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Degradation of Orange G by UV/TiO2/IO4 ‾process: Effect of operational parameters and estimation of electrical energy consumption
Get PDFIn the present study, the degradation of an azo dye Orange G (OG) by the UV/TiO2/periodate (IO4‾) process has been investigated. OG was totally disappears within 10 min by the UV/TiO2/IO4‾compared to UV alone, UV/TiO2 or UV/IO4‾. A synergistic effect has been obtained when combining the UV/TiO2 and the UV/IO4‾systems, resulting in positive interactions between both processes. Experiments conducted with specific hydroxyl radical scavengers, show that despite the inhibition effect observed, complete degradation has been achieved beyond 10 min, demonstrating that the degradation is not only initiated by hydroxyl radical, but also by other reactive entities; the involvement of iodate radical is confirmed with the use of chromium species as a competitor with periodate ions for the photogenerated electron at the conduction band. The operating parameters influencing the degradation process such as initial dye concentration, initial periodate concentration, light intensity/wavelength and initial pH solution have been explored. The presence of inorganic ions such as chloride, bromide, sulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the irradiated solution show reverse effects depending on the concentration used. The OG degradation in different water matrices is found to be sensitive to the presence of different species and their nature. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been partially removed after 10 min of treatment, and then this COD abatement stabilized, indicating the strength of the by-products from dye degradation by the UV/TiO2/IO4‾ system during the treatment time. The electrical energy consumption is estimated at 2.21kWhm‾3/Order. The results obtained indicate that the UV/TiO2/IO4‾ process could be used as a hybrid process to the treatment of dye contaminated water
Recent Pharmaceutical Patent Decisions in the United States
Get PDFThere has been a renewed interest of the Supreme Court of the United States in patent law, particularly with regard to pharma related patents. The overall trend in US patent law is the continued tension between the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the Federal Circuit), the patent specialty court in the United States which favours broad patent rights, and the Supreme Court of the United States, which uses its supervisory authority to reign in the strong patent rights advocated by the lower court. In this paper, recent important decisions with regard to pharmaceutical patents that highlight the Supreme Court’s oversight of the Federal Circuit’s patent decisions are reviewed. A survey of recent decisions that exemplify the Federal Circuit’s broad view of patent rights, by expanding patent-holders’ rights whether affirming or reversing District Court decisions that found patents invalid or unenforceable is also covered in the paper. These decisions may face appeal at the Supreme Court and result in similar reversal
Reflections on recent developments of statutory public interests in patent-based Section 337 proceedings
Get PDFAfter the recent amendments in 2011 and 2013, at least from the procedural perspective, complainants presently have to be burdened with more cost of collecting adequate information concerning statutory public interests even before putting forward the complaint, in order to justify the desired remedy by virtue of indicating no harm to statutory public interest. This reflects the ITC’s aspiration to make the final determination more precise and equitably justified on the analysis of public interest issues, so as to ultimately protect relevant domestic industries in terms of curbing intellectual property infringements in imports simultaneously without unduly sacrificing certain statutory public interest. Although the actual effect of the amendments in the long run still remains to be seen, the amendments possibly will generate some desirable results: First, from the perspective of law and economics, they will be conducive to decrease the possible related adverse impacts in terms of negative externalities and increase economic efficiency; Second, the amendments are also favorable to curb the existing “patent troll” suits, although they are currently still not severe, by means of adequate considerations concerning statutory public interests, so as to optimally achieve the ultimate legislative goal of section 337; Third, it’s evident that an interest-balanced approach, in terms of more in-depth analysis of public interest, is better than the traditional all-or-nothing approach to some extent. Accordingly, a more equitable adjudication in terms of a better interests balance can be attained by utilizing the interest-balanced approach
A Two-Stage Image Frame Extraction Model -ISLKE for Live Gesture Analysis on Indian Sign Language
Get PDFThe new industry revolution focused on Smart and interconnected technologies along with the Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data analytics etc. on the real time data to produce the value-added products. The ways the goods are being produced are aligned with the people’s life style which is witnessed in terms of wearable smart devices, digital assistants, self-driving cars etc. Over the last few years, an evident capturing of the true potential of Industry 4.0 in health service domain is also observed. In the same context, Sign Language Recognition- a breakthrough in the live video processing domain, helps the deaf and mute communities grab the attention of many researchers. From the research insights, it is clearly evident that precise extraction and interpretation of the gesture data along with an addressal of the prevailing limitations is a crucial task. This has driven the work to come out with a unique keyframe extraction model focusing on the preciseness of the interpretation. The proposed model ISLKE deals with a clustering-based two stage keyframe extraction process. It has experimented on daily usage vocabulary of Indian Sign Language (ISL) and attained an average accuracy of 96% in comparison to the ground-truth facts. It is also observed that with the two-stage approach, filtering of uninformative frames has reduced complexity and computational efforts. These key leads, help in the further development of commercial communication applications in order to reach the speech and hearing disorder communities
Lightweight CNN Models for Product Defect Detection with Edge Computing in Manufacturing Industries
Get PDFDetecting product defects is one of the manufacturing industry's most essential processes in quality control. Human visual inspection for product defects is the traditional method employed in the industry. Nevertheless, it can be laborious, prone to human mistakes, and unreliable. Deep Learning-based Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) has been extensively used in fully automating product defect detection systems. However, real-time edge devices installed at the manufacturing site generally have limited computing capability and cannot run different CNN models. A lightweight CNN model is adopted in this scenario to find a balance between defect detection, model training time, memory consumption, computing time and efficiency. This work provides lightweight CNN models with transfer learning for product defect detection on fabric, surface, and casting datasets. We deployed the trained model to the NVIDIA Jetson Nano-kit edge device for detection speed with better simulation results in terms of accuracy, sensitivity rate, specificity rate, and F1 measure in the workplace context of the Manufacturing Industries
Blind docking of 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs as potential dengue virus protease inhibitor using CB Dock a web server
Get PDFCurrently, there is no approved drug to combat dengue. Various quinoline derivatives are known for potential antimalarial, antiviral activities, etc. In the present work docking between 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs was performed with dengue virus NS2B/NS3 protease using CB dock, a web server. Lys74, Ile165, Val147, Asn152, Asn167, Trp83 and Leu149 amino acid residues were found to be in contact with designed 4-Amino-7-Chloroquinoline analogs. Different modes of binding like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc with designed compounds improve potential anti-dengue characteristics in silico. ADME results are in acceptable range
Novel primer designing and PCR-AFLP approach for an expeditious detection of coliforms in potable waters
Get PDFMolecular techniques involving 16S rRNA gene have long been proved to be a mainstay of sequence-based bacterial analysis and enhance the competence of bacterial removal in drinking water and food. The main goal of this analysis was to reduce the time of detection of total coliforms by developing 16S rRNA based DNA markers by targeting variable region in the 16S rRNA gene position of V2 and V9. Coliform specific primers (189F and 1447R) were designed to amplify total coliform with an amplicon size of 1300 bp. The PCR product was later digested with Hind III and BseRI (restriction enzymes) to differentiate the type of contamination caused by fecal and non-fecal coliforms respectively. The digested amplicons were run on agarose gel electrophoresis and contamination levels were estimated based on the respective band pattern. This method can be applicable to know the coliform contamination levels of potable waters, in food and beverage industries within a short period of time. To our knowledge, this is the first report on newly designed primers which not only amplify coliform bacteria, followed by various restriction digestions of these amplicons but also provides unique band patterns to identify coliforms at genus level
Mechanical Testing of Hybrid LM30 Metal Matrix Composite Fabricated through Stir Casting Route
Get PDFMetal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are one of the strongest contenders for the application that demands excellentmechanical and physical properties. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (Al MMCs) are reinforced materials with improvedmechanical and physical properties as compared to the base material. Composite material made through the stir casting processpossesses higher elastic modulus, wear resistance, strength, and fatigue resistance. In the present research work, LM30 alloy ischosen as a matrix material and is reinforced with Zircon Dioxide (ZrO2), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), and Tungsten Carbide (W.C.).A stir casting setup is used to fabricate the three different composites. Composite A, Composite B, and Composite C have thecomposition of (LM30/5%WC/5%ZrO2/10%RSH), (LM30/10%WC/5%ZrO2/5RSH), (LM30/5%WC/10%ZrO2-/5% RHA),respectively. Further, mechanical testing, which includes tensile, compressive, hardness, and Charpy impact tests, has beenconducted. It has been found that Composite B possesses the highest hardness, maximum tensile, and compressive strengthamong all three composite materials