap, thermoelectric and optical properties of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 ternary chalcopyrite compounds based on DFT calculations. Our calculations shows that both CuInS2 and CuInse2 have a direct bandgap which were at the Γ-points. The computed bandgap were 1.35 and 0.85 eV for CuInS2 and CuInSe2. The optical properties analysis shows that the fundamental edge of absorption arise at 0.82 eV and 0.35 eV along the perpendicular and parallel polarization for CuIns2, while it arise at 0.13 eV and 0.16 eV along the perpendicular and parallel polarization for CuInSe2. The static dielectric constant, static refractive index and birefringence were then calculated. The calculated birefringence was negative, which meets the non-critical phase matching (NCPM) requirement, which is beneficial for high-performing laser systems. The optical absorption threshold lies at 1.4, and 0.83 eV for CuInS2 and CuInSe2. These compounds shows low reflectivity and high absorption in the visible region. Both compounds have high electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, making them promising candidates for thermoelectric devices
Modified Social Group Optimization Based Deep Learning Techniques for Automation of Brain Tumor Detection–A Health Care 4.0 Application
Get PDFNow-a-days, Segmentation is essential in diagnosing severe diseases wherever there is a scope for image processing. In this work, hybridization of most popular and metaheuristic algorithms with Conventional Neural Network (CNN) has been proposed. As a part of the study, jelly fish and Modified Social Group Optimization Algorithms (MSGOA) are used. The CNN weights and the corresponding hyper parameters are modified or designed with the help of the respective metaheuristic approach of the algorithm. This certainly improved the efficiency of the segmentation which is measured in several metrics of bio-medical image processing. The accuracy, loss, Intersection over Union (IoU) are some of those metrics which are employed in this study for better understanding of the algorithm’s effectiveness. Further the detection process is simulated consuming 100 iterations uniformly in either of the algorithms. The proposed methodology has efficiently segmented the tumor portion. The simulation has been carried out in MATLAB and the results are presented in terms of computed metrics, convergence plots and segmented images
New Modified Voltage Differencing Voltage Transconductance Amplifier (MVDVTA) based Meminductor Emulator and its Applications
Get PDFThis paper presents a new modified voltage differencing voltage transconductance amplifier (MVDVTA) basedmeminductor emulator circuit. The proposed emulator circuit is memristor-less, uses only a single active building block(ABB) and has simple circuitry. The MVDVTA based emulator design consists of only two capacitors and a single resistor.The performance of the proposed design has been verified over a wide frequency span. For simulation purpose LTSpice toolis used with 0.18μm CMOS technology. The proposed emulator has also been employed in chaotic oscillator and adaptivelearning application circuit to verify its workability. The proposed design gives satisfactory performance for both theapplications, hence confirming its functionality in practical environment
Landmark Pharma Patent Jurisprudence in India
Get PDFIn a short span of less than 10years after the new WTO/TRIPS based patent regime came into effect, there havebeen many landmark judgments from Indian Courts on interpretation of variousprovisions of the exhaustive (Indian) Patents Act, 1970, as amended. Eventhough, India has granted very large number of Patents during this period, thechallenges were limited to a few blockbuster molecules. Further litigations arein progress. The landmark cases in recent times are dealt with herein.Additional areas which may require judicial intervention is also briefly dealtwith
Towards a Balanced Regime of Intellectual Property Rights for Agricultural Innovations
Get PDFThe utilization of intellectual property (IP) rights in crop research is rapidly evolving, with an increasing number of countries and intergovernmental organizations becoming members of—and thereby ratifying the framework provided by—the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). Nevertheless, in some countries there has been intense debate over whether to implement the most modern version of UPOV (i.e., the 1991 Convention, or UPOV 91). The example of Chile is paradigmatic, where UPOV 91 has been ratified by the national legislature but not yet signed into law by the president. The delay in Chile is at least in part the result of misunderstanding surrounding the changes that UPOV 91 could effect in the country. This report seeks to clarify misconceptions by comparing the most controversial provisions of UPOV 91 with its predecessor (i.e., the 1978 Convention, or UPOV 78). Additionally, the authors draw upon the example of public sector research institutions—especially the University of California, Davis—to demonstrate that the utilization of IP protections to incentivize agricultural innovation need not come at the expense of other socially beneficial goals
Comparative Issues on Copyright Protection for Films in the US and Greece
Get PDFFilm protection by copyright shares advantages and disadvantages. This article is dealing with the legal protection of films in Greece and the United States of America. The aim is to demonstrate the differences between the two countries’ laws by examining special issues concerning the protection of films, such as protection of fictional characters and plots in filmic texts
Standards-Essential Patents: A Prolegomena
Get PDFA large variety of technology standards are encumbered by patents. Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) through their IP policies require patent holders to disclose standards-essential patents (SEPs), along with a requirement to commit to Fair/ Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms of licensing. However, the contractual and commercial aspects of FRAND are unclear at the time of formation of standards. An additional market demand may be created purely by virtue of the particular patented product being declared as a SEP leading to a certain kind of opportunism by patent holders who demand ‘unreasonable’ royalties, or alternatively, engage in patent holdups. Primarily, the disagreement on what FRAND actually means does not only pertain to the issue of fixation of royalties alone, there is strong disagreement over the very nature of a contractual FRAND commitment, and whether or not FRAND operates as a waiver for injunctive relief. Competition/antitrust authorities across jurisdictions have also launched investigations into possible abuses by patent holders in the SEP context. From a global economic law perspective, WTO’s trade based regime (TRIPS and TBT Agreements) also have a role to play in providing long-term solutions to resolve issues concerning SEP
“In vivo” free radical scavenging efficacy of beebread against biochemical alterations induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
Get PDFSalmonella typhimurium induced hepatic and renal toxicity was investigated using standard laboratory techniques in mice. BALB/c mice were divided into ten groups (8 mice per group). Group (Gp) 1 served as normal, and were administrated with normal saline orally, and Gp2 served as infected, and were injected bacteria (2×104 CFU/mL) only, while Gp3, 5, 7 and, 9 were administrated beebread (250 mg/kg body weight) of Helianthus annus, Brassica campestris, Zea mays and vitamin C respectively for 21 days without Salmonella infection, and Gp 4, 6, 8 and, 10 were administrated beebread (250 mg/kg bw) of Helianthus annus, Brassica campestris, Zea mays and vitamin C respectively for 21 days with a bacterial infection. Serum activities of hepatic and renal enzymes were analysed. A significant increase was observed in biochemical enzymes in Salmonella infected group on the 5th day but after the administration of beebread of different crops, relief was observed to be near normal. This alleviation was more with beebread of Helianthus annus. Furthermore, administration of beebread without bacteria did not show any negative effects in mice. Thus, the results indicate that aqueous extract of beebread of different crops is safe and can be exploited in healthcare delivery systems.
Comparative Analysis of Regression Models for Remote Sensing-based Water Quality Assessment
Get PDFThe 80-kilometer-long Vembanad Lake in Kerala, India, is a Ramsar site. Eutrophication is deteriorating its water quality and threatening its biodiversity. In this study, satellite imageries of Sentinel 2A and Landsat 8 OLI were utilized to determine its water quality. Various data sets of the water quality parameters viz. pH, Electrical conductivity, TSS, TDS, BOD, DO, chloride etc. are analyzed and interpreted. Regression models were developed on the parameters taken up for water quality analysis. The empirical R2 values of the developed models evidenced the accuracy of the developed mdoels. The findings show that remote sensing images are reliable for analyzing surface water quality characteristics. The comparative analysis of the model developed illustrated the effectiveness of using the imaging systems mentioned above for water quality index estimation through remote sensing
Binding interaction of laccases from Bacillus Subtilis after industrial dyes exposure: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies
Get PDFDyes are becoming more widely used around the world wide, but there is no effective bioremediation approach for removing them completely from the environment. Several dyes are mentioned to be degraded through bacteria; however, it's still unknown how the particular enzymes act throughout the dye degradation. The behavior and function of these enzymes in the biodegradation of azo dyes (Textile dyes) had been investigated experimentally by the numbers of the researchers, however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the interaction mechanisms of textile dye (methyl orange) with laccase from B. subtilis were explored through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, the three selected dyes (methyl orange, malachite green, and acid blue 62) that interact positively with laccase on the basis of their maximum binding energy, molecular docking results indicate that one of the three dyes is more stable as a target for degradation through Bacillus subtilis laccase. Therefore, subsequent research focused solely on one substrate: methyl orange. Molecular Dynamics simulation study was applied after the molecular docking to determine the interaction between laccases and methyl orange dyes. The trajectory was proved with root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation analysis. According to the molecular dynamics simulation results, laccase-methyl orange complexes remain stable during the catalytic reaction. So, this study demonstrates how laccase is involved in methyl orange bioremediation